异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中维生素B6需求量的研究

通过8周的生长实验,研究饲料中维生素B6的含量对异育银鲫(Carassius auratas gibelio)(初始体重3.3 g)生长、饲料利用及生化指标的影响。配制7组等氮等能的饲料,饲料中维生素B6的含量分别为0、1.11、3.29、5.41、12.7、13.3和27.3 mg/kg。实验结果表明,饲料中缺乏维生素B6会显著降低异育银鲫的特定生长率、饲料转化效率、蛋白质效率、存活率、肝体指数,但对摄食率没有显著影响。饲料中维生素B6的含量为12.70 mg/kg时,肝脏谷草转氨酶活性(GOT)活性最强,并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在饲料中维生素B6含量为5.41 mg/kg时,肝脏谷丙转氨酶活性(GPT)活性显著提高。当饲料中维生素B6含量为12.7 mg/kg时,肝脏中维生素B6的沉积最高。通过折线法,根据特定生长率和饲料中维生素B6含量的关系,得出异育银鲫最大生长时饲料维生素B6的适宜含量为0.95 mg/kg;而以肝脏GOT和GPT活性为指标时,其饲料维生素B6的适宜含量分别为11.36和7.62 mg/kg。     

野生蔬菜壶瓶碎米荠异地栽培生物学特性及营养成分分析

壶瓶碎米荠(Cardamine hupingshanensis)在原产地为多年生草本,生长在低温、阴湿的环境中,分布地海拔800～1400m,湿度在80％以上,自然条件下,其繁殖方式为无性繁殖．壶瓶碎米荠在长沙异地栽培,10月到次年3月为营养生长,30～6月为生殖生长,7月植株逐渐枯死,表现为2年生．壶瓶碎米荠含有丰富的维生素C、维生素B1、烟酸和维生素B2,其中维生素B1是小白菜含量的9～17倍,矿质元素Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn等含量高,分别为小白菜含量的171％、294％、558％、297％,粗蛋白含量为13．0％,含氨基酸16种,其中7种为必需氨基酸．     

丙酸积累对薛氏丙酸杆菌生长及产酸的影响*

报道丙酸积累对维生素B12产生菌Propionibacterium shermanii生长及丙酸产生的影响,在初糖浓度6％,pH6.5的批次发酵条件下,测定了该菌的耗糖、产酸和茵体生长曲线。发酵24h后,培养基中添加1％、3％和6％的丙酸,发酵结束时菌体干重只有对照的75．2％、65．4％和52.9％,产酸是对照的79.3％、69．2％和39．3％。加入6％的丙酸不能完全抑制耗糖和产酸。部分解除丙酸抑制可使菌体干重增加60％。     

双歧杆菌丝状体生长形态初探

研究双歧杆菌在特定培养条件下生长及增殖模式的变化.采用不同浓度维生素B6和维生素E烟酸酯药敏纸片联合影响双歧杆菌生长,通过革兰染色和原子力显微镜扫描观察双歧杆菌的生长、增殖情况.在维生素B6和维生素E联合作用下,双岐杆菌出现丝状体群集生长的现象,且二分裂增殖方式受到抑制.第1次转种于普通培养基中可保持此种生长增殖方式,但连续转种3次后会恢复常规生长增殖方式.不同浓度维生素B6和维生素E烟酸酯药敏纸片联合可诱生双歧杆菌丝状体.     

微生物分析方法测定保健食品中维生素B6的含量

称取保健强化食品样品,以0.22 mol/L H2SO4、121 ℃高压蒸汽锅水解、吸取合适浓度的检测样品到吡哆醇Y培养基中,接种卡尔斯伯(Saccharomyces Carlsberyensis)酵母菌,于(30±0.5) ℃恒温箱中培养18～22 h,用分光光度计在550 nm波长下测定酵母菌的生长,对应标准生长曲线求得样品中维生素B6(VB6)的含量,同时以同样的方法检测加标回收量.实验结果表明,该方法准确、回收率高、重复性好,便于实验室开展.     

