九龙江河口区养虾塘沉积物-水界面营养盐交换通量特征

通过对九龙江河口区陆基养虾塘水样和沉积物样品采集分析及结合室内模拟实验,探讨了虾塘在不同养殖阶段沉积物-水界面营养盐通量时间变化特征及其主要影响因素。虾塘沉积物向上覆水体释放NO_x~--N(NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N)、NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P能力均呈现随养殖时间推移而降低的特征。沉积物在养殖中期和后期分别呈现对上覆水体NO_x~--N和PO_4~(3-)-P的吸收现象,但总体表现为释放(平均通量分别为(1.87±1.15)、(1.58±0.52)mg m~(-2)h~(-1)和(1.22±0.62)mg m~(-2)h~(-1))。沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮交换以NH_4~+-N为主(沉积物平均释放通量为(46.18±13.82)mg m~(-2)h~(-1))。沉积物间隙水与上覆水间的营养盐浓度差(梯度)及温度对上述交换通量的时间动态特征具有重要调控作用。研究结果表明养殖初期或中期沉积物较高的无机氮(尤其是NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N)释放是养殖塘水质恶化的一个极具潜力的污染内源,可能会对虾的健康生长产生负面效应,控制沉积物无机氮释放是养虾塘养殖初期和中期重要的日常管理活动之一。     

文蛤的生物沉积和呼吸排泄过程及其在双台子河口水层-底栖系统中的耦合作用

为揭示河口埋栖性双壳贝类优势种类在水层——底栖系统中的生态耦合作用,利用生物沉积物捕集器和封闭式代谢瓶,于双台子河口现场研究了文蛤主要生理生态过程如生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率和排磷率的季节变化。结果表明,文蛤的生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率及排磷率均具有明显的季节变化:夏季最高,冬季最低。二龄及三龄文蛤个体的生物沉积速率周年变化分别为0.02—0.30 g-1个-1d-1、0.06—0.60 g-1个-1d-1;耗氧率变化分别为0.45—16.64 mg-1个-1d-1、1.03—30.51 mg-1个-1d-1;排氨率季节变化分别为0.001—0.14 mg-1个-1d-1、0.002—0.28 mg-1个-1d-1;排磷率季节变化分别为0.002—0.069 mg-1个-1d-1、0.003—0.16 mg-1个-1d-1。文蛤的生物沉积速率及呼吸排泄速率均受龄期制约:在同一季节,文蛤的单位个体生物沉积速率及呼吸和排泄速率均表现为二龄三龄。方差分析显示,季节、龄期及两者交互作用对文蛤生物沉积速率、耗氧率、排氨率及排磷率均有显著影响。基于不同季节双台子河口文蛤生物量(0.67个/m2、2.4 g/m2),估算出文蛤种群每年向该河口排放大约5321.90 t生物沉积物(干重)、1.43 t NH+4-N和0.93 t PO3-4-P,并且消耗大约221.59 t O2。研究结果表明,文蛤通过生物沉积及呼吸排泄作用,大大加强了双台子河口沉积物-水界面的物质交换通量,在双台子河口水层-底栖系统耦合作用中扮演着重要生态角色。     

长江口邻近海域营养盐分布特征及其控制过程的初步研究

利用1997年秋季和1998年春季对长江口邻近海域两个航次的调查结果,对该海域营养盐分布、结构特征以及其主要控制过程进行了探讨．结果表明,该海域的营养盐分布及结构具有明显的季节变化,秋季海水中NO3--N、SiO3^2-．SiSiO3^2-,Si及PO4^3--P,DOP、PP均高于春季,平均含量分别为4．97、11．6、0．44、0．26、0．82μmol·L-1,而春季则是NO2--N、NH4+-N、DON、PN含量高,平均含量分别为0．70、2．26、9．88、7．88μmol·L-·PP(54％)和PO4^3--P(51％)分别为秋季和春季磷的主要形态,两个季节氮结构基本一致,均以DON和PN为主．除春季PO4^3--P外,营养盐受长江冲淡水等陆源输入的影响而呈现近岸含量较高,溶解无机氮秋季以NO3^- -N为主而春季则以NH4^+-N为主,秋季PO4^3- -P同时来源于长江冲淡水和台湾暖流．而春季则主要来源于台湾暖流．显示出春季台湾暖流对调查海区的影响程度大于秋季．     

