河北唐海湿地四种鹭的种群动态和繁殖空间生态位

2004年8月—2005年7月对河北唐海湿地夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)、白鹭(Egtetta garzetta)、池鹭(Ardeola bacchus)、大白鹭(Casmerodius albus)的种群动态和繁殖行为进行了观察，并对巢群关系进行了研究。统计了4种鹭垂直和水平巢位的巢密度，计算了不同种鹭巢的生态位重叠、生态位宽度值。结果：4种鹭在唐海数量最多月份为4—9月，最大量达到了近5 800只。共有Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个巢区，迁来Ⅱ区时间较Ⅰ区晚半个月左右。除池鹭外，3种鹭之间均有争巢现象，后期趋于稳定。迫于密度压力和竞争，部分白鹭和池鹭取食范围较广。除大白鹭外，其他3种鹭同种间均有混交现象。 在混巢区，夜鹭迁来最早，数量最大，为优势种，多数占据中心区的顶巢；大白鹭数量最少，亦占据中心区的顶巢；白鹭迁来较晚，占据中位巢；池鹭迁来最晚，数量较白鹭少，多数在边缘区单独筑巢，少数在中心区占下位巢。白鹭巢的垂直生态位最宽；夜鹭巢的水平生态位最宽；池鹭巢的综合空间生态位最宽。池鹭和夜鹭巢位的空间格局最为相似，池鹭和白鹭的生态位重叠较大。夜鹭的数量最多、大白鹭的个体最大，导致其处于优势；白鹭和池鹭数量少、个体小，导致其处于劣势。唐海湿地内丰富的食物和适宜的林带是鹭鸟密度较大的主要原因。此外，鹭类只筑巢在散布的、双行杨树林带均高为22 m以上区域，是该地鹭类巢区的主要特点。     

蒙古栎和紫椴幼苗对光环境转变的光合作用响应

比较研究了从温室5%光强转到10%、30%和100%光强处理下,蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）和紫椴（Tilia amurensis）幼苗的光合能力和叶绿素荧光的响应,揭示了两个树种对光环境变化的不同适应情况及其光保护机制。结果表明,光强转换后两种幼苗都发生了严重光抑制,蒙古栎幼苗的最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）在光强转变后第3天降到最低（0.52）,紫椴幼苗在光强转变后第1天就降到了最低（0.67）,蒙古栎降低幅度明显高于紫椴。之后随着光适应时间的延长逐渐恢复到原有水平,说明短时期的光抑制没有对两种幼苗的光合机构造成光损伤;从不同光照条件来看,无论是最大净光合速率（P_max）,还是实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）,2种幼苗均为30%光强下的值高于10%和100%光强,说明过低或过高的光强都不利于幼苗的生长发育,只有适当的中光才利于幼苗的生长发育;与30%光强相比,蒙古栎幼苗100%光强下P_max、F_v/F_m、ФPSⅡ、NPQ的变化幅度远大于紫椴幼苗,表明高光强对蒙古栎幼苗的影响要大于紫椴;100%光强下,2种幼苗均通过大量增加非光化学淬灭（NPQ）、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素之比（Car/Chl）耗散过剩光能,降低单位鲜重叶绿素含量（Chl）以减少光能吸收,避免了光合机构光破坏。     

