中国假鹰爪属和皂帽花属植物叶的形态结构及其分类学意义

利用扫描电镜技术、叶片离析法和石蜡切片法研究了假鹰爪属Desmos 4种植物和皂帽花属Dasy-maschalon 3种植物叶片的形态结构。结果表明：假鹰爪属植物叶片近轴面表皮具大型球状含晶簇细胞和不含晶簇的表皮细胞两种类型,远轴面表皮细胞均具一较小的晶簇;叶肉组织明显分化为栅栏组织细胞和海绵组织细胞,油细胞分布于第2层的栅栏组织和海绵组织内,单位毫米叶宽油细胞数为4～6个;主脉维管组织被薄壁细胞分隔成束状。皂帽花属植物叶片近轴面表皮细胞形状相同,均具一晶簇,远轴面表皮细胞的晶簇和近轴面表皮细胞的晶簇相似;靠近上、下表皮的叶肉组织均分化为栅栏组织细胞,在两层栅栏组织细胞之间分化为一至几层海绵组织细胞,油细胞分布于海绵组织内,单位毫米叶宽油细胞数为2～3个;主脉维管组织形成连续的环状。由此可见两属叶的结构具有明显的差异,因而支持假鹰爪属和皂帽花属为两个独立属的观点。     

兰属、兜兰属、石斛属植物叶片的扫描电镜观察

对兰科植物的兰属、兜兰属及石斛属１６个种折叶片及其横断面进行了扫描电镜的观察。兰属各种叶片上表皮细胞均为矩形,上表皮细胞表面具小乳突或不明显突起。石斛属及兜兰属的各个种上下表皮细胞均为多边形,但石斛属表皮细胞表面无坦无纹饰,而兜兰属花叶类上表皮细胞表面明显呈乳突状,绿叶类呈龟背状隆起。兰属及石斛属叶片叶肉组织没有栅栏组织及海绵组织的分化,而兜兰属的绿叶类叶肉不分化;花叶类叶肉有分化。     

中国木兰科植物的叶结构及其油细胞的比较解剖学研究

利用组织透明法、石蜡切片法及薄切片法对木兰科10属82种1亚种植物叶片的结构和油细胞的 分布密度、结构及其在叶肉中的分布进行了比较研究。鹅掌楸亚科和木兰亚科在叶结构上的主要区别是：鹅掌楸亚科两种植物叶的部分下表皮细胞乳突状,且整个细胞外壁只形成一个乳突,而在木兰亚科植物中有单列多细胞或单细胞的表皮毛,却未发现乳突;鹅掌楸亚科植物叶主脉维管组织环分隔呈束状,且其外包被的纤维也排列成束状,而木兰亚科的80种1亚种植物中,叶主脉维管组织连成轮状,其外面也由一圈连续的纤维环所包围。从而支持木兰科中木兰亚科和鹅掌楸亚科两个亚科的划分。并且,从叶主脉的演化趋势来看,鹅掌楸亚科较木兰亚科进化。另外,木莲属植物叶片的结构与木兰属具有明显差异,因而进一步证明木莲属是不同于木兰属的一个独立的属。油细胞是木兰科植物叶片解剖的显著特征,在叶肉中的分布可划分为3种类型：(A)主要分布于栅栏组织;(B)主要分布于海绵组织;(c)均匀散布于整个叶肉中。油细胞的大小及其在叶中的分布与叶厚、栅栏组织层数、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度间的比值以及下皮层的有无、表皮毛的类型、叶脉的结构等特征相结合,可作为属、甚至种的鉴别特征。     

田旋花营养器官及不定芽发生的解剖学研究

对田旋花营养器官的解剖学研究结果表明,叶为两面叶,栅栏组织和海绵组织发达。主脉为周韧型维管束,在其主脉的远轴面,紧领下表皮的为1－2层同化组织细胞。地上茎表皮内具由2层细胞组成的同化组织,维管组织呈连续的环状排列,木质部内外侧都为韧皮部。地下根状茎的结构类似地上茎的结构,维的维管组织发达,在次生生长中,中央初生木质部导管周围薄壁细胞分化产生大量薄壁细胞和韧皮部分子。根状芭茎上的不定芽及不定根由维管形成层活动产生,根上的不定芽也是由根的维管形成层产生。     