湖南省4种森林群落土壤氮的矿化作用

2007年7月,用树脂芯原位测定土壤无机氮含量的方法,对湖南杉木、马尾松、樟树和枫香4种森林群落的土壤氮矿化进行了研究.研究结果表明,经过28d培养,4种森林群落土壤中NH+4-N含量分别下降了31.4%～50.5%,NO-3-N含量增加了8.2～17.3倍,氮矿化主要表现为硝化作用;氮矿化速率由大到小依次为樟树(0.05mg·kg-1·d-1)>马尾松(0.04 mg·kg-1·d-1)>枫香(-0.12 mg·kg-1·d-1)>杉木(-0.15 mg·kg-1·d-1).在4个森林群落的土壤中,NH+4-N是无机氮的主要存在形式,表现为在杉木群落中占78.42%、在马尾松中占79.17%、在樟树中占71.14%和枫香中占79.22%,而且NH+4-N的变化可以解释氮矿化量变化的96.1%～98.8%.土壤氮矿化速率与0～15 cm土壤的C/N、pH值呈显著性正相关,但与凋落物量和0～30 cm 土壤中细根生物量相关性不显著.     

杭州西湖北里湖荷叶枯落物分解及其对水环境的影响

湖泊水生植物枯落物的分解过程影响着枯落物的淤积以及营养元素向水体和底泥的释放,进而影响湖泊水环境。用分解袋法研究了杭州西湖北里湖荷叶枯落物的分解速率和营养动态。荷叶枯落物的分解速率表现快慢交替的阶段性特点,分解速率常数峰值出现在6月,其余时段呈现波动状态。枯落物氮、磷含量变化趋势基本一致,呈现下降-逐渐上升-渐趋稳定的变化特点。氮、磷积累指数(NAI)呈现释放-积累-释放,整体以释放为主的变化特征。在此基础上推算了北里湖荷叶枯落物一个分解周期残留量的变化及氮、磷释放情况,探讨枯落物分解对水环境的影响。荷叶枯落物入湖量以立枯体总量的20%估算,残留量从11月至翌年1月急剧增加,在1月底达到峰值,随后持续下降,至10月底尚残留1.675 t干重,合30.45 kg/m²干重(按荷塘面积计算),与残留量峰值相比减少了74.39%。枯落物分解导致的氮、磷释放在11月至翌年1月持续增高,2、3月份释放量趋于下降,4、5月份出现净积累,6-10月保持净释放。整个分解周期氮、磷总释放分别为92.247 kg和6.421 kg,相当于北里湖水中氮、磷含量分别增加0.143 mg/L和0.010 mg/L。由于挺水植物生长过程吸收的主要是沉积物中的氮、磷营养盐,因此,荷花的生长和枯落分解过程具有促进氮、磷从沉积物迁移到水体,增加水中氮、磷含量的作用。     

硝态氮与无机磷浓度及其比例对簇生舟形藻生长生理及细胞形态的影响

为探究水体中不同氮、磷营养盐水平对硅藻生长的影响以及硅藻对营养盐污染的指示作用,该研究以簇生舟形藻(Navicula gregaria Donkin)为研究对象,采用不同浓度硝态氮(NO~-_3-N,0.5～500 mg·L~(-1))、无机磷(H_2PO~-_4-P,0.05～25 mg·L~(-1))及氮磷浓度比(5∶1～100∶1)于室内培养13 d,胁迫期间测定分析各处理组簇生舟形藻的生长状况、生理指标及细胞畸形率。结果显示:(1)当NO~-_3-N、H_2PO~-_4-P浓度及氮磷比分别低于50 mg·L~(-1)、1 mg·L~(-1)和50∶1时,簇生舟形藻13 d内的细胞密度、叶绿素a含量和蛋白质含量均随着浓度的增加逐渐升高,藻细胞内的MDA含量及SOD、CAT活性呈现持续下降的趋势;当NO~-_3-N浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、H_2PO~-_4-P浓度为1 mg·L~(-1)、氮磷比为50∶1时,簇生舟形藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、蛋白质含量以及比生长速率最高;高浓度NO~-_3-N( 250 mg·L~(-1))、H_2PO~-_4-P( 5 mg·L~(-1))和高氮磷比( 50∶1)处理下,簇生舟形藻细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、蛋白质含量多显著降低,MDA含量及SOD、CAT活性与其他处理组相比却呈现明显上升趋势。(2)在500 mg·L~(-1)NO~-_3-N和25 mg·L~(-1)H_2PO~-_4-P处理第13天时,分别有8.6%和7.2%藻细胞形态发生畸变,表面不规则,细胞严重变形,细胞中心区域增宽,细胞末端微尖等现象。研究表明,水体中增加适当浓度和比例的氮磷营养盐可以促进簇生舟形藻类的生长和生理活性,但当环境中氮、磷及氮磷比过高时则会抑制簇生舟形藻的主要生理指标,最终影响其在水体中的生长情况甚至导致其生态群落结构发生变化。     