不同光环境对红松幼苗光合生理特征的影响

应用Li-6400P便携式光合测定系统于生长季（8月）测定了4种模拟光环境（100%、60%、30%和15%自然光强,分别记为FI、II、LI和WI）和3个实际光环境（林窗、林下和林缘,分别记为G、U和E）下3个苗龄红松（Pinus koraiensis）针叶气体交换参数和净光合速率（P_n）的日变化,以及单位叶面积叶绿素（Chl）含量和比叶质量（LMA）的变化。结果表明:3年和5年生红松在II和LI处理间的P_n基本一致,且均高于FI的P_n;7年生红松在FI处理下的P_n高于其他处理的P_n,各处理的P_n峰值均出现在13:00。3年和5年生红松在LI处理下的最大光合速率（A_max）和暗呼吸速率（R_d）均高于全光FI处理。随光强降低,LMA呈下降趋势,说明红松通过改变LMA的方式适应光环境的变化。3年和5年生红松II处理与G处理间的光合生理指标差异不显著(P>0.05）,LI和WI处理与E处理间同样如此,说明光环境模拟很好地反映了实际的光环境。通过对红松针叶生理生态指标的可塑性分析,得出3种不同苗龄红松可塑性的大小顺序为3年>5年>7年。表明随树龄增大,红松的需光性增加;3年和5年生红松在全光30%～60%条件下生长较好,7年生红松则是在全光下生长最好。     

南充雉鸡的巢址选择和春夏季栖息地选择

2006年3—6月，采用野外直接观察法和样方法，在四川省南充市太和白鹭自然保护区对雉鸡（Phasianus colchicus）的巢址选择和春夏季栖息地选择进行了研究。通过主成分分析和对比分析，巢址选择研究结果表明：雉鸡的巢都是选择在乔木盖度小、距水距离较近、草本高度和盖度都较大的白茅(Imperata cylindrical)干草丛中；影响雉鸡巢址选择的主要因子依次为：坡度、总盖度、乔木平均胸径、乔木盖度、郁闭度、距水距离、距路距离、灌木平均高度、巢周围干草比例、裸地面积、巢上方覆盖物厚、灌木盖度和巢所在草丛宽度等13个因子。春夏季栖息地选择研究结果表明：雉鸡在春夏季倾向于在植被总盖度大、坡度适中、乔木盖度适中、草本盖度和高度较大、灌木盖度较小、灌木高度较大、隐蔽度较大、距路距离较远和郁闭度较大等的生境栖息。     

南极长城站地区土壤微生物生态作用的初步探讨

从南极长城站附近联合采样13个,并进行了土壤微生物的数量统计与种类鉴定。氨化细菌的菌量为10⁴～10⁶cells／g,共7个属：微球菌属（Micrococcus）,葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,产碱菌属（Alcaligenes）,黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）,节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）;固氮细菌菌量为10⁵～10⁷cells／g,仅一个固氮菌属（Azotobacter）;硝化细菌一般为10⁴cells／g,分属两个属：硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）,硝化球菌属（Nitrococcus）;真菌为10³cells／g,分属5个属：青霉菌属（Penicillium）,金孢霉菌属（Chrysosporium）,枝孢霉菌属（Cladosporium）,曲霉菌属（As-pergillus）,散囊菌属（Eurotium）,反硝化菌为 10²～10⁴cells／g,分属 3个属：假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,微球菌属（Micrococcus）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;放线菌分属3个属：链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,和诺卡氏菌属（Nocardia）。联采样品12℃培养的出现率主要类群是：假单胞菌属（42％）,芽孢杆菌属（35％）,微球菌属（31％）,节杆菌属（27％）,青霉菌属（58％）,枝孢霉菌属（54％）,硝化杆菌属（81％）,固氮菌属（88％）,反硝化细菌中主要是假单胞菌属（58％）,芽孢杆菌属（38％）。文中还讨论了微生物菌量与土壤总碳、总氮的相关性及其在该地区氮循环中的生态学作用。     

