新疆罗布泊地区可培养嗜盐细菌多样性

采用纯培养方法从新疆罗布泊盐湖中分离得到168株嗜盐细菌, 采用核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性酶切分析(ARDRA)研究了罗布泊嗜盐细菌的群落结构和多样性。通过限制性内切酶HinfI对108个菌株的16S rDNA进行酶切分型, 根据ARDRA的酶切图谱, 将其划分为12个操作分类单元。16S rDNA序列测定和系统发育分析结果显示, 分离菌株分布于喜盐芽孢杆菌属(Halobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、嗜盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、色盐杆菌属(Chromohalobacter)、盐水球菌属(Salinicoccus)、库克菌属(Kocuria)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)等9个属及1个可能的新分类单元。其中Halomonas为优势菌群, Chromohalobacter、Halobacillus为次优势菌群。采用ERIC-PCR分析优势菌群Halomonas各菌株的基因组特征, 显示出有21种指纹图谱。研究结果揭示, 罗布泊嗜盐细菌不仅具有丰富的多样性, 还蕴藏着具有地域特点的新菌种资源。     

利用高通量测序技术对水稻秸秆中、低温降解菌系的比较分析

采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对中、低温（中温25 ℃、低温10 ℃）富集驯化所得水稻秸秆降解菌系进行测序;采用生物信息学方法对中、低温秸秆降解菌系群落生物多样性进行分析。结果表明,测序质控后获得601 489条16S rDNA序列,平均长度273 bp,经Silval 132数据库比对,中温降解菌系包括18个门,172个属,302个OTU,其中优势菌属为弓形杆菌属（Arcobacter）、拟杆菌属（Bacteroides）、屠场杆菌属（Macellibacteroides）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和梭形杆菌属（Lysinibacillus）;低温降解菌系包括16个门,169个属,280个OTU,其中优势菌属为弓形杆菌属、屠场杆菌属、拟杆菌属、丛毛单胞属（Comamonas）和假单胞菌属。温度对降解菌系中优势菌门的相对丰度无显著影响,中、低温秸秆降解菌系主要菌属相对丰度差异显著。     

处理石油化工废水的活性污泥中优势微生物群系及其降解效能的研究

处理石油化工废水的活性污泥中微生物以细菌为主体,霉菌、酵母菌数量较少。分离到167株细菌,主要群系为不动细菌属,假单胞菌属,产碱杆菌属、微球菌属、棒状杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属等、其中大部分菌株对苯酚、苯乙烯、丙酮、甲醇具有降解效能,尤其对苯酚、苯乙烯降解能力较强,菌株数量也较多。     

杭州西湖水域可培养异细菌的群落多样性

自2001年10月~2002年10月对杭州西湖水域可培养异养细菌的群落结构和多样性进行了为期1年的调查。水体中可培养异养细菌的年平均值只有510 CFU/mL。从季节变化来看,温度较低的12月和3月其数量相对较多,分别为809和757 CFU/mL,而温度较高的5月和10月只有327和330 CFU/mL。表层底泥中可培养异养细菌的数量平均为2.27×10⁵ CFU /g （以干泥计）,其中长桥湾相对较多,为3.06×10⁵ CFU /g,而湖心泥中只有1.70×10⁵ CFU /g。从季节的变化看,也是冬季的数量比夏季高。调查还发现西湖水域优势菌的优势度高,多样性指数低。在三个湖区连续1年的测定中总共只出现14种类型的菌落,优势菌为假单胞菌属、肠杆菌科和气单胞菌属。水体中优势菌的优势度为36.8%~80.4% ,平均54.5%;多样性指数H介于0.682~1.787之间,平均1.160。底泥中优势菌的优势度为27.7％~72.7% ,平均51.7%;多样性指数H介于0.809~1.774之间,平均1.309。水体中的细菌有95%为革兰氏阴性杆菌,革兰氏阳性菌很少;产色素菌的比例相对较高,其中以产黄色素菌落为主,平均达20.1%;芽孢杆菌所占的比例较低,只有4.24%。而表层沉积物中产黄色素的菌落较少,只有2.07%;芽孢杆菌的比例则相对较高,为14.1%。     

培养法检测海滨浴场细菌多样性及耐药性研究

【目的】耐药基因细菌水平基因转移导致的耐药菌数量增加引发的公共安全问题日益引起人们关注,监测环境中耐药菌变得极为重要。【方法】采集湛江3处滨海浴场的水体、沙滩土样,通过平板稀释涂布和琼脂扩散法进行浴场微生物数量、多样性和抗生素耐药性分析。【结果】3处浴场水体无机氮含量偏高,浴场微生物数量随着客流量逐渐增加,沙滩中微生物数量显著高于水体。浴场细菌分布于3门12科18属,水体中变形菌门（Proteobacteria,49.64%）占优势,沙滩则是厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,54.74%）占优势。浴场细菌对β-内酰胺类耐药率较高,青霉素、万古霉素和头孢曲松耐药率分别达到23.25%、20.53%和17.42%,耐药菌株主要分布于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、弧菌属（Vibrio）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）和肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）,水体中多重耐药细菌数量显著高于沙滩,集中于人流量多的浴场。【结论】滨海浴场环境中细菌耐药菌种类多,需持续监测以评估对当前地区公共卫生的潜在影响。     

