凤眼莲浸出液对东海原甲藻生长的抑制作用

研究了凤眼莲浸出液对赤潮藻东海原甲藻生长的影响。浸出液浓度以单位体积溶液中所含凤眼莲鲜重表示。结果显示,在浸出液浓度大于2g·L^-1时,活体凤眼莲浸出液和干凤眼莲浸出液对东海原甲藻的生长都有明显的抑制作用。在浸出液浓度达到8g·L^-1时,活体凤眼莲浸出液和干凤眼莲浸出液对东海原甲藻都具有杀灭作用,东海原甲藻全部死亡出现的时间分别为培养后的第4t和第5t。经121℃高温处理20min后的活体凤眼莲浸出液对东海原甲藻的抑制作用仍然存在,抑制作用并没有显著减弱。研究结果表明凤眼莲的抑藻物质具有用来控制赤潮生物东海原甲藻的潜在价值。     

鼠尾藻对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制作用

通过共培养的方法,研究了鼠尾藻（Surgassum thunbergii）培养水的过滤液、新鲜组织、干粉末、水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻（Heterosigma akashiwo）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）生长的抑制效应,建立了分隔共培养系统并证明了抑制物质的存在,排除了细胞直接接触抑制的可能性.结果表明,在共培养实验中,鼠尾藻新鲜组织、干粉末及水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制作用,且在较高浓度下对两种赤潮微藻的生长具有致死效应.在一次性及半连续培养方式下,鼠尾藻培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻的生长无抑制效应,而对中肋骨条藻的生长具有显著的抑制效应.     

小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻的化感效应

研究了不同浓度的小珊瑚藻组织4种不同极性有机溶剂(甲醇、丙酮、乙醚、氯仿)提取物对赤潮异弯藻的生长抑制作用.结果表明：小珊瑚藻组织甲醇提取物对赤潮异弯藻的生长抑制活性最强,并且在较高浓度下能使赤潮异弯藻完全死亡,其他3种有机溶剂提取物对赤潮异弯藻的生长无明显影响.表明小珊瑚藻组织中含有的对赤潮异弯藻有抑制作用的活性物质具有较高的极性.对小珊瑚藻的甲醇提取物进行液液萃取,将其分离为石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和蒸馏水相, 并对赤潮异弯藻进行生物活性检测.结果发现石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相具有较强的杀藻活性,表明脂肪酸可能是小珊瑚藻组织内抑制赤潮异弯藻生长的化感物质的重要组成成分之一.     

小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻的克生效应及其 对UV-B辐射增强的响应

通过共培养方法,以细胞密度为主要测定指标,研究了小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻的克生效应及其对UV-B辐射增强的响应.结果表明：小珊瑚藻的新鲜组织和水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻的生长表现出显著的抑制作用(P＜0.05),说明小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻具有克生效应;而小珊瑚藻干粉末和培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻生长则无明显影响(P>0.05).将小珊瑚藻用不同剂量的UV-B辐射预处理后,再与赤潮异弯藻共培养,除培养水过滤液外,其新鲜组织、干粉末和水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻生长的作用效果均有所改变,高剂量(3.0 J·m^-2)UV-B辐射使小珊瑚藻对赤潮异弯藻的抑制作用减弱(P＜0.05),而低剂量(0.9 J·m^-2) UV-B辐射则使抑制作用增强(P＜0.05).     

海菖蒲浸提液对锥状斯氏藻的抑制效应研究

海菖蒲(Enhalus acodoides)是典型热带亚热带沿海常见大型海草, 但关于海菖蒲对赤潮藻的抑制作用研究少见报道。研究选取海菖蒲为实验材料, 利用人工海水和两种有机溶剂提取海菖蒲中抑藻活性物质并对锥状斯氏藻进行抑藻试验研究, 结果表明, 三种提取物对锥状斯氏藻均有显著抑制作用, 在试验设定浓度下, 水浸物在 2.5 g·L^–1 时具有最高抑藻率 95.34%, 乙醇提取物在浓度为 12.5 mg·L^–1 时即达到 78.55%, 正己烷提取物在浓度为 50 mg·L^–1 时最高抑制率达到58.28%。研究表明, 海菖蒲水提液抑制效果最好, 具有应用于近海水体富营养化的治理和开发新型抑藻剂的潜力。     