土壤水分胁迫对5个种源油松光合特性的影响

在盆栽条件下,对5个种源油松（山西中条山ZT,山西吕梁山LL,山西太行山TH,陕西洛南LN和陕西黄陵HL）幼苗进行了水分胁迫处理实验,对其净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、水分利用效率（WUE）及P_n与土壤含水量（SWC）的关系进行了研究。结果表明：油松幼苗的P_n、T_r和G_s均随水分胁迫程度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,C_i呈先下降后上升的趋势。其中TH种源的P_n、T_r和G_s最高,LN和HL种源的较低。干旱处理的第4天（SWC为15%~25%）,5个种源的P_n、T_r和G_s均达到处理期的最大值;第7天（SWC为7%~9%）,它们的P_n、T_r、G_s和WUE差异均极显著（p<0.01）,且大小顺序均为：ZT>TH>LL>HL>LN;处理的10天后（SWC小于5%）,LL、TH、LN、HL均只表现为呼吸作用。根据P_n与SWC的二次拟合方程（R²=0.980~0.997）中P_n为0时的SWC进行了抗旱性排序,依次为：TH>ZT>LL>HL>LN。     

从线粒体Cyt b基因探讨红瘰疣螈物种地位的有效性

疣螈属的红瘰疣螈（Tylototriton shanjing）和棕黑疣螈(T. verrucosus) 的物种界限一直不清楚。测定了来自中国西南地区14个地点的T. shanjing和T. verrucosus共40只标本的线粒体DNA Cyt b基因(753 bp)。结果表明：（1）用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法等3种系统发育分析法分别重建棕黑疣螈种组系统发育树的拓扑结构不支持T. shanjing是单系群；（2） T. shanjing与T. verrucsus的mtDNA Cyt b序列差异平均值仅为1. 2％, 未达到种级水平。因此, 全部T. shanjing样品都属于同一个物种, 即T. verrucosus, 不支持T. shanjing的物种地位, T. shanjing为T. verrucosus的同物异名，并建议恢复T. verrucosus的中文名红瘰疣螈。根据基于40个样品Cyt b基因序列的系统发育树和遗传变异以及地理分布, 这些红瘰疣螈（T. verrucosus）样品聚为3 支, 即中国西南地区的红瘰疣螈可分为片马、滇中滇西和滇东南3个地理居群。     

干旱胁迫下沙枣和孩儿拳头叶绿素荧光特性研究

以沙枣和孩儿拳头2年生盆栽苗为材料,采用称重控水的方法设置对照（土壤含水量为25.6%~27.2%）,轻度胁迫（19.2%~20.8%）,中度胁迫（12.8%~14.4%）,重度胁迫（6.4%~8.0%）4个梯度,研究了干旱胁迫对沙枣和孩儿拳头色素含量和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明：（1）随着干旱胁迫的加剧,两物种叶绿素a含量,叶绿素a/b比值,总叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,且叶绿素a对干旱胁迫的反应较叶绿素b敏感,但两物种叶绿素b含量和胡萝卜素含量变化规律不一致。（2）随着干旱胁迫的加剧,孩儿拳头F_m、F_v呈下降趋势,沙枣相反,但两物种F₀呈增加趋势,F_v/F₀、F′_v/F′_m呈下降趋势,F_v/F_m差异不显著;PhiPS2、ETR、qP先升高后降低,NPQ则先降低后升高。（3）虽然两物种表现出较强的抗旱性,但在重度干旱胁迫下（6.4%~8.0%）,光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数受到较大影响,推测此时的土壤水分含量为两物种光合色素、光系统Ⅱ的耐受极限;物种间相比,孩儿拳头更为敏感,在今后的园林管护中,要根据土壤水分状况和物种间的差异做好园林灌溉。     