六种沉香属植物叶片解剖结构研究

为比较沉香属不同种植物间的叶片形态解剖特征,将不同来源的六种沉香属植物在海南省兴隆南药园种植,运用石蜡切片法和撕片法对其成熟叶片的解剖特征进行观察,并对叶片的上下表皮,叶脉和叶横切面等12项数量性状进行统计分析。结果表明:六种沉香属植物叶片解剖结构基本一致,均为典型的异面叶,由表皮、叶肉和叶脉组成,表现出典型的旱生形态特点。表皮细胞单层,气孔微下陷,仅分布在下表皮,上下表皮上零星分布着表皮毛。叶肉组织发达,栅栏组织由1~2层排列紧密地圆柱状细胞组成,其间分布着大量的长方晶体,海绵组织内有一层排列较整齐,染色较深的异细胞组成的下皮层。主脉维管束双韧型,呈圆环状,内含大量异细胞。方差分析表明,除栅海比外,叶片厚度、叶脉条数、主脉厚度等其余11项数量指标在六种植物间差异均达到显著水平。聚类分析将这六种植物聚成3类,Aquilaria sinensis(白木香),A.crassna和A.banaensis聚为一类,A.baillonii和A.malaccensis聚为一类;A.yunnanensis(云南沉香)单独为一类。该研究结果为沉香属植物的物种鉴定提供了解剖学依据,同时对沉香属植物合理开发利用具有重要意义。     

风毛菊属3种植物叶的解剖结构比较

采用石蜡切片法对分布于祁连山海拔5 000 m左右流石滩上菊科风毛菊属水母雪兔子（Saussurea medusa Maxim）、鼠曲雪兔子（Saussurea gnaphalodes (Royle) Sch.）、红叶雪兔子（Saussurea paxiana Diels.）3种植物叶片的解剖结构进行了比较研究,结果表明：叶片表皮细胞均为单层,上下表皮都有气孔分布,气孔不下陷;角质层较厚,叶表面均被单列细胞的表皮毛。3种植物均为异面叶;叶肉栅栏组织较发达,通常由2～3层细胞组成,但栅栏组织细胞排列较疏松;海绵组织存在大量的细胞间隙;叶肉中通气组织发达,且均有不规则裂生性气腔。叶脉维管束中韧皮部都具有异细胞存在。这些共同特征是3种植物对高山地区缺氧、低温、强辐射等自然条件长期适应的结果。但是,3种植物在叶片的外部形态特征、叶肉栅栏组织细胞的特点、维管束发育程度、内分泌结构、不规则裂生气腔等方面又存在明显的不同,表现出3种植物对环境的适应也是存在差异的。     

川西高原4种苹果属植物叶片解剖结构与其抗旱性分析

采用常规石蜡制片法和NaOCl法,对川西高原地区4种苹果属植物叶片的解剖结构特征进行了观察,并选取叶片厚度、上下表皮角质层厚度、上下表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度等14项抗旱性相关指标进行测定,运用方差分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法对4种苹果属植物的抗旱性进行了分析与综合评价。结果显示:(1)4种苹果属植物叶片上下表皮外均附有角质层,表皮细胞排列紧密,上表皮细胞明显大于下表皮细胞,其中变叶海棠的角质层厚度和表皮细胞厚度均较大;气孔均只分布在下表皮,其中花叶海棠的气孔密度最大,花叶海棠和湖北海棠的气孔长、宽最小;栅栏组织由2~3层排列紧密的栅栏细胞组成,海绵组织细胞排列疏松,细胞间隙大,其中山荆子的栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和叶片结构紧密度最大;主脉均为外韧维管束,其中湖北海棠维管束厚度最大,且皮层中有时出现含晶细胞。(2)所选14项指标中除下表皮角质层厚度外,其余13项指标在4个树种间差异显著,经主成分分析筛选出上表皮角质层厚度、下表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度等8项指标作为4种苹果属植物抗旱性综合评价的代表性指标。(3)隶属函数法分析结果表明,4种苹果属植物抗旱能力大小顺序为:变叶海棠山荆子花叶海棠湖北海棠。     