缘管浒苔对赤潮异弯藻的克生效应

利用共存培养系统研究了缘管浒苔(E nterom orpha linza)新鲜组织和干粉末对赤潮异弯藻(H eterosigm a akash iw o)生长的克生效应。共存实验结果表明,缘管浒苔新鲜组织和干粉末对赤潮异弯藻生长均有强烈的克生效应。同时,研究了缘管浒苔培养水过滤液对赤潮异弯藻的克生作用。赤潮异弯藻在缘管浒苔培养水过滤液的半连续添加方式下生长受到明显的克制作用,但在一次性培养方式下生长未受到明显的抑制作用,说明克生物质的连续分泌是有效克制赤潮异弯藻生长的关键;煮沸的大藻培养水过滤液对微藻的生长无抑制作用,表明克生物质在高温下不稳定和易分解。     

红树植物秋茄叶片水提物的抑藻效应

通过藻细胞密度的测定,探讨了不同浓度(0.5、1.0和2.0g·L-1)红树植物秋茄(Kandelia candel)新鲜叶片水提物对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)和赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)的化感抑制效应,研究了高温处理对秋茄提取物化感作用的影响.结果表明:秋茄叶片提取物对两种赤潮藻均具有显著的化感抑制作用,不同浓度提取物化感作用强度不同;5 d内,浓度为2.0g·L-1秋茄叶片提取物对球形棕囊藻和赤潮异弯藻的最大抑制率分别为91.6％和77.0％;球形棕囊藻和赤潮异弯藻对红树植物秋茄提取物的敏感性不同,提取物对球形棕囊藻的抑制效果要优于赤潮异弯藻;经高温处理后,秋茄提取物抑藻效果显著降低(P＜0.05);秋茄叶片水提物影响藻细胞膜结构,使藻细胞体积增大、细胞破裂.     

浒苔干粉末提取物对东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻的克生作用

研究不同溶剂的浒苔干粉末组织提取液对两种赤潮藻—东海原甲藻和中肋骨条藻生长的克生效应。结果表明, 浒苔提取物中确实含有可以影响赤潮藻类生长的克生物质,克生作用具有较明显的浓度效应,添加浓度低时可能会表现为一定的促进生长的作用,添加浓度较高时表现为抑制作用,添加浓度越大,抑制作用越强,即“低促高抑”的特点,这与浒苔提取物对其他微藻的作用相似。其中,蒸馏水提取物对这两种赤潮藻的克生作用小于有机溶剂提取物,有机溶剂中,甲醇和乙酸乙酯提取物对这两种赤潮藻的克生效果最好,正己烷相对较差。根据相似相溶原理,可以初步推断最有效的克生物质应为具有相对较高的极性的有机物。两种赤潮藻对克生物质的敏感程度不同。东海原甲藻对克生物质的敏感性高于中肋骨条藻。蒸馏水、甲醇、乙酸乙酯、正己烷的浒苔干粉末提取物影响东海原甲藻生长的致死作用阈值浓度分别为5.00 g/L、0.50 g/L、0.50 g/L、0.63 g/L（相当于浒苔新鲜藻体浓度为22.00 g-wet/L、2.20 g-wet/L、2.20 g-wet/L、2.75 g-wet/L）;影响中肋骨条藻生长的致死作用阈值浓度则分别为20.00 g/L、1.25 g/L、1.25 g/L、2.50 g/L（相当于新鲜藻体浓度为88.00 g-wet/L、5.50 g-wet/L、5.50 g-wet/L、11.00 g-wet/L）。     

有机磷农药草甘膦异丙胺盐对赤潮异弯藻的毒物干扰效应

以我国典型赤潮藻赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)为研究对象,设置了6个浓度梯度(0 mg·L^-1、0.001mg·L^-1、0.01 mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1、1 mg·L^-1和10 mg·L^-1)的草甘膦异丙胺盐处理,研究了草甘膦异丙胺盐暴露对赤潮异弯藻的生长、叶绿素a含量和可溶性蛋白含量等指标的影响.结果表明,草甘膦异丙胺盐对赤潮异弯藻具有明显的毒性效应,10 mg·L^-1浓度处理下,赤潮异弯藻细胞大量死亡,藻细胞密度以及叶绿素a、可溶性蛋白的含量显著降低(p<0.05);当草甘膦异丙胺盐浓度在0.001～1 mg·L^-1范围内,在培养的第3 d草甘膦异丙胺盐能够显著促进赤潮异弯藻的细胞密度增加,叶绿素a含量也明显高于对照组(p<0.05),表现出毒物刺激效应;在暴露实验的中后期(第7 d、第9 d和第11 d),赤潮异弯藻的各生长指标均与对照无显著差异,可能是随着培养时间的延长,农药的降解、生物体对农药的适应、进入细胞的农药减少等原因,藻细胞生理状态逐渐恢复到正常水平.     