养殖密度对缢蛏养殖系统水质的影响

依据辽宁丹东东港地区的实验池塘中缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)实际放养密度,设置了0、30、60、90和120 ind·m-25个密度梯度,采用实验生态学方法室内模拟研究了放养密度对缢蛏单养系统水质的影响。结果表明:放养密度对溶解氧(DO)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、活性磷(PO43--P)及总磷(TP)含量的影响极显著(P0.01),对铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量的影响不显著(P0.05);其中,DO、NO3--N及NO2--N含量随缢蛏放养密度的增加而减小,PO43--P及TP含量随缢蛏放养密度的增加而增大;缢蛏放养密度相对较高的实验组(90和120 ind·m-2)明显促进了底泥沉积物中P的循环和再生,同时提高了水中营养物质N的利用率,有效控制NO2--N及NH4+-N等有害物质的含量;在实际养殖中可以按照90~120 ind·m-2的密度放养,并且加强对池塘水质的管理。     

太湖春季沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征及界面释放的影响

通过对太湖春季不同湖区水体和沉积物间隙水中磷的分布特征研究,探讨了间隙水中磷的释放对上覆水环境的影响。结果表明,颗粒态磷(PP)和溶解态有机磷(DOP)是太湖水体中主要的磷形态,占总磷的58%～95%。不同湖区沉积物间隙水磷的剖面变化可能与生态特征及水动力引起的沉积物-水界面的扰动强度密切相关。湖心和西部沿岸沉积物扰动强烈,致使间隙水中磷含量向上逐渐降底,而梅梁湾和贡湖间隙水磷的垂向变化不大。东太湖和竺山湖沉积物界面间隙水中磷含量偏高,可能是由于表层沉积物的有氧环境使Fe2+被氧化固定下来,并促进了总磷(TP)和溶解态活性磷(DRP)的扩散释放。总体而言,间隙水中各形态磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势,其中DRP的扩散潜力最大,竺山湖沉积物-水界面DRP扩散通量高达11.42mg.m-2.d-1,表明春季浮游植物的复苏生长对DRP的迫切需求。     

庄河海域菲律宾蛤仔底播增殖区自身污染

采用生物沉积物捕集器和封闭式代谢瓶,周年现场研究了庄河海域菲律宾蛤仔的生物沉积速率、排氨率和排磷率.结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔的生物沉积速率、排氨率和排磷率均具有明显的季节变化.生物沉积速率为0.15～1.47 g·ind-1·d-1(年均0.61 g·ind-1·d-1);其排氨率及排磷率分别为0.02～0.40 mg·ind-1·d-1(年均0.17 mg·ind-1·d-1)和0.01～0.39 mg·ind-1·d-1(年均0.13 mg·ind-1·d-1).根据以上结果,估算庄河海域底播增殖菲律宾蛤仔每年产生的生物沉积物达到5.46×107t(干质量),折合有机物9.07×106t、有机碳1.00x106t和有机氮1.18xlO5t;而氨氮和磷酸盐分别为1.49x104t和1.15x104t.表明浅海高密度、规模化菲律宾蛤仔增养殖区自身污染严重,其对环境的影响不可忽视.     

贵州红枫湖水体叶绿素a的分布与磷循环

于2009年8月(夏季)和2010年1月(冬季)在贵州红枫湖采集了分层湖水和分层沉积物样品,分析了湖水样品的总N(TN)、总P(TP)及叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量,结果表明,湖水TN含量在2个季节无明显变化,平均含量为1.58±0.73 mg·L-1,湖水TP含量夏季(0.091±0.070 mg·L-1)高于冬季(0.026±0.055 mg·L-1).夏季湖水在8 m处有季节性分层,下层湖水TN、TP含量高于上层;夏季湖水Chl-a主要集中在上层,上层平均含量为33.2±13.0 mg·m-3,冬季湖水Chl-a平均含量为11.1±3.7 mg·m-3,分析发现,湖水上层(8 m)Chl-a与TP有明显的线性相关关系(r=0.965,P＜0.01),表明红枫湖富营养化主要受P元素限制.沉积物孔隙水中的溶解态P(DP)浓度和湖水的磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)浓度比上覆水体高,具有向上扩散的趋势,利用费克第一定律计算了沉积物向上覆水体的释P速率,发现夏季沉积物向上覆水体释P速率高于冬季,可能主要是由于夏季湖水底层的还原环境下沉积物表层的早期成岩作用生成磷酸盐进入孔隙水而促进了沉积物向上覆水体释放P.根据通量释放结果估算了全湖沉积物向水体的释P通量,约为每年5.0±5.6 t.红枫湖富营养化受P控制,沉积物向水体有很大的释放P的潜力,是湖水P的重要内源,严格控制流域的外源输入才能彻底治理该湖的富营养化.     