四环素残留对黄豆芽营养品质及根际微生物的影响北大核心

【目的】探究土壤中四环素残留对土培黄豆芽的生长发育、根际微生物及营养品质的影响,为正确评估抗生素残留对蔬菜种植业的影响及制定土壤-蔬菜系统中抗生素污染防控策略提供理论基础。【方法】模拟土壤中不同四环素残留水平(0、25、50mg/kg),采用高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)方法测定黄豆芽中的四环素残留量、理化方法测定黄豆芽的营养品质、高通量技术测定根际微生物群落。【结果】黄豆芽中四环素累积量随土壤中四环素残留量的增加而增加,累积量分布表现为根>下胚轴>子叶;四环素残留显著抑制黄豆芽的根和下胚轴的发育及其生物量、维生素C含量和抗氧化性,但增加了纤维素含量。在这些指标中维生素C含量的变化最显著,在黄豆芽生长第5天,25mg/kg和50mg/kg四环素残留组中,黄豆芽中维生素C含量较对照组分别降低41.35%和49.80%;此外,四环素残留显著影响黄豆芽根际微生物群落结构,尤其是与氮循环相关的属。其中,明显增加了不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和栖热菌属(Thermus)的相对丰度,减少了假黄色单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)和氢嗜菌属(Hydrogenophaga)的相对丰度。【结论】土壤中的四环素残留显著影响黄豆芽的生长发育、根际微生物群落结构以及维生素C等重要营养品质指标。     

长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用

为揭示长期施肥条件下土壤微生物类群及其与土壤养分的关系,对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤微生物以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析．结果表明,NPK与有机肥长期配合施用能明显提高土壤各养分含量,增加土壤微生物的数量．猪粪比玉米秸秆能更好地培肥地力,创造有利于土壤微生物生长繁育的土壤生态化学环境．土壤微生物与土壤养分之间具有很好的相关性．其中,细菌、固氮菌数量与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;本研究未观察到真菌、放线菌数量与土壤养分因子之间有明显的相关性．     

西南亚高山针叶林主要树种互作及增温对根区土壤微生物群落的影响

温度与植物种类是生态系统土壤微生物群落组成与结构的重要影响因子。气候变暖背景下, 不同树种及树种互作对土壤微生物群落产生的影响仍不清楚。该文以西南亚高山针叶林主要建群种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)为研究对象, 采用红外加热器模拟增温, 通过不同种植方式(云杉、冷杉单种和二者混种, 以及裸地对照), 研究不同物种及增温对土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)含量与群落结构的影响。结果表明: (1)无论增温与否, 与裸地相比, 云杉与冷杉单种均显著增加了土壤微生物群落主要类群及总PLFAs含量, 而混种仅在非增温条件下增加了微生物群落PLFAs含量; 另一方面, 增温显著促进了裸地真菌(F)和云杉根区革兰氏阴性菌(GN)的生长, 但对冷杉与冷杉-云杉混种小区微生物群落具有显著的抑制作用。(2)主成分分析(PCA)表明, 非增温条件下, 植物种植对土壤微生物群落组成的影响更为明显。非增温情况下云杉、冷杉单种和混种均对微生物群落结构有显著影响, 显著降低了土壤革兰氏阳性菌/阴性菌(GP/GN), 增加了土壤真菌细菌比(F/B)(64.29%-35.71%), 而增温时, 仅冷杉单种对GP/GN和F/B有显著影响。(3) PLFAs含量与土壤碳含量显著正相关, 微生物群落结构(F/B)则与土壤pH及无机氮含量有显著相关关系。以上结果说明, 在非增温情况下, 无论单种还是混种均有利于土壤微生物生长, 但在增温情况下混种对微生物群落PLFAs含量无显著影响, 两个物种对微生物群落结构的影响在增温条件下也有减弱的趋势。     

有机物质对紫球藻生长的影响*

研究了有机碳、氮源及 B族维生素对紫球藻生长的影响。葡萄糖促生长作用最佳 ,添加 2 % (W/V)葡萄糖时 ,藻细胞生长速度比对照组明显提高 ,培养 10 d收获的生物量增加 92 .6 % ,培养液中的溶解氧含量和藻体叶绿素 a含量也有变化。有机氮源的利用率低 ,仅蛋白胨、酵母汁可被利用。维生素 B2 和 B12 也有促长作用。     

硫酸盐还原菌对汞的甲基化作用及其影响因子

从受氯碱化工废水严重污染的湖北鸭儿湖 1号氧化塘底泥中分离获得了硫酸盐还原菌 ,研究了其生理特性和环境因子对其生长的影响。并在实验室条件下建立了模拟厌氧水环境 ,通过正交实验获得汞甲基化的最佳条件 ,研究了该条件下硫酸盐还原菌在好氧和厌氧状况下对汞的甲基化作用 ,以及非生物甲基化作用。同时又分别作了单因素实验 ,并用高效液相色谱法测定了水样中不同形态的汞。结果显示 ,该硫酸盐还原菌营厌氧生活 ,在35℃、pH7 0、0 7%的盐度、0 5g/LFe2 和不含硫化物等条件下 ,可达到最佳生长状态。水环境中汞的甲基化作用主要发生在有微生物为媒介的厌氧环境下 ,汞的非生物甲基化作用和好氧环境下的甲基化作用均可忽略不计。厌氧环境下 ,水体温度、pH值、硫化物和盐度等诸多环境因素对汞的微生物甲基化作用的影响也进行了研究与讨论。     