含笑属叶片的比较解剖学研究

对中国含笑属 ( Michelia) 1 8种 (包括观光木 1 ) ) ,1变种的叶片进行了比较解剖学研究 ,结果表明 :( 1 )含笑属植物的叶片均有明显的栅栏组织和海绵组织之分 (除石碌含笑和观光木外 ) ,但二者的厚度及它们在叶肉中的所占的比例在组间、种间有一定的差别 ;( 2 )有些种类叶片的上表皮有下皮 ,有些则无 ,少数种类 (石碌含笑 )上、下表皮皆有下皮 ;( 3)表皮毛的有无及表皮毛的细胞个数有一定的种间差别 ;( 4 )叶表皮角质层的厚薄程度在种间有一定的差别 ;( 5 )油细胞在含笑属植物叶片整个叶肉中普遍存在 (除含笑只在栅栏组织中有分布 ) ,但其分布密度在种间有较大的差异。通过对含笑属植物叶片结构的比较观察 ,旨在探讨该属间的系统演化关系 ,为分组、分种提供解剖学方面的实验证据     

江西产酸模属植物叶片比较解剖学研究

对江西产酸模属(Rumex L.)7种植物进行了叶形态结构的显微观察.结果表明:(1)叶片上表皮均有气孔器分布,表皮上普遍具有腺体和异细胞,叶肉中均含有晶体细胞,晶体类型为簇晶;(2)下表皮细胞特征及气孔类型、叶肉细胞的分化及排列方式、中脉维管束数目等特征具有明显的种间差异,可以作为属下种级鉴定指标;(3)小酸模在气孔类型、栅栏组织和海绵组织排列紧密程度、中脉形状及维管束数量等特征上与同属其它种类具有显著的差异,形态解剖学证据支持小酸模亚属(Subgen.Acetosella(Meisn.)Rech.)的成立;(4)根据酸模属植物气孔器类型的演化阶段,并结合孢粉学、形态学等证据,认为酸模属处于蓼科植物系统演化的较低或中等地位.通过对酸模属植物叶形态结构的比较观察,为探讨该属的系统演化关系及属下分类提供叶解剖学证据.     

豆蔻属(姜科)植物叶的比较解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片法对豆蔻属12个种的叶片横切面结构进行比较解剖学研究。结果显示:豆蔻属植物叶片表皮层由1层表皮细胞组成,在无下皮层的种中,近轴面的表皮细胞通常体积较大,而在有下皮层的种中,表皮层通常较薄,细胞壁增厚;下皮层的结构具有多样性;叶肉中栅栏组织通常1~2层,海绵组织2~6层细胞,常含丹宁,所观察的大部分种含有方晶或砂晶;中脉韧皮部极端维管束形态多样,维管束系统II通常缺失,未发现同时具有4个系统的种。此外,对叶缘的形态特点进行了概括性描述,并结合前人的研究资料讨论了叶解剖结构的系统学意义。     

Leaf anatomy of Desmos and Dasymaschalon (Annonaceae) from China in relation to taxonomic significance

Leaf morphology in four species of Desmos and three species of Dasymaschalon was comparatively studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with epidermal maceration and paraffin methods. The results showed that there were some remarkable foliar anatomical differences between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. In leaves of Desmos, some of the adaxial epidermal cells were enlarged into globose cells each containing one large cluster crystal, while other epidermal cells were normal without any crystal, and in abaxial epidermis each cell contained one smaller cluster crystal. The leaf structure was typically bifacial, and the mesophyll cells were differentiated into palisade tissue and spongy tissue. Oil cells were distributed in the second layer of palisade and the whole spongy tissue, and the number of oil cells per mm leaf width ranged from 4 to 6. The vascular tissue in the midrib was separated into bundles by parenchyma cells. In leaves of Dasymaschalon, all the adaxial epidermal cells contained one cluster crystal, and the crystal size was similar to that of thecrystals in abaxial epidermal cells. The leaf structure was more or less isobilateral. Oil cells were distributed only in the spongy tissue between the two layers of the palisade, and the number of oil cells per mm leaf width ranged from 2 to 3. The vascular tissue in the midrib formed a continuous circle. It is clear that the anatomical differences between Desmos and Dasymaschalon are remarkable, supporting the treatment of Desmos and Dasymaschalon as two independent genera.     

