淹水条件下控释氮肥对污染红壤中重金属有效性的影响

采用淹水培养方法研究了不同氮水平(100、200和400 mg/kg,分别记为1、2、3)下普通尿素(PU)、硫包膜尿素(SCU)、树脂包膜尿素(PCU)和硫加树脂双层包膜尿素(SPCU)对污染红壤中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn有效性的影响.结果表明,不同包膜尿素对土壤pH值和水溶性SO42-含量有较大影响.各施氮处理红壤pH值随着施氮量的增加(除5d时PU和60 d时SCU)而增加,不同包膜尿素对土壤中水溶性SO42-含量有较大影响,在同一施氮水平下不同包膜尿素处理间土壤pH值和土壤中水溶性SO42-含量差异较大.60 d培养期间PU、SCU、PCU和SPCU处理pH值比对照分别升高0.17-0.38、0.08-0.27、0.07-0.36和0.10-0.21;水溶性SO42-含量PU、SCU和PCU处理比对照分别升高39.5％-157.3％、40.9％-94.5％和7.55％-55.8％,而SPCU处理降低5.67％-90.7％.不同尿素类型和氮肥的施用量对红壤Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn有效性的影响均存在显著差异.60 d培养期间红壤有效态Cd含量以树脂包膜尿素100 mg N/kg下最低,其有效态Cd含量比对照显著降低20.7％-69.8％;有效态Pb、Cu和Zn含量以普通尿素400 mg N/kg下最低,其有效态Pb、Cu和Zn含量比对照分别显著降低17.0％-54.2％、18.5％-34.6％和15.6％-59.5％.随施氮量提高,PU处理有效态Cd含量先升高后降低,有效态Pb、Cu和Zn含量逐渐降低;SCU处理有效态Pb含量逐渐降低,有效态Cd、Cu和Zn含量变化规律不一致;PCU处理有效态Cd含量逐渐升高,有效态Pb、Cu和Zn含量变化规律不一致;SPCU处理有效态Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量逐渐降低.有效态Pb和Zn含量与pH值和水溶性SO42-含量呈显著负相关,有效态Cd与水溶性SO42-含量呈显著正相关.在多重金属污染红壤中,可考虑不同控释氮肥的配合使用,降低土壤中重金属的有效性.     

大气CO_2浓度升高对稻田土壤溶液中阴离子浓度的影响

利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE(Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment)试验平台,研究了大气CO2浓度升高对稻季各生育期耕层土壤溶液中Cl-、CO32-、HCO3-、SO42-、NO3-和溶解无机磷(DIP)等阴离子浓度的影响,探讨了稻田生态系统土壤元素地球化学循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。结果表明:大气CO2浓度升高降低了土壤溶液SO42-浓度,提高了HCO3-浓度,与5cm处相比,其在15cm处的影响程度更大;大气CO2浓度升高有增加土壤溶液NO3-和溶解无机磷(DIP)的趋势;对CO32-和Cl-未表现出明显的规律性影响。文章还分析了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤溶液阴离子浓度产生影响的可能机理。     

Bt毒素在三种矿物表面的吸附与解吸

研究了Bt库斯塔克亚种(kurstaki）毒素（65 kDa）在高岭土、针铁矿和氧化硅表面的吸附和解吸特性.结果表明：在磷酸盐缓冲体系（pH 8）中,3种矿物的等温吸附曲线均符合Langmuir方程（R²>0.9661）,它们对Bt毒素的吸附顺序为：针铁矿﹥高岭土﹥二氧化硅.矿物对Bt毒素的吸附1 h就基本达到了吸附平衡.在pH 6～8范围内,针铁矿、高岭土和二氧化硅对Bt毒素的吸附量随pH值的升高而降低.10 ℃～50 ℃范围内,针铁矿和氧化硅对Bt毒素吸附量随温度升高有所下降（8.39％和47.06％）,高岭土对Bt毒素吸附则略有升高（5.91％）.红外光谱分析显示,Bt毒素被矿物吸附后结构仅有微小变化.被矿物吸附的Bt毒素不易被去离子水解吸,水洗3次总解吸率为28.48%～42.04%.     