Biosynthesis of Vitamin B6 by a Yeast Mutant

The gradient-plate technique was employed to isolate mutants of Saccharomyces marxianus (NRRL-Y-1550) which, when grown in a synthetic culture medium, excreted about 2 mug/ml of vitamin B(6) as ascertained by microbiological assay. The major component that possessed vitamin B(6) activity was isolated by ion-exchange column chromatography and identified as pyridoxol by ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as by paper chromatography and various chemical tests. Pyridoxal was also identified as one of the excreted compounds. Two other compounds that possessed vitamin B(6) activity were excreted in smaller quantities in the growth medium and have not yet been identified; they are not phosphates of vitamin B(6). The amount of vitamin B(6) excreted was not increased when the mutant was grown in the presence of various oxidation products of this vitamin. The methods and results reported here may be helpful in future studies on the biosynthesis of vitamin B(6).     

Comparative studies on the microbiological vitamin B12 assay at two laboratories.

The turbidimetric methods in routine use at two laboratories for the microbiological assay of vitamin B12 have been compared. Attempts were made to standardize some major parts of the method, i.e., assay design, test strain (Lactobacillus leichmannii), test medium, and reference standard. The laboratories used different approaches to achieve efficient assay procedures. During a 6-year period four comparative experiments were carried out. In these experiments the vitamin B12 content of five different products was determined in a series of independent assays at each laboratory. A satisfactory degree of agreement (difference less than 5%) was found for four of these products.     

Comparative studies on the microbiological vitamin B12 assay at two laboratories.

The turbidimetric methods in routine use at two laboratories for the microbiological assay of vitamin B12 have been compared. Attempts were made to standardize some major parts of the method, i.e., assay design, test strain (Lactobacillus leichmannii), test medium, and reference standard. The laboratories used different approaches to achieve efficient assay procedures. During a 6-year period four comparative experiments were carried out. In these experiments the vitamin B12 content of five different products was determined in a series of independent assays at each laboratory. A satisfactory degree of agreement (difference less than 5%) was found for four of these products.     

Rapid determination of vitamin B2 secretion by bacteria growing on solid media

AIMS: Development of an agar-diffusion assay to measure vitamin B2 in biological samples and application of the method to determine the amount of vitamin B2 secreted by bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: A riboflavin-auxotrophic mutant of Bacillus cereus was generated by mini-Tn10 insertion in the ribD gene. ribD mutant sensitivity to exogenous vitamin B2 was investigated by turbidimetric and agar-diffusion assays. In turbidimetric assays, the B. cereus mutant displayed a similar level of sensitivity to vitamin B2 to that of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 7469, the reference organism used for microbiological vitamin B2 quantification. However, only the ribD mutant could be used as an indicator organism in agar-diffusion assays. A total of eight probiotic strains, from five different probiotic formulations, were analysed by the ribD mutant-based assay on agar plates in order to determine their ability to secrete vitamin B2 during growth. CONCLUSION: The agar diffusion method with the ribD mutant of B. cereus is highly reproducible, sensitive, rapid, inexpensive, and can be applied to measure the amount of vitamin B2 in different samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The method developed in this study appears to be a good candidate for the screening of vitamin B2 secretion by bacteria growing on solid media.     

Liquid Nitrogen Preservation of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and its Use in a Rapid Biological Assay of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Growth medium as well as freezing menstruum greatly influenced the recovery of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis when it was quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen at - 196 C and quickly thawed at 40 C. Nearly 90% recovery in viability was obtained when S. carlsbergensis was grown in Trypticase Soy Broth and frozen in vitamin B(6) basal assay medium. The growth phase of S. carlsbergensis also influenced recovery after freezing. When S. carlsbergensis was grown in Trypticase Soy Broth and frozen in the broth at the logarithmic-growth phase, only 7% viability was retained; the recovery rate increased to 81% when the culture was frozen in the maximal stationary phase. To have the least possible lag period of growth after thawing, a technique called growth-phase conditioning was introduced. After 1 hr of growth-phase conditioning, S. carlsbergensis was clearly out of lag phase, and budding was observed. A vitamin B(6) microbiological assay with a 6-hr incubation period and with the use of liquid nitrogen-frozen S. carlsbergensis is described.     