红树植物干粉和新鲜组织水提物对两种赤潮藻的化感抑制效应

通过测定藻细胞密度,研究了5种红树植物木榄、秋茄、海漆、海芒果、小花老鼠簕水提物对赤潮藻球形棕囊藻和赤潮异弯藻的化感抑制效应,探讨了高温处理对化感抑藻效应的影响.研究结果表明,红树植物干粉水提物和新鲜组织水提物对两种赤潮藻均显示出显著的化感抑制作用.第5 d,红树植物干粉水提物对2种赤潮藻的抑制效果依次为:海漆>秋茄>小花老鼠簕>木榄>海芒果.新鲜组织水提物抑藻效果最强的红树植物是木榄和秋茄.秋茄和海漆水提物中的抑藻化感物质对高温相对不稳定,木榄和小花老鼠簕水提物中的抑藻化感物质对高温相对比较稳定.     

正交设计法优化三岛柴胡愈伤组织培养基

目的:优化三岛柴胡愈伤组织培养条件。方法:采用正交设计法,以相对生长速率、鲜重和干重为考察指标,对三岛柴胡愈伤组织生长的MS培养基成分进行单因素多水平和多因素多水平考察。结果:最佳培养基为:MS+3%蔗糖+10/40mmol.L-1NH4+/NO3-+3.75mmol.L-1HPO24-+NAA(0.005mg.ml-1)+6-BA(0.010mg.ml-1)。最佳培养条件下,愈伤组织相对生长速率为0.1548,干重达0.1668g.瓶-1。结论:2,4-D与NAA配合使用可以促进三岛柴胡愈伤组织快速生长,L9(34)正交设计实验中愈伤组织干重明显高于单因子实验设计的。     

氮磷营养因子对赤潮异弯藻生长的影响

研究了N、P营养浓度对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)生长的影响.结果表明,该藻的生长速率与N、P营养因子浓度的关系符合Monod公式.在NO₃^--N浓度达到7.5 mg·L^-1时,赤潮异弯藻开始生长;浓度为3.75～75 mg·L^-1时,赤潮异弯藻的比生长速率与NO₃^--N浓度成正比关系.N营养充足时,赤潮异弯藻的最大生长速率μ_m-n=0.3475·d^-1,K_s-n=18.91 mg·L^-1.PO₄^--P浓度为0～1.0 mg·L^-1时,赤潮异弯藻的比生长速率与P浓度成正比关系;P营养充足时,赤潮异弯藻的最大生长速率μ_m-p=0.3024·d^-1,K_s-p=0.4086 mg·L^-1.N/P达到25后藻细胞浓度达到最大,表明N/P为25时最适合赤潮异弯藻生长.赤潮异弯藻最适合在N 37.5～225.0 mg·L^-1、P 5.0～50.0 mg·L^-1、N/P=25条件下生长.     

Feeding by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina on the red-tide raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo: a potential biological method to control red tides using mass-cultured grazers

As part of the development of a method to control the outbreak and persistence of red tides using mass-cultured heterotrophic protist grazers, we measured the growth and ingestion rates of cultured Oxyrrhis marina (a heterotrophic dinoflagellate) on cultured Heterosigma akashiwo (a raphidophyte) in bottles in the laboratory and in mesocosms (ca. 60 liter) in nature, and those of the cultured grazer on natural populations of the red-tide organism in mesocosms set up in nature. In the bottle incubation, specific growth rates of O. marina increased rapidly with increasing concentration of cultured prey up to ca. 950 ng C ml(-1) (equivalent to 9,500 cells ml(-1)), but were saturated at higher concentrations. Maximum specific growth rate (mumax), KGR (prey concentration sustaining 0.5 mumax) and threshold prey concentration of O. marina on H. akashiwo were 1.43 d(-1), 104 ng C ml(-1), and 8.0 ng C ml(-1), respectively. Maximum ingestion and clearance rates of O. marina were 1.27 ng C grazer(-1) d(-1) and 0.3 microl grazer(-1) h(-1), respectively. Cultured O. marina grew well effectively reducing cultured and natural populations of H. akashiwo down to a very low concentration within 3 d in the mesocosms. The growth and ingestion rates of cultured O. marina on natural populations of H. akashiwo in the mesocosms were 39% and 40%, respectively, of those calculated based on the results from the bottle incubation in the laboratory, while growth and ingestion rates of cultured O. marina on cultured H. akashiwo in the mesocosms were 55% and 36%, respectively. Calculated grazing impact by O. marina on natural populations of H. akashiwo suggests that O. marina cultured on a large scale could be used for controlling red tides by H. akashiwo near aquaculture farms that are located in small ponds, lagoons, semi-enclosed bays, and large land-aqua tanks to which fresh seawater should be frequently supplied.     