细菌胞壁多糖对水体中低浓度Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附研究

室内模拟研究了长春市伊通河天然水环境中优势细菌胞壁多糖对Pb2+和Cd2+吸附,结果发现胞壁多糖对pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量分别在pH为4.5、5.0时最大;且均分为两个阶段,即当pH＜4.5,对Pb2+的吸附量与pH呈正相关,当pH＞4.5时,对Pb2+的吸附量与pH呈负相关;对Cd2+的吸附量在pH＜5.0时与pH呈正相关,在pH＞5.0时与pH呈负相关.温度对胞壁多糖吸附Pb2+和Cd2+影响不显著;吸附体系在8 h达到吸附平衡.共存Cd2+对胞壁多糖吸附Pb2+影响显著,而共存Pb2+对吸附Cd2+不显著.胞壁多糖对Pb2+和Cd2+吸附过程符合Iangmuir和Freundlich热力学等温方程;胞壁多糖吸附Pb2+和Cd2+的动力学过程分为快速阶段和慢速阶段,其中慢速阶段符合二级吸附速率动力学方程.     

乙酸对土壤胶体矿物吸附酸性磷酸酶的影响

研究了不同pH值、不同浓度乙酸对酸性磷酸酶在土壤胶体和矿物表面吸附的影响,结果表明,在pH2～8的乙酸体系中,酶在胶体矿物表面的最大吸附pH一般出现在蛋白的等电点和矿物的零电荷点(PZC)之间,各土壤胶体和粘粒矿物对酶的吸附量大小顺序为针铁矿》黄棕壤>砖红壤>高岭石>二氧化锰,乙酸浓度对酶在胶体矿物表面的吸附量和吸附结合能具有较显著影响,在0～200mmol·L^-1范围内,随着乙酸浓度的增加,酶吸附量呈现先升高、后降低、再稳定的趋势,而吸附结合能的变化与此相反,并就乙酸对酶在胶体矿物表面吸附影响的可能机理进行了初步探讨。     

抗重金属细菌与针铁矿体系吸附Cu~(2 )和Cd~(2 )的红外光谱研究

采用红外光谱技术探讨了抗重金属细菌NTG-01对针铁矿吸附Cu2 、Cd2 的影响。结果表明:①细菌细胞表面的游离羟基可以吸附Cu2 ;②加入细菌以后促进了Cu2 与针铁矿表面游离羟基(-OH)反应,使Cd2 与其表面的水合羟基(-OH2)的反应加强。     

pH值和Fe、Cd处理对水稻根际及根表Fe、Cd吸附行为的影响

通过营养液-蛭石联合培养试验,设置系列pH值(4.5—7.5)和Fe、Cd处理,研究不同pH值及Fe、Cd浓度对水稻和蛭石表面Fe、Cd吸附的影响。结果表明,不同pH值处理下的根际氧化还原电位和酸度不同,0.9 mg/L Cd处理下的根际氧化势低于0.5 mg/L Cd,50 mg/L Fe处理下的根际酸度高于30 mg/L Fe处理。根表吸附Fe、Cd组分和数量都受根际Eh、pH值制约,根表Fe、Cd吸附量在处理pH值6.0时最低,并分别在处理pH值7.5和处理pH值4.5达到最高。但根系表面对Fe、Cd的吸附机制与蛭石表面不同,蛭石吸附Fe主要为晶态Fe,占到总沉积Fe的73%—87%;水稻根表沉积Fe以非晶态Fe为主,占总沉积Fe的91%—95%;与处理pH值和根际Eh间有显著的相关性(蛭石晶态Fe:ppH=0.011、pEh=0.042;水稻根表非晶态Fe:ppH=0.050、pEh=0.004)。蛭石表面交换态Fe及交换态Cd与处理pH值和Eh间存在显著的相关性(pH值:pFe<0.001、pCd=0.009;Eh:pFe=0.016、pCd=0.002),而根表交换态Fe及交换态Cd仅与处理pH值间有显著的相关性(pFe=0.007,pCd=0.048)。不同Fe、Cd浓度处理对根际Eh、pH值的升降和根表Fe、Cd吸附均有影响。与对照相比,增Cd处理可以降低根际Eh和升高pH值,减少溶液Cd浓度并增加根表Cd吸附量;增Fe处理则可以升高根际Eh和降低pH值,增加溶液Fe、Cd浓度并减少根表Fe、Cd吸附量。这是水稻应对Fe、Cd浓度胁迫的生理反应之一。     