基于nrDNA GapC基因内含子序列的资源冷杉遗传多样性研究

通过nrDNA GapC基因内含子序列的测序和分析,揭示资源冷杉遗传多样性水平和种群分化的强弱并推断其进化历史。资源冷杉3个种群的34个个体共获得70条GapC基因内含子序列,有8个核苷酸变异位点,鉴别出12种单倍型。银竹老山、大院和舜黄山种群分别有10种、6种和7种单倍型;有7个个体得到了2种以上的单倍型。资源冷杉物种水平的单倍型多样性（h）为0.817 0,种群的在0.683 3～0.883 1之间;物种水平的核苷酸多样性（π）为0.003 90,种群的在0.002 63～0.003 82之间。种群遗传分化研究结果（G_st=0.103,p<0.05）说明种群间存在显著的遗传分化,分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果也证明虽然大多数的核苷酸多态性（88.64％,p<0.001）来源于种群内个体间的变异,但是仍有显著性比例存在种群间（11.36%,p<0.05）。Tajima’s D、Fu &; Li’s D、Fu &; Li’s Fs中性检验结果都表明资源冷杉在物种和种群水平上都不拒绝中性进化。资源冷杉单倍型的谱系没有出现地区特异性谱系分支,核苷酸不配对分析（mismatch analysis）结果表明没有发生近期的群体扩张,资源冷杉的N_st（0.131）与G_st（0.103）没有显著性差异（p>0.05）,表明种群没有明显的地理结构。推测现存资源冷杉是相对较近的时间内片断化的产物。     

南京方山朴树种群结构与分布格局研究

采用相邻格子样方法对南京方山国家地质公园朴树种群结构和分布格局进行了研究。结果表明：（1）各样地朴树种群的年龄结构基本相似,Ⅰ、Ⅱ级幼苗普遍较少,幼苗贮备严重不足。种群个体分布多集中在Ⅲ级,Ⅳ级以上种群个体分布渐趋减少。（2）从静态生命表可以看出,由于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级幼苗、幼树数量偏少,导致种群Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级的死亡率为负值,而Ⅶ、Ⅷ龄级的死亡率最大。部分龄级存在着不同程度的个体缺失,存活曲线呈明显下凹和断点波折,种群整体呈衰退趋势。（3）利用负二项参数（K）、扩散系数（C）、扩散型指数（I_δ）、Cassie指标（C_a）、丛生指数（I）、平均拥挤度指数（m^*）和聚块性指标（m^*/m）等参数对种群的空间格局进行了研究,表明朴树种群的空间分布格局为集群分布,但不同样地种群的集聚程度存在一定差异。     

Prevalence of West Nile virus neutralizing antibodies in wild birds from the Camargue area, southern France

The Camargue area of southern France experienced the re-emergence of West Nile Virus (WNV) in the late summer of 2000 and 2004. Immediately preceding the 2004 outbreak, samples were collected from 432 birds of 32 different species captured in mist nets and from 201 Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) nestlings sampled in their nests between 1 April and 12 June 2004. West Nile virus neutralizing titers of >/=40 were detected in 4.8% (95% confidence limit, 2.9-7.5%) of the adult birds and in 1.6% (0.3-4.6%) of the egret nestlings. Migratory passerines had a higher prevalence of WNV neutralizing antibodies (7.0%) than did resident and short-distance migratory passerines (0.8%), suggesting exposure to WNV or a related flavivirus during overwintering in Africa.     

Return to Robben Island of African Penguins that were rehabilitated,relocated or reared in captivity following the Treasure oil spill of 2000

Following an oil spill from the Treasure off the coast of South Africa in June 2000, about 19 000 oiled African Penguins Spheniscus demersus, including 14 825 from Robben Island, were caught for rehabilitation and subsequent release. A further 19 500 penguins that were not oiled — mostly birds in adult plumage, including 7 000 from Robben Island — were relocated some 700km to the east, to prevent them becoming oiled. Additionally, 3 350 orphaned chicks, including 2 643 from Robben Island — were collected for rearing in captivity and release to the wild. Some four years later — by the end of December 2004 — 70% of rehabilitated adults, 40% of relocated birds and 34% of captive-reared chicks had been seen back at Robben Island. Another 7% of birds relocated from Robben Island had been sighted at other localities. Rates of resighting rehabilitated birds were similar at Robben and Dassen Islands, but a greater proportion of relocated birds was seen at Dassen Island, where birds collected for relocation were mostly from breeding areas. The lower proportion of relocated birds seen at Robben Island is thought to result from this intervention causing some pre-breeding birds to move to other colonies. All three conservation interventions are considered to have been successful, but it is premature to assess their relative contributions to the conservation of the species. Three relocated birds tracked by satellite took 15–21 days to return to their home colonies. This rapid return may have resulted from breeding attempts being interrupted. After remaining at their home islands for 4–5 days, two of the tracked birds then left these islands for 19–36 days. We surmise that, after they had searched unsuccessfully for their mates, they abandoned breeding for the year 2000.     