嘉陵江小三峡硅藻群落结构及水环境

为了研究嘉陵江小三峡硅藻群落结构及水质状况,按枯水期（2006年11月—2007年3月）、平水期（2007年4—6月）和丰水期（2007年7—9月）分别采集6个样点的硅藻样品,分析其物种组成、细胞密度、多样性和均匀度指数及硅藻商等,并结合理化指标对水质进行评价。结果表明：嘉陵江小三峡共有硅藻78种（含变种和变型）,隶属2纲、10科、20属;硅藻细胞密度为0.53×10⁴～3.58×10⁴ ind·L^-1,总平均1.55×10⁴ ind·L^-1;多样性指数值（H′）为1.62～2.96,总平均2.33;均匀度指数值（E）为0.28～0.56,总平均0.42;嘉陵江小三峡水质总体上属β-中污水体,沙溪、北温泉水质较好,属微污水体,碚石、牛石沱水质次之,为β-中污水体,盐井、毛背沱水质最差,为α-中污水体。     

UASB底部活性污泥中优势微生物群系及其对PTA生产废水的降解作用

处理对苯二甲酸(PTA)生产废水的上流式厌氧生物滤床(UASB)底部活性污泥中的微生物分析表明,其优势群系为专性好氧菌和兼性厌氧菌。经分离得到156株微生物,分别为假单胞菌属、微球菌属、葡萄球菌属、不动细菌属、芽孢杆菌属和酵母菌属。其中大部分菌株可以PTA生产废水中某些成分为唯一碳源而生长,而以菌株T6对PTA降解活性为最高。经鉴定,该菌与类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes)很相似,但存在某些差异,尚需进一步研究确定。     

三种蓝莓根际细菌的分离及其对蓝莓苗生长发育的影响

【目的】从3种蓝莓根际土壤中分离细菌,探究蓝莓根际土壤细菌多样性,并筛选具有产酸、促生长、抑菌性能的菌株,为蓝莓专用微生物肥料的研究提供优质菌株资源和理论基础。【方法】选用5种培养基分离3种蓝莓根际土壤细菌,并进行16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育分析。筛选产酸、产吲哚-3-乙酸（indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）和铁载体、固氮、溶磷和抑制灰葡萄孢生长的菌株,挑选最适菌株制备菌剂进行蓝莓苗盆栽实验验证促生能力,并检测菌剂对蓝莓元素吸收和根际土壤肥力的影响。【结果】从3种蓝莓根际土壤分离得到124株细菌,挑选70株代表性菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序,分布于3个门21个属,其中芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）和红球菌属（Rhodococcus）为优势分离菌群。代表性菌株中,21.4%的菌株能产酸,21.4%的菌株产吲哚-3-乙酸,47.1%的菌株具有固氮潜力,65.7%的菌株具有解磷能力,14.3%的菌株能产铁载体。少量菌株同时具有产酸、产IAA、固氮、解磷和抑菌等能力。选取具有产酸和多种促生特征的菌株绿针假单胞菌CSM-70和双鱼假单胞菌CSM-129进行盆栽蓝莓苗处理,发现2株菌均能显著促进蓝莓苗的生长发育并调控根际土壤pH,其中菌株CSM-70处理还显著促进了蓝莓叶片氮、磷元素的吸收,提升了土壤速效钾、碱解氮的含量。【结论】蓝莓根际细菌多样性高且蕴藏着丰富的促生长菌株,绿针假单胞菌CSM-70和双鱼假单胞菌CSM-129能够促进蓝莓苗生长、调控根际土壤pH和肥力,并促进植株养分吸收,具有蓝莓专用微生物菌剂研制与应用的潜力。     

烟草根际可培养微生物多样性及防病促生菌的筛选

[背景] 根际微生物在植物根部生态系统中扮演着重要角色,影响着植物的营养吸收和健康生长。[目的] 了解常年不发病烟田烤烟品种K326根际可培养微生物的多样性,筛选具有防病促生功能的菌株,为烟草病害绿色防控提供资源。[方法] 采用传统培养方法对烟草根际土壤中的细菌和真菌进行分离鉴定,评价菌株的促生特性及病原菌拮抗能力,并进一步验证典型菌株对盆栽烟苗的促生效果。[结果] 共获得261株微生物菌株,包括160株细菌和101株真菌。经分子鉴定,细菌中以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为主要类群;真菌中以子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和毛霉菌门（Mucoromycota）为主要类群。在属水平上,细菌以假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）为主,真菌以曲霉属（Aspergillus）和青霉属（Penicillium）为主。从不同种水平上进一步选择44株细菌为代表菌株,发现它们均具有不同程度的吲哚-3-乙酸（Indole-3-Acetic Acid,IAA）产生能力,9株能够溶解有机磷,16株能够溶解无机磷,13株产生铁载体,14株产生生1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate,ACC）脱氨酶。从160株细菌中筛选得到抑制青枯病菌和黑胫病菌的菌株数目分别为25、26株。经盆栽试验发现韩国假单胞菌（P. koreensis） HCH2-3、浅黄绿假单胞菌（P. lurida） FGD5-2和贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（B. velezensis） EM-1对烟苗呈现不同程度的促生作用,其中3株菌联合施加对烟苗的促生效果最明显。[结论] 烟草根际存在着丰富多样的具有防病促生潜力的微生物,并且合成菌群或功能互补的菌株联合施用是未来微生物菌剂研发的重要方向。     

外源一氧化氮对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

采用营养液水培的方法,研究了外源一氧化氮（Nitric oxide, NO）对50mmol•L^-1NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响。结果表明：10~400μmol•L^-1 NO供体硝普钠（Sodium nitroprusside, SNP）能显著缓解NaCl胁迫对黄瓜植株造成的伤害,100μmol•L^-1 SNP缓解效果最好,可提高幼苗的生长量,增强幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性,提高了叶片叶绿素和脯氨酸（Pro）含量、净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）及气孔导度（Gs）;降低了叶片丙二醛（MDA）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）的含量、超氧阴离子（O^•-₂）的产生速率、质膜透性和胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这