碱性土壤盐化过程中阴离子对土壤中镉有效态和植物吸收镉的影响

镉是土壤环境中对土壤质量有着极其重要影响的污染物之一,低含量下就能对人体和动物产生危害.镉在土壤中的有效态既决定了它的生物有效性及对环境的危害程度,又是人们对受污染土壤进行治理和修复的基础.作为盐化土壤中的典型组分,无机盐不可避免对镉的有效态及生物有效性等地球化学行为产生明显影响.研究了碱性土壤盐化过程中无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉有效态和植物吸收镉影响.研究方法为:以钠盐为例,实验研究了碱性土壤盐化过程中无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉有效态的影响;通过油菜种植试验,分析了无机盐阴离子对土壤中镉生物有效性的影响.研究结果表明,土壤盐化过程中,土壤溶液中Cl-浓度较低时,土壤中镉的有效态含量随Cl-浓度增加而增大,但当土壤中Cl-/Cd的比值大于100∶1时,土壤中镉的有效态含量达到最大值.土壤溶液中SO42-含量对土壤中镉有效态含量的影响不明显;随着土壤溶液中HCO3-含量的增加,土壤中镉的有效态含量明显减少.由于Cl-、SO42-是土壤溶液中的主要成分,随着盐度的增加,镉的有效态含量增加.油菜种植试验显示,当土壤中Cl-的含量增加时,土壤中镉的有效态含量增加,有利于植物对镉的吸收,因此油菜中镉的含量随土壤中Cl-的含量增加而增加,但当土壤有效态含量超过2 mg/kg后,油菜吸收镉已经达到最大.随着土壤溶液中SO42-浓度的增加,油菜中镉含量基本不变;土壤溶液中HCO3-的含量增加,植物中镉的含量随土壤中HCO3-含量增加而减少.这些特征与土壤镉有效态变化相吻合.通过各种措施控制土壤盐度和调节阴离子类型和含量,有利于降低土壤中镉的有效态含量,减轻镉的活化;农业生产中适当调整无机肥料的种类,可以减少农作物对镉的吸收.     

模拟酸沉降对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林地表径流水化学特征的影响

通过模拟酸沉降实验,研究了旱季期间(10-3月份)鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林在4种不同pH模拟酸雨处理(对照、pH 4.0、pH 3.5、pH 3.0)下地表径流水化学输出特征.结果显示:(1)地表径流pH随酸处理强度增强呈“U”型变化模式,酸沉降对地表径流pH的影响不显著(P＞0.05),表明模拟酸沉降尚未引起地表水的酸化.(2)地表径流中NO3-、SO24-浓度随酸处理强度增强略有增加;HCO3-浓度的变化模式与地表径流pH类似.酸根离子浓度与地表径流pH相关性分析表明,SO24-、HCO3-有助于提高地表水抗酸化能力而NO3-则有助于促进地表水酸化.(3)地表径流中盐基离子对酸沉降的响应不尽相同.pH 3.0处理显著提高地表径流中Ca2+、Na+浓度;Mg2+浓度具有随酸处理梯度增强而增加的趋势;K+受模拟酸度的影响小.表明强酸(pH3.0)处理将导致土壤Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+盐基离子流失.(4)酸沉降具有诱发土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)流失的倾向,增加地表水受有机污染的风险.     

山东寿光不同种植年限设施土壤的酸化与盐渍化

以山东寿光不同种植年限设施菜地为对象,研究并分析了土壤的酸化与盐渍化状况,结果表明:设施菜地土壤pH值平均为6.86,全盐含量为2.47g.kg-1,与露天菜地、自然土相比有较明显的酸化与盐渍化现象;设施菜地在连续种植0-12.7a间,土壤pH值随种植年限增加而降低,12.7a后则出现随种植年限增加而升高的现象,土壤全盐含量则表现出与pH值相反的变化趋势,其发生变化的转折年限约为8.4a;设施土壤中的Na+,Mg2+,Cl-,SO24-含量随种植年限的变化均表现出与土壤全盐量相同的趋势,且与种植年限的相关性均达到显著水平,这4种离子含量的变化可能是导致土壤全盐量随种植年限变化的重要原因;从土壤盐分离子组成来看,设施菜地土壤主要以SO42-、Cl-、Ca2+为主,分别占全盐量的62.4%、10.6%、9.3%,设施菜地中SO24-、Cl-、Mg2+、Na+含量与全盐量均呈极显著相关,其中相关性程度最大的为SO24-(r=0.9291)和Mg2+(r=0.7224)。设施菜地中SO24-含量与pH值变化存在极显著相关(r=-0.5508),其大量累积可能是造成调查区域设施土壤酸化的重要原因。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.