城市化背景下白洋淀入湖营养盐负荷模拟研究

过量的营养盐输入导致白洋淀富营养化程度较高。雄安新区建设伴随着快速城镇化进程,将可能进一步增加入湖营养盐负荷。为摸清新区建设背景下白洋淀入湖营养盐负荷的变化趋势及削减量,基于入湖营养盐负荷模型计算了历史不同时期（1995-2015年）白洋淀入湖营养盐盐负荷,预测了土地利用、农业管理和污水处理系统变化下入湖营养盐负荷的变化趋势。结果表明,白洋淀历史时期入湖总氮和总磷年平均负荷分别为2018 t和313 t,主要来源分别是耕地和畜禽粪便排放。就土地利用变化而言,以2010年为基准,2050年白洋淀入湖总氮和总磷负荷在建设用地快速增长（RAP）情景下增长率最高,分别增长了56%和60%,主要原因在于城镇人口增加,从而增加了畜禽需求量和生活污水排放。就农业管理而言,削减化肥使用有利于降低入湖总氮负荷,控制畜禽粪便排放更有利于入湖总磷负荷的降低。2050年,生活污水将成为白洋淀入湖营养盐的重要来源,因此,在制定未来社会经济发展路径时,应重点提高农村地区生活污水收集率和处理效率。PCLake模型对不同入湖负荷下湖泊营养状态演变的模拟发现,削减入湖总磷负荷是白洋淀水质恢复的关键。白洋淀水质达到III类和IV类标准时,入湖总磷负荷阈值分别为2.1和2.6 mg P m^-2 d^-1。在建设用地快速增长情景下,若使白洋淀水质达到III类标准,入湖总磷负荷应减少131 t。     

Distribution and release of sedimentary phosphorus in Lake Ladoga

Sedimentary phosphorus fractions and phosphorus release from the sediments were studied in Lake Ladoga at altogether 46 sampling sites, representing the full range of sediment types encountered in the lake. Determination of P fractions and physico-chemical analyses were made of surface sediment cores (10–20 cm long, each sampled at 3–4 levels) and in the overlying water. The range of total phosphorus per dry weight of sediment was 0.2–3.3 mg g^–1, and that of inorganic P 0.1–2.5 mg g^–1. The levels of interstitial soluble phosphorus, range 2–613 µg 1^–1 for total P and 1–315 µg 1^–1 for inorganic P, were higher than those of dissolved P concentrations in the overlying water. Diffusive fluxes of phosphate from sediment to the overlying water were estimated using three independent methods. The estimated range was 4–914 µg P m^–2 d^–1; the mean value for the whole bottom area, 0.1 mg P m^–2 d^–1, is lower than previously published estimates. The estimated annual contribution of sedimentary inorganic P flux to Lake Ladoga water is equal to 620 tons of P per year, which amounts to more than 10% of the estimated external P load into the lake. 68% of the total diffusive flux emanates from deep water sediments, which are not exposed to seasonal variation of conditions. In deep lakes, such as Lake Ladoga, phosphorus release from the sediments is controlled primarily by diffusive mechanisms. Wave action and currents as well as bioturbation are probably of importance mainly in shallow near-shore areas. Phosphorus release by gas ebullition and macrophytes is considered negligible.     