Trematode infections in the small intestine of Egretta alba modesta in Kangwon-do]

We surveyed 12 migrating large egrets, Egretta alba modesta, for their infection status with intestinal trematodes, from June to September, 1990. All of them were infected with one or more flukes. Total 5 species were identified. Their infection rates and total numbers of worms were Metagonimus sp. 67% and 1,412, Centrocestus armatus 67% and 2,306, Echinochasmus japonicus 50% and 99, Strigea falconis 83% and 635, and a diplostomid fluke 33% and 36. The number of worms in a bird was in the range from 6 to 896. This is the first record that the egret is a reservoir host of Metagonimus sp., C. armatus, E. japonicus, and S. falconis. S. falconis is a new parasite fauna in Korea. Migrating birds must play an important role in the transmission and spreading of these intestinal trematodes in Korea.     

New primers for sex identification in the Chinese egret and other ardeid species

Using the universal P2/P8 primers, we were able to obtain the gene segments of chromo-helicase-DNA binding protein (CHD)-Z and CHD-W from ten species of ardeid birds including Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes), little egret (E. garzetta), eastern reef egret (E. sacra), great egret (Ardea alba), grey heron (A. cinerea), Chinese pond-heron (Ardeola bacchus), cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), black-crowned night-heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), cinnamon bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus) and yellow bittern (I. sinensis). Based on conserved regions inside the P2/P8-derived sequences, we designed new PCR primers for sex identification in these ardeid species. Using agarose gel electrophoresis, the PCR products showed two bands for females (140 bp derived from CHD-W and the other 250 bp from CHD-ZW), whereas the males showed only the 250 bp band. The results indicated that our new primers could be used for accurate and convenient sex identification in ardeid species.     

海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林林下鸟类群落研究

从 2 0 0 0年 5月到 2 0 0 2年 3月 ,用网捕法对海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林 (包括原始林和次生林 )林下鸟群落进行研究。共张网 3 992 .7网· h,捕到林下鸟 3 12只 40种 ,隶属于 6个目 11个科。林下鸟群落虽然以小于 2 5g重的雀形目鸟类占优势 ,但许多个体较大的非雀形目鸟类也到林下活动 ,最大个体重达 3 70 g,大于 10 0 g重的个体占整个林下鸟生物量的比例较大。尖峰岭热带山地雨林中的林下鸟以食虫鸟为主 ,食虫鸟占整个林下鸟种数的 70 .0 %、鸟数量的 77.56% ;食果鸟虽然占第 2位 ,但其所占比例较小。林下鸟的种类组成和密度存在季节变化。留鸟是林下鸟最重要的成分 ,留鸟占鸟类种类的比例超过 85% ,留鸟的捕获数量占整个捕获鸟类数量的比例超过 90 % ;迁徙鸟的种类和数量均较少 ,对林下鸟群落的季节变化影响不大。原始林与演替 40 a后的次生林林下鸟平均网捕率相近但林下鸟群落种类组成不同 ,其种的相似性仅为 0 .3 5。     