暗罗属植物叶的比较解剖学研究

利用扫描电镜技术、叶片叶片离析方法和石蜡切片法对暗罗属12种植物叶和形态结构进行了比较研究。结果表明,叶表皮细胞形状、气孔器形态、表皮毛类型、表皮细胞中晶体类型、叶肉中油细胞分布位置、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度的比值,以及主脉维管组织的结构特征等具有明显的种间差异。可以利用这些叶的解剖特征将暗罗属植物相互区别开来。     

Comparative studies on leaf structure and oil cells of the Magnoliaceae in China

The leaf structure and morphology, the structure and location of oil cells in leaves of 82 species and 1 subspecies in 10 genera of the Magnoliaceae were comparatively studied using tissue clearing, paraffin sectioning and thin sectioning. In leaves of Liriodendroideae, some of abaxial epidermal cells are papillose and the vascular tissue of the main vein appeared to be separated. However, papillose cells were not found and there were uniseriate, multicellular or unicellular hairs distributed on the epiderm, and the vascular tissue of the main vein appeared to be continuous in leaves of the Magnolioideae. Furthermore, in the Magnolioideae, the structure of leaves of Manglietia were different from that of Magnolia. These results support the separation of Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae, and suggest that Manglietia and Magnolia be independent genera, which is consistent with Law’ s taxonomic scheme. Oil cells are one of marked features of the leaf anatomy of the Magnoliaceae, and they are mainly distributed in the palisade tissue in leaves of 47 species and in the spongy tissue in leaves of 5 species, and dispersed in the whole mesophyll in leaves of 31 species. The size and location of oil cells in leaves, combined with the thickness of leaves, the number of layers of the palisade tissue, the ratio of palisade tissue to spongy tissue in thickness, the hypo-derm, and the type of hairs may be used as the characteristics of genera and even species.     

云南秋海棠属植物叶片横切面比较解剖研究

报道30种主产于云南的秋海棠属植物叶片的横切面解剖构造特征。采用常规石蜡切片法切片观察,结果表明:云南秋海棠属植物叶片薄、横切面均为异面叶、呈典型的阴叶结构,叶肉组织虽有栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化,但栅栏组织不发达,占叶肉组织的比例较小。表皮多为单表皮,极稀复表皮,表皮毛均由多细胞组成。气孔集中于下表皮,孔下室或下陷气孔特大、通气组织极发达;角质层形状多样,呈均匀增厚、瘤状和片状突起;叶绿体椭球形、数多、个体大,主要分布于叶肉组织,集中于栅栏组织。解剖构造特征在各分类组内呈现不完全一致性,而在相同茎的形态类型中有些较一致的特征,在不同种间解剖特征各有差别;根状茎和直立茎类型种类的横切面组织结构表现为表皮细胞壁外的角质层薄、栅栏组织与叶肉组织厚度比例较小等弱光照、湿生等适应性较弱的特征。球茎类型的种类表现为角质层较厚、栅栏叶肉组织厚度比例较大等适应略为干燥和较强光照的特征。     

Epidermal focussing and effects upon photosynthetic light-harvesting in leaves of Oxalis

Abstract. In Oxalis , epidermal cells on both the adaxial and abaxial surface of the leaf concentrated light within the leaf by a lens mechanism. Focal lengths of epidermal cells were estimated using two methods: they were calculated from radius of curvature measurements taken from individual epidermal cells, and were measured directly in agarose replicas of the leaf surface. In the three species of Oxalis examined, light that was incident upon the adaxial leaf surface was concentrated within the palisade, whereas light that was incident upon the abaxial leaf surface was concentrated within the spongy mesophyll. Using sensiometric analysis, theoretically maximal focal intesifications were measured in leaf replicas at the focal maximum and at intermediate positions corresponding to the mid-region of the palisade and spongy mesophyll tissues. Focal intensifications ranged from 2.2 to 10.4 times incident light at the focal maximum, and 1.3 to 4.5 in the palisade or spongy mesophyll layers. Elimination of epidermal focussing, by covering the leaf surface with a thin layer of mineral oil, strongly affected chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves resulting in a decrease of 10–40% in the initial (F₀) and variable fluorescence (F_v). These results are consistent with the interpretation that the chloroplasts were adapted to their light microenvironment within the leaf and that focussing by the epidermis channelled light to a population of chloroplasts that were adapted to high light.     