Temperature dependence of sediment-water exchange in Lake Grevelingen,SW Netherlands

Extended abstract Lake Grevelingen is a brackish water lake in the SW Netherlands. The lake has an area of 108 km², a mean depth of 5.3 m (maximum 48 m), a mean chlorinity of 13 to 16%0 Cl⁻, and a hydraulic residence time of about 8 years. Mass budget studies have shown a consistent seasonal pattern in the phosphorus sediment-water exchange in Lake Grevelingen (Kelderman 1980). From May to August a P mobilization from the sediment takes place, estimated atca. 12.5 mg P · m⁻² · day⁻¹. The sediment accumulatesca. 5.5 mg P · m⁻² · day⁻¹ during the rest of the year. Temperature may be an important factor in establishing this pattern. Sediment-water exchange was studied by means of laboratory experiments under specified conditions. Sediment cores (30 cm depth, 11 cm diameter) were taken at four stations in the lake, with sediment types varying from medium- to muddy sand (Fig. 1). The cores with overlying water (ca. 21) were placed in the dark at 5 °C in thermostatically controlled water baths. After a week's incubation time the temperature was slowly raised, such that after three weeks eight cores (four sediment types, duplicates) were at 5 °C, eight were at 10 °C, eight at 15 °C and eight at 20 °C. The same procedure was applied to the four control cores, containing lake water.     

Long-term nutrient trends and harmful cyanobacterial bloom potential in hypertrophic Lake Taihu,China

Rapid economic development in China’s Lake Taihu basin during the past four decades has accelerated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loadings to the lake. This has caused a shift from mesotrophic to hypertrophic conditions, symptomized by harmful cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs). The relationships between phytoplankton biomass as chlorophyll a (Chla) and nutrients as total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were analyzed using historical data from 1992 to 2012 to link the response of CyanoHAB potential to long-term nutrient changes. Over the twenty year study period, annual mean Chla showed significantly positive correlations with both annual mean TN and TP (P < 0.001), reflecting a strong phytoplankton biomass response to changes in nutrient inputs to the lake. However, phytoplankton biomass responded slowly to annual changes in TN after 2002. There was not a well-defined or significant relationship between spring TN and summertime Chla. The loss of a significant fraction of spring N loading due to denitrification likely weakened this relationship. Bioavailability of both N and P during the summer plays a key role in sustaining cyanobacterial blooms. The frequency of occurrence of bloom level Chla (>20 μg L^?1) was compared to TN and TP to determine nutrient-bloom thresholds. A decline in bloom risk is expected if TN remains below 1.0 mg L^?1 and TP below 0.08 mg L^?1.     

The role of Gloeotrichia echinulata in the transfer of phosphorus from sediments to water in Lake Erken

The abundance of Gloeotrichia echinulata colonies in the sediments of Lake Erken and their phosphorus content were investigated to determine the contribution of Gloeotrichia colonies to total sediment phosphorus. Moreover, the potential size of the algal inoculum and the migration to the water during summer were estimated.The surplus phosphorus content of the resting colonies in the sediment was about 45% of total phosphorus, which maximized at 8.5 µg P (mg dw)^–1 or 81 ng P colony^–1. The C:P ratio (by weight) in the early colonies appearing in the lake water was 50:1, while the ratio stabilized at 150 during the major migration period. The internal supply of surplus phosphorus was used during the pelagic growth of the colonies.The internal phosphorus loading to the epilimnion of Lake Erken due to Gloeotrichia migration could, from the measurements of the increase in particulate epilimnetic phosphorus, be estimated at 40 mg P m ^–2 or 2.5 mg P m^–2 d^–1 in late July and early August. Determination of the number of colonies in the sediment before and during the migration verified this value to be a conservative estimate of the internal phosphorus loading due to Gloeotrichia migration to the epilimnion in Lake Erken.The sediment P content calculated from the P concentration in early epilimnion colonies resulted in a value of 35 µg P (g dw)^–1 as a maximum. This corresponds to only 3% of the total phosphorus content in Lake Erken sediment.     

Spatial and temporal variability of internal and external phosphorus loads in Mona Lake,Michigan

A study was conducted in Mona Lake, a small eutrophic lake located in western Michigan (USA) to address the temporal and spatial variability of external and internal phosphorus loading. External P load varied among subbasins, which was mostly related to discharge, but also to land use. Black Creek, which drains lands with natural cover and agriculture, accounted for the majority of flow, and total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) load, to Mona Lake. However, the relative contribution of SRP load was greater in Little Black Creek, which flows through a mostly urbanized subbasin, than in Black Creek. The relative importance of internal loading was strongly related to season, as internal TP loads contributed only ∼9% of the overall P load in April 2005, but ∼68–82% of the overall P load in the summer and early fall seasons. Internal TP and SRP loading was greater under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. Mean anaerobic TP release rates ranged from 0.80 to 15.56 mg P m⁻² d⁻¹, varying with site and season. Spatial variability in both internal phosphorus loading and sediment P concentration was also evident. By taking into account the spatial and temporal variability of different loading sources, management practices can be targeted to optimize nutrient source control strategies.     

