抑制铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的乳杆菌筛选及机制初探

筛选得到对慢性创面中铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)生物膜形成具有抑制作用的乳杆菌(Loctobacillus)。测定不同种乳杆菌对铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌双菌生物膜量、生长及群体感应信号分子AI-2的影响，并采用主成分分析和菌株特性综合分析确定效果最佳的菌株，最后通过荧光定量PCR的方式探究该菌株对生物膜和群体感应相关基因表达的影响。结果表明，植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)、卷曲乳杆菌(Loctobacillus crispatus)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Loctobacillus acidophilus)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(Loctobacillus rhamnosus)、瑞士乳杆菌(Loctobacillus helveticus)、短乳杆菌(Loctobacilkus brevis)具有不同程度的抑菌、抑制生物膜形成的能力，且同种不同株的乳杆菌抑制生物膜形成的能力也有所差异。其中，植物乳杆菌CCFM233产生的AI-2信号分子较多，具有良好的抑菌能力，可使致病菌生物膜形成量降低，铜绿假单胞菌的LasR和rhlI基因表达水平和金黄色葡萄球菌的SarA基因表达水平显著下调。本研究旨在揭示植物乳杆菌CCFM233具有抗铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌感染的潜力，为其应用于慢性创面敷料提供参考。     

重症监护病房多重耐药菌监测与控制现状分析

目的 了解北京市三级医院重症监护病房（ICU）多重耐药菌监测及防控措施落实情况。方法 制定统一调查表,对北京市38家三级医院的ICU进行现场评估。结果 38家三级医院中有35家医院的ICU开展了多重耐药菌监测;监测占首位的多重耐药菌排名为泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）、耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌、产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌。79.0%的ICU单人间病房数量不超过5个。78.9%的医院基本能做到对多重耐药菌感染患者和普通患者分开管理。结论 多重耐药的革兰阴性杆菌是ICU最常见的病原菌。医疗资源不足加大了多重耐药菌医院感染防控的难度。     

短头熊蜂肠道拮抗菌株的分离筛选鉴定及其生物特性评价

【背景】近年来,由于栖息地减少、农药的大量使用及病原菌侵染等综合因素,导致全世界的熊蜂种类与数量逐年减少,病原菌的侵染可通过微生物在自身生长过程中会产生的抑菌物质进行有效抑制或杀灭。【目的】短头熊蜂(Bombus breviceps)长期生存在野外环境中,其肠道内存在着大量微生物资源。从短头熊蜂肠道内筛选拮抗菌株,并对其抑菌特性进行研究。【方法】采用牛津杯双层法筛选拮抗菌株,测定抑菌活性最佳菌株发酵液的抑菌物质稳定性与抑菌广谱性等抑菌特性,并借助细胞膜通透性、流式细胞仪检测等试验探究其抑菌机制。【结果】得到了5株具有明显抑菌作用的拮抗菌株,其中果杆菌(Fructobacillus tropaeoli)CZ01对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella choleraesuis)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、福氏志贺氏菌(Shigella flexneri)和无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)这5种病原指示菌都具有高度抑菌效果。菌株CZ01对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最佳,抑菌圈直径可达到(21.21±0.25) mm,在121 ℃处理后仍具有67.36%以上的抑菌活性,调整pH值为10.0时仍具有78.16%的抑菌活性。【结论】短头熊蜂肠道微生物资源较丰富,尤其是果杆菌(F.tropaeoli)CZ01具有抑菌活性高、稳定性好、抑菌谱广等特性,对金黄色葡萄球菌具有良好的杀灭效果,显示出良好的应用潜能。     

桐花树活性内生真菌筛选及其抗菌化学成分的研究

为了探究桐花树内生真菌在抑菌方面的价值,该文以内生真菌发酵产物的抑菌作用为评价指标筛选活性菌株,采用生物活性跟踪方法结合多种色谱技术分离活性菌株的化学成分,通过波谱与文献数据比对鉴定单体化合物结构,并利用微孔板法测定单体化合物的抑菌活性。结果表明:(1)从桐花树分离得到的16株内生真菌分属2纲7目10科10属,镰刀菌属(Fusarium)为优势菌属。内生真菌GXIMD02029和GXIMD02039的发酵产物对枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌、粘性放线菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有不同程度的抑制作用,GXIMD02038发酵产物对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制作用。(2)7个化合物从内生真菌Phomopsis sp. GXIMD02029中被分离并鉴定为(15R)-acetoxydothiorelone A(1)、cytosporone B(2)、pestalotiopsone H(3)、pestalotiopsone B(4)、4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde(5)、p-Hydroxybenzoic acid(6)、N-(2-phenylethyl)acetamide(7)。(3)化合物1和2有不同程度的抑菌作用,化合物1对枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值为16.25 SymbolmA@ g·mL^-1,对藤黄微球菌和粘性放线菌的MIC值为7.812 5 SymbolmA@ g·mL^-1,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值为31.25 SymbolmA@ g·mL^-1。化合物2对藤黄微球菌的MIC值为62.5 SymbolmA@ g·mL^-1,对枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、粘性放线菌的MIC值为125 SymbolmA@ g·mL^-1,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC值为250 SymbolmA@ g·mL^-1。该文筛选了3株活性菌株,首次报道化合物1具有抗菌活性,为桐花树内生真菌在抗菌价值方面提供了依据。     