Comparative studies on the allelopathic effects of two different strains of Ulva pertusa on Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandrium tamarense

Allelopathic effects of fresh tissue and dry powder of a nonsexual and a sexual strain of the macroalga Ulva pertusa on the growth of the microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandium tamarense were evaluated using long-term coexistence culture systems in which several concentrations of macroalga fresh tissue and dry powder were used. The effects of macroalga culture medium filtrate on the two HAB algae were also investigated. Moreover, isolation co-culture systems were built to confirm the existence of allelochemicals and preclude the growth inhibition by direct contact. Short-term algicidal effect assays of macroalgae on H. akashiwo were carried out to measure the rate of algal cell lysis. The results of the coexistence assays showed that the growth of H. akashiwo and A. tamarense was strongly inhibited by fresh tissue and by dry powder of both strains of U. pertusa. The allelochemicals were lethal to H. akashiwo at relatively higher concentrations. The macroalga culture medium filtrate exhibited no apparent growth inhibitory effect on the two HAB algae under initial or semicontinuous filtrate addition, which suggested that continuous release of small quantities of rapidly degradable allelochemicals from the fresh tissue of both strains of U. pertusa was essential to effectively inhibit the growth of H. akashiwo and A. tamarense.     

Allelopathic effects of Ulva pertusa , Corallina pilulifera and Sargassum thunbergii on the growth of the dinoflagellates Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandrium tamarense

The allelopathic effects of fresh tissue, dry powder and aqueous extracts of three macroalgae, Ulva pertusa, Corallina pilulifera and Sargassum thunbergii, on the growth of the dinoflagellates Heterosigma akashiwo and Alexandrium tamarense were evaluated using coexistence culture systems in which concentrations of the three macroalga were varied. The results of the coexistence assay showed that the growth of the two microalgae was strongly inhibited by using fresh tissue, dry powder and aqueous extracts of the three macroalga; the allelochemicals were lethal to H. akashiwo at relatively higher concentrations of the three macroalga. The macroalgae showing the most allelopathic effect on H. akashiwo and A. tamarense using fresh tissue were U. pertusa and S. thunbergii, using dry powder were S. thunbergii and U. pertusa, and using aqueous extracts were U. pertusa and C. pilulifera. We also examined the potential allelopathic effect on the two microalgae of culture filtrate of the three macroalga; culture medium filtrate initially exhibited no inhibitory effects when first added but inhibitory effects became apparent under semi-continuous addition, which suggested that continuous release of small quantities of rapidly degradable allelochemicals from the fresh macroalgal tissue were essential to effectively inhibit the growth of the two microalgae.     

Algicidal activity of the seaweed Corallina pilulifera against red tide microalgae

Extracts of seaweeds from the coast of Korea have been tested in vitro for algicidal activity against the growth of the toxic microalga Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Blooms of C. polykrikoides and the ensuing mass mortalities of farmed fish and shellfish are an escalating and worrisome trend. Cell growth of C. polykrikoides was inhibited by the addition to the culture medium of several seaweed extracts. Inhibition of growth resulted from methanol-soluble extracts of the seaweeds Corallina pilulifera, Ulva pertusa, Ishige foliacea and Endarachne binghamiae. Growth inhibition also resulted from the water-soluble extract of C. pilulifera. Powder and dry tissue from the seaweed C. pilulifera also inhibited cell growth of C. polykrikoides. The active algicidal products of C. pilulifera showed stable activity when boiled, exposed to light, or when treated under alkaline condition. Corallina pilulifera had no regional and seasonal variations in this algicidal activity. A powder of the seaweed C. pilulifera, the most potent species, showed algicidal activity against several red tide microalgae, especially C. polykrikoides, Gymnodiniummikimotoi, G. sanguineum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Prorocentrum triestinum and Pyraminonas sp. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.