The Influence of Macrophytes on Sediment Resuspension and the Effect of Associated Nutrients in a Shallow and Large Lake (Lake Taihu,China)

A yearlong campaign to examine sediment resuspension was conducted in large, shallow and eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, to investigate the influence of vegetation on sediment resuspension and its nutrient effects. The study was conducted at 6 sites located in both phytoplankton-dominated zone and macrophyte-dominated zone of the lake, lasting for a total of 13 months, with collections made at two-week intervals. Sediment resuspension in Taihu, with a two-week high average rate of 1771 g·m^-2·d^-1 and a yearly average rate of 377 g·m^-2·d^-1, is much stronger than in many other lakes worldwide, as Taihu is quite shallow and contains a long fetch. The occurrence of macrophytes, however, provided quite strong abatement of sediment resuspension, which may reduce the sediment resuspension rate up to 29-fold. The contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus to the water column from sediment resuspension was estimated as 0.34 mg·L^-1 and 0.051 mg·L^-1 in the phytoplankton-dominated zone. Sediment resuspension also largely reduced transparency and then stimulated phytoplankton growth. Therefore, sediment resuspension may be one of the most important factors delaying the recovery of eutrophic Lake Taihu, and the influence of sediment resuspension on water quality must also be taken into account by the lake managers when they determine the restoration target.     

A mathematical model of the phosphorus cycle in Lake Loosdrecht and simulation of additional measures

The phosphorus cycle in the ecosystem of the shallow, hypertrophic Loosdrecht lakes (The Netherlands) was simulated by means of the dynamic eutrophication model PCLOOS. The model comprises three algal groups, zooplankton, fish, detritus, zoobenthos, sediment detritus and some inorganic phosphorus fractions. All organic compartments are modelled in two elements, carbon and phosphorus. Within the model system, the phosphorus cycle is considered as completely closed. Carbon and phosphorus are described independently, so that the dynamics of the P/C ratios can be modelled. The model has been partly calibrated by a method based on Bayesian statistics combined with a Range Check procedure.Simulations were carried out for Lake Loosdrecht for the periods before and after the restoration measures in 1984, which reduced the external phosphorus loading to the lake from ca. 2 mgP m^–2 d^–1 to 1 mgP m^–2 d^–1. The model outcome was largely comparable withthe measured data. Total phosphorus has slowly decreased from an average 130 µgP l^–1 to ca. 80 µgP l^–1, but chlorophyll-a (ca. 150 µg 1^–1, summer-averaged) and seston concentrations (8–15 mgC 1^–1) hardly changed since the restoration measures. About two-thirds of the seston consisted of detritus, while the phytoplankton remained dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria. The P/C ratio of the seston decreased from ca. 1.0% to 0.7%, while the P/C ratios of zooplankton, zoobenthos and fish have remained constant and are much higher. The system showed a delayed response to the decreased phosphorus loading until a new equilibrium was reached in ca. five years. Major reasons for the observed resilience of the lake in responding to the load reduction are the high phosphorus assimilation efficiency of the cyanobacteria and the high internal recycling of phosphorus. A further reduction of nutrient loading, perhaps in combination with additional measures like biomanipulation, will be the most fruitful additional restoration measure.     

Lake restoration using a reed swamp to remove nutrients from non-point sources

The reed swamp adjacent to Lake Glumsø was partly separated from the lake by a dam and the inflow to the reed swamp controlled by pumping from the tributary. An investigation of the nutrient balances for the reed swamp showed an average daily denitrification rate of 252 mg/m2 from August 1988 to March 1989. Mineralization of the peat took place simultaneously, in sufficient amounts to supply carbon for the denitrification process. Ammonia and phosphorus were released in the ratio 7:1, corresponding to 111 mg N and 16 mg P/m²/ day. Most of the ammonia was nitrified and denitrified (included in the above mentioned denitrification rate). The net release of phosphorus implies that the method only can be applied satisfactorily in situations where nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. This is the case for Lake Glumso during the summer period, but not during the spring.This paper was presented at the INTECOL IV International Wetlands Conference in Columbus, Ohio, 1992, as part of a session organized by Prof. S. E. Jørgensen and sponsored by the International Lake Environment Committee.Corresponding Editor: Prof K. R. Reddy