Microbiological Assay of Vitamin B12 in the Presence of Tetracycline

Treatment of a pharmaceutical preparation of vitamin B(12) and tetracycline with an ion-exchange resin by the batch method differentially adsorbed tetracycline, making possible a statistically reproducible microbiological assay of vitamin B(12) by the standard Escherichia coli plate method.     

Mechanism of thiamine-induced respiratory deficiency in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.

Cells of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 4228 grown aerobically with added thiamine (1 microgram . ml-1) in a vitamin B6-free medium contained no detectable heme precursors, such as delta-aminolevulinate, coproporphyrin III, or protoporphyrin IX. The deficiency in heme precursors in the thiamine-grown cells was accompanied by previously reported phenomena, i.e., growth depression, vitamin B6 deficiency, and respiratory deficiency due to a marked decrease in the activities of heme-containing enzymes and cytochrome level (I. Nakamura et al., FEBS Lett. 62: 354-358, 1976). It has been reported that all of the effects of thiamine are abolished by adding pyridoxine to the medium. delta-Aminolevulinate was found to have quite similar effects to those of pyridoxine, except that growth was partially improved by delta-aminolevulinate, whereas it was fully restored by pyridoxine. Incubation of the thiamine-grown cells with delta-aminolevulinate resulted in the appearance of the heme precursors and the heme-containing enzymes. Consistent with the lowered amount of vitamin B6, the thiamine-grown cells had a lowered activity of delta-aminolevulinate synthase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme. Not only the holoenzyme activity but also the apoenzyme activity was very low in these cells. These results indicate that the thiamine-induced vitamin B6 deficiency brings about the decrease in delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity, which leads to heme deficiency and therefore to respiratory deficiency.     

Application of vitamin B(12)-targeting site on Lactobacillus helveticus B-1 to vitamin B(12) assay by chemiluminescence method

Lactobacillus helveticus B-1 is assumed to have a vitamin B(12)-targeting (or B(12)-binding) site on the cells, since the binding reaction of vitamin B(12) with L. helveticus B-1 cells proceeded instantly and quantitatively. This reaction is specific to complete B(12) compounds, cobalamins, and can be used for a vitamin B(12) assay method by chemiluminescence. The calibration graph was linear from 0.1 to 10.0 ng/mL. The B(12) contents in oyster and sardine were 75.9 and 39.4 microg/100g, respectively. These values were very close to those obtained using a chemilumi-ADVIA Centaur immunoassay system with intrinsic factor and to those obtained by microbiological assays.     

Modulator effects of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism on response to vitamin B12 therapy and homocysteine metabolism

In this study, our aim was to investigate the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism on the vitamin B12 therapy response in 95 patients with vitamin B12 deficiency and 92 healthy control subjects using vitamin B12, plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), and folate as the main measure of outcome. MTHFR C677T genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. There were no differences in the distribution of MTHFR genotypes in the cases versus the controls. Mean concentrations of plasma tHcy and B12 vitamin were 18.84 μM and 142.47 pg/mL in patients with TT (10.5%) genotypes. Furthermore, mean concentrations of B12 vitamin after cobalamin therapy were 697.62, 656.64, and 488.76 pg/mL in patients with the CC, CT, and TT genotypes, respectively. The MTHFR 677 TT genotype has decreasing effect in B12 vitamin and increasing effect in tHcy. In comparison with the patients having CC and CT genotypes, patients with the TT genotype had a lower response to vitamin B12 therapy.     

Use of the Stereoisomers of Isoleucine by Lactobacillus fermenti

The use of four stereoisomers of isoleucine by Lactobacillus fermenti strain 36 was studied in detail. All four isoleucine isomers were used for growth in the presence of vitamin B(6) compounds, but only l-isoleucine was active in the absence of these vitamins. Of the vitamin B(6) compounds, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine were equally more effective than pyridoxine for the utilization of these isomers. Lowering the initial pH, decreasing the amounts of leucine and valine, and adapting the organism to d-alloisoleucine medium accelerated the use of isoleucine isomers. Thus, the conditions were established under which respective isomers gave the same growth response, and these findings were applied to the separate microbiological assay of l-isoleucine and total isoleucine isomers.