Leaf biomechanics, morphology, and anatomy of the deciduous mesophyte Prunus serrulata (Rosaceae) and the evergreen sclerophyllous shrub Heteromeles arbutifolia (Rosaceae)

Leaf tensile properties were compared between the mesic deciduous tree Prunus serrulata (var. "Kwanzan") and the xeric and sclerophyllous chaparral evergreen shrub Heteromeles arbutifolia (M. Roem). All values for biomechanical parameters for H. arbutifolia were significantly greater than those of P. serrulata. The fracture planes also differed between the two species with P. serrulata fracturing along the secondary veins, while H. arbutifolia most often fractured across the leaf irrespective of the vein or mesophyll position, thus yielding qualitative differences in the stress-strain curves of the two species. Anatomically, P. serrulata exhibits features typical for a deciduous mesophytic leaf such as a thin cuticle, a single layer of palisade mesophyll, isodiametric spongy mesophyll, and extensive reticulation of the laminar veins. Heteromeles arbutifolia leaves, however, are typically two- to three-fold thicker with a 35% higher dry mass/fresh mass ratio. The vascular tissue is restricted to the interface of the palisade and spongy mesophyll near the center of the leaf. Both epidermal layers have a thick cuticle. The palisade mesophyll is tightly packed and two to three layers thick. The spongy mesophyll cells are ameboid in shape and tightly interlinked both to other spongy cells as well as to the overlying palisade layer. We conclude that the qualitative and quantitative biomechanical differences between the leaves of these two species are likely due to a complex interaction of internal architectural arrangement and the physical/chemical differences in the properties of their respective cell walls. These studies illustrate the importance that morphological and anatomical correlates play with mechanical behavior in plant material and ultimately reflect adaptations present in the leaves of chaparral shrubs that are conducive to surviving in arid environments.     

青藏高原草地植物叶解剖特征

运用常规石蜡制片技术对我国青藏高原66种草地植物优势种的叶解剖特征进行研究,并分析了叶解剖特征与海拔、生长季降水及生长季均温之间的关系.结果表明:青藏高原草地植物叶片具有很多适应高寒环境的结构特征,如表皮层厚且表皮细胞大小差异显著,表皮毛等表皮附属物发达,异细胞丰富,通气组织普遍发达等;叶片各组成部分厚度的变异程度不同,其中海绵组织厚度变异最大,其次为上角质层、下表皮层、下角质层、上表皮层、栅栏组织,叶片厚度的变异最小;青藏高原草地植物叶片各组成部分的厚度存在协同进化,上下角质层厚度呈强烈正相关,海绵组织厚度与叶片厚度相关性最强;青藏高原草地植物叶片各组成部分的厚度与海拔、生长季降水、生长季均温3个重要环境变量呈较弱的相关性,总体表现为随海拔升高叶片各组成部分的厚度减小,而随生长季降水和生长季均温的增加叶片厚度增加.     

地枫皮营养器官解剖结构特征及其叶片结构的生态适应性

为了明确地枫皮的结构特征及其在石灰岩山顶和山腰疏林间两种环境下生长的叶片解剖结构的差异,本研究采用石蜡切片和半薄切片对地枫皮营养器官进行解剖观察并评价了叶片结构对不同生态环境的响应。结果表明:地枫皮根中次生维管组织发达,木射线和韧皮射线明显。老茎的次生构造中,皮层贮藏物质丰富,内有大的石细胞群,韧皮射线和木射线明显;而髓细胞内含有大量晶簇和少量单晶。在叶片横切面观上,叶为异面叶,表皮细胞一层,上表皮无气孔分布,主脉中薄壁细胞中分散有石细胞。叶片解剖结构显示,随海拔高度上升,地枫皮趋向于旱生植物的特点,其主要表现在叶片表皮细胞外壁角质层加厚,栅海比增加、海绵组织排列由紧密变疏松。另外,根皮、茎皮和叶肉中都分布有大量油细胞。