三株抗多重耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌的放线菌分离筛选与鉴定

为了筛选对人体常见病原菌具有显著抑菌活性的放线菌资源，本研究采用六种培养基（GA、CMKA、GW、MM、SCK、HV）对新疆乌鲁木齐南山地区土壤样本中放线菌资源进行分离、并选取8株临床标准致病菌株和1株分离自临床耐药金黄色葡萄球菌RS作为指示菌，通过平板对峙法进行抑菌活性放线菌的筛选，最后对具有显著抑菌活性的放线菌进行菌落形态观察和基于16S rRNA序列的系统进化树分析。在分离的109株放线菌中筛选得到3株（C2-4、D4-2和E1-2）均对多重耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌RS（对苯唑西林、四环素、红霉素及青霉素G均有耐药性）、表皮葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus epidermidis）和金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）具有显著抑菌活性的放线菌菌株。系统进化树分析表明，放线菌C2-4和D4-2与拟无枝酸菌属（Amycolatopsis）放线菌亲缘关系最近，放线菌E1-2与链霉属（Streptomyces）放线菌进化关系较近。抑菌活性放线菌C2-4、D4-2和E1-2的鉴定，将为其活性次级代谢产物的分离奠定了基础。     

产广谱细菌素乳酸菌的筛选和鉴定

以大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、藤黄微球菌、铜绿假单胞杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为指示菌,从分离自四川传统发酵食品中的267株乳酸菌中,采用平板打孔法初筛、牛津杯法复筛（排除酸、过氧化氢干扰以及胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶处理）,筛选出1株分离自醪糟的具有较强抑菌作用的产广谱细菌素的乳杆菌菌株P158,结合形态学、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,该菌株被鉴定为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）。     

内芽孢杆菌属细菌（Paenibacillus daejeonensis）SS02抗菌蛋白的分离纯化和其性质的研究

内芽孢杆菌属细菌（Paenibacillus daejeonensis）SS02,是一株能强烈抑制玉米纹枯菌（Rhizoctonia cerealis）、白色念珠菌 (Candidal vaginitis)等病害真菌的拮抗菌株。SS02菌株培养液经硫酸铵分级盐析,Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32纤维素柱层析分离纯化出一种抗菌蛋白,命名为SD22。蛋白电泳分析结果表明,此蛋白分子量为56000,等电点为6.4。此蛋白对热和紫外线稳定,对蛋白酶部分敏感。纯化后的SD22对玉米纹枯菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)、油菜菌核病(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、苹果轮纹病菌（Physalospora piricala）、绿色木霉(Trichodema viride)、绿色粘帚霉（Gliocladium viride）、弯孢霉菌(Curvularia leaf spot)、镰刀霉菌(Fusarium sp.)、赤霉菌(Fusarium head blight)、球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylo-coccus aureus）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、白色念珠菌(Candidal vaginitis）、冬瓜枯萎菌（Fusarium oxysporum Schl.emend.Snyder & Hanse）等菌有很强的抑制作用。     

内芽孢杆菌属细菌（Paenibacillus daejeonensis）SS02抗菌蛋白的分离纯化和其性质的研究

内芽孢杆菌属细菌（Paenibacillus daejeonensis）SS02,是一株能强烈抑制玉米纹枯菌（Rhizoctonia cerealis）、白色念珠菌 (Candidal vaginitis)等病害真菌的拮抗菌株。SS02菌株培养液经硫酸铵分级盐析,Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32纤维素柱层析分离纯化出一种抗菌蛋白,命名为SD22。蛋白电泳分析结果表明,此蛋白分子量为56000,等电点为6.4。此蛋白对热和紫外线稳定,对蛋白酶部分敏感。纯化后的SD22对玉米纹枯菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)、油菜菌核病(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、苹果轮纹病菌（Physalospora piricala）、绿色木霉(Trichodema viride)、绿色粘帚霉（Gliocladium viride）、弯孢霉菌(Curvularia leaf spot)、镰刀霉菌(Fusarium sp.)、赤霉菌(Fusarium head blight)、球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylo-coccus aureus）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、白色念珠菌(Candidal vaginitis）、冬瓜枯萎菌（Fusarium oxysporum Schl.emend.Snyder & Hanse）等菌有很强的抑制作用。     

一株灰肉红菇内生真菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

灰肉红菇（Russula griseocarnosa）是岭南地区著名的野生食药用真菌。本研究通过组织分离的方法,从灰肉红菇子实体分离获得一株内生真菌,经形态学和分子生物学分析鉴定为爪哇虫草（Cordyceps javanica）。以牛津杯抑菌圈法及二倍稀释法测试了其菌丝体胞内和胞外多糖粗提物对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）和铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）的抑菌活性。结果表明：水溶性胞内、胞外多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌及铜绿假单胞菌均具有抑菌活性,最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为37.5 mg/mL。     

嗜酸乳杆菌在模拟胃肠环境中抗性的研究

采用MRS培养基,模拟胃肠环境,即低pH值（1.5～4.5）。高胆汁盐（0.1％～0.4％）对嗜酸乳杆菌抗性进行了研究。同时对肠道中致病性大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的拮抗特性以及服用抗生素后嗜酸乳杆菌的耐药性进行了研究。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌在pH2.5～4.5时具有较强的生存能力,6h活菌数仍达 10⁷cfu/mL以上,pH1.5条件下仍有部分存活。在0.1％～0.3％胆汁盐条件下4h活菌数仍达106cfu/mL以上,且能在0.4％胆汁盐中存活。同时,对致病性大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.