千岛湖陆桥岛屿繁殖鸟类的扩散能力差异 对群落动态的影响

岛屿生物地理学理论的核心过程是岛屿物种的周转, 包括迁入与灭绝。本研究旨在探讨扩散能力差异对岛屿繁殖鸟类群落动态的影响。2007年4月至2013年6月, 采用样线法调查了千岛湖36个陆桥岛屿的繁殖鸟类, 依据扩散能力强弱将其划分为两类, 结合陆桥岛屿参数, 并运用逻辑斯蒂回归模型和最大似然法, 来研究鸟类扩散能力的不同对其周转率的影响。结果表明, 千岛湖繁殖鸟类扩散能力强的物种具有较高周转率且受岛屿参数约束较小, 而扩散能力弱的物种周转率较低且对岛屿参数变化更敏感。因此, 千岛湖陆桥岛屿繁殖鸟类的扩散能力显著影响其群落动态。     

Tick infestations of birds in coastal Georgia and Alabama

Mist-netted birds were examined for ticks on Jekyll Island, Glynn Co., Georgia (32 bird species) in 1996-1998, and at Fort Morgan, Baldwin Co., Alabama (36 species) in 1998 during fall migration. Sixty-two (14.7%) of 423 birds from Jekyll Island and 22 (13.3%) of 165 birds from Fort Morgan were infested with ticks. The mean number of ticks per infested bird was 2.0 on Jekyll Island and 6.3 at Fort Morgan. Ten species of birds were infested with ticks on Jekyl1 Island where 87% of all ticks were recovered from 3 species: the common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), and northern waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis). Eight species of birds were infested with ticks at Fort Morgan where 83% of all ticks were recovered from 3 species: the brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana), and common yellowthroat. Six species of ticks (Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes brunneus, Ixodes minor, and Ixodes scapularis) were recovered from the Georgia birds, whereas 3 species (A. maculatum, H. leporispalustris, and Ixodes dentatus) were recovered from the Alabama birds. Attempts to isolate Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, the etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis, from Ixodes spp. ticks recovered from birds were unsuccessful.     

Distribution and abundance of seabirds and fur seals near the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral winter, 1986

Twenty one species of seabirds plus fur seals were observed at sea near the Antarctic Peninsula, between 60 °–68 °S, in May and June 1986, a season for which few published observations of marine animals are available for this area. Here we describe and quantify the importance of fishing activities as well as sea-ice cover and other environmental variables to the distribution patterns of birds and seals. The most striking aspect of the winter avifauna was its pronounced concentration near fishing trawlers operating on the continental shelf to the north and west of Elephant Island, and its temporal shift in response to the seasonal advance of the ice edge.     

PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: A set of primer pairs for amplifying the complete mitochondrial DNA of endangered Chinese egret (Aves, Ardeidae, Egretta eulophotes)

The Chinese egret is a globally endangered species. Here we describe a set of primer pairs to amplify its entire mtDNA. The polymerase chain reaction products (1000–2000 bp) were successfully amplified by using this primer set and were then sequenced and aligned. The contiguous mtDNA sequences of the Chinese egret were assembled to be a circular molecule (17 579 bp). This primer set was also confirmed to be useful for six other species of ardeid birds. The versatility of this primer set will provide a groundwork for further studies on the genetic structure and molecular evolution of the ardeid species.     

Phosphorus and nitrogen in wetlands with and without egret colonies

Abstract Colonially nesting birds have been implicated in the destruction of their nest site vegetation, the most likely mechanism being through an overload or imbalance of soil nutrients. The numbers of egrets in coastal New South Wales colonies have increased rapidly in the second half of this century since cattle egrets (Ardeola ibis) were introduced. This species now nests colonially with three native species: great (Egretta alba), intermediate (Egretta intermedia) and little egrets (Egretta garzetta). Thus there is potential for more rapid degradation of the colony site. We measured the levels of phosphorus in surface sediments, and phosphorus and nitrogen in water at eight colony site wetlands, and compared each to four other wetlands in the same region where there were no egret colonies. We conclude that levels of both nutrients were elevated in colony wetlands. The implications of this result for death of colony site vegetation and the conservation of the three native egret species are briefly discussed.