内芽孢杆菌属细菌（Paenibacillus daejeonensis）SS02抗菌蛋白的分离纯化和其性质的研究

内芽孢杆菌属细菌（Paenibacillus daejeonensis）SS02,是一株能强烈抑制玉米纹枯菌（Rhizoctonia cerealis）、白色念珠菌 (Candidal vaginitis)等病害真菌的拮抗菌株。SS02菌株培养液经硫酸铵分级盐析,Sephadex G-75凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32纤维素柱层析分离纯化出一种抗菌蛋白,命名为SD22。蛋白电泳分析结果表明,此蛋白分子量为56000,等电点为6.4。此蛋白对热和紫外线稳定,对蛋白酶部分敏感。纯化后的SD22对玉米纹枯菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)、油菜菌核病(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、苹果轮纹病菌（Physalospora piricala）、绿色木霉(Trichodema viride)、绿色粘帚霉（Gliocladium viride）、弯孢霉菌(Curvularia leaf spot)、镰刀霉菌(Fusarium sp.)、赤霉菌(Fusarium head blight)、球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylo-coccus aureus）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、白色念珠菌(Candidal vaginitis）、冬瓜枯萎菌（Fusarium oxysporum Schl.emend.Snyder & Hanse）等菌有很强的抑制作用。     

内芽孢杆菌属细菌(Paenibacillus daejeonensis)SS02抗菌蛋白的分离纯化和其性质的研究

内芽孢杆菌属细菌（Paenibacillus daejeoneusis）SS02,是一株能强烈抑制玉米纹枯菌（Rhizoctonia cerealis）、白色念珠菌（Candidal vaginitis）等病害真菌的拮抗菌株。SS02菌株培养液经硫酸铵分级盐析,SephadexG-75凝胶柱层析和DEAE-32纤维素柱层析分离纯化出一种抗菌蛋白,命名为SD22。蛋白电泳分析结果表明,此蛋白分子量为56000,等电点为6．4。此蛋白对热和紫外线稳定,对蛋白酶部分敏感。纯化后的SD22对玉米纹枯菌（Rhizoctonia cerealis）、油菜菌核病（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）、苹果轮纹病菌（Physalospora piricala）、绿色木霉（Triclwdema viride）、绿色粘帚霉（Gliocladium viride）、弯孢霉菌（Curvula rialeafspot）、镰刀霉菌（Fusarium sp．）、赤霉菌（Fusarium headblight）、球孢白僵菌（Beauveria bassiana）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylo-coccus aureus）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）、白色念珠菌（Candidal vaginitis）、冬瓜枯萎菌（Fusarium oxysporum Schl．emend,Snyder＆Hause）等菌有很强的抑制作用。     

山西省不同地区柴胡根部可培养内生真菌的多样性分析

为研究柴胡（Bupleurum chinense DC.）根部可培养内生真菌的多样性，分析山西省不同地区柴胡根部可培养内生真菌多样性的差异性，建立柴胡根部内生真菌库。本文以山西省不同产地的柴胡根为材料，采用传统植物组织平板分离法对柴胡根部可培养内生真菌进行分离培养和分子鉴定。从25个不同产地的柴胡样品根部中共分离培养得到705株真菌，经分子生物学鉴定，其中695株真菌归属为4门14纲23目32科55属119种。晋南地区的优势菌属为镰刀菌属（Fusarium, 32.18%）、亚隔孢壳属（Didymella, 15.96%）、曲霉属（Aspergillus, 8.24%）、异茎点霉属（Paraphoma, 6.91%）、茎点球属（Phoma, 5.32%）、链格孢属（Alternaria, 5.05%），晋北地区的优势菌属为镰刀菌属（31.66%）、曲霉属（15.36%）、链格孢属（9.09%）、亚隔孢壳属（8.15%）、异茎点霉属（7.52%），亚隔孢壳属、曲霉属、链格孢属等优势属的相对丰度差异较大；晋南地区的优势物种为Didymella bellidis（11.44%）、三线镰刀菌（Fusarium tricinctum, 7.98%）、腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani, 7.45%）、锐顶镰孢菌（Fusarium acuminatum, 5.85%）、烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus, 5.85%），晋北地区的优势物种为锐顶镰孢菌（14.11%）、烟曲霉（11.91%）、三线镰刀菌（9.40%）、菊异茎点霉（Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, 5.64%）、D. bellidis（5.64%）、链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata, 5.64%），D. bellidis、锐顶镰孢菌、烟曲霉等优势种的相对丰度差异较大。差异性分析表明晋南地区的生物多样性显著高于晋北地区，D. bellidis、锐顶镰孢菌、烟曲霉等优势种的相对丰度差异较大，为进一步研究柴胡根内生真菌相对丰度差异较大的物种及其不同菌株对柴胡皂苷积累的影响提供参考。     

天山大峡谷原始森林黏细菌的分离鉴定及其抗菌活性

【背景】黏细菌是一类具有多细胞群体行为特征的高等原核生物,其对植物病原真菌和细菌的捕食特性使其在植物病害防治方面具有重要的应用潜力。【目的】探究乌鲁木齐天山大峡谷原始森林可培养黏细菌的多样性并分析其抗菌活性,为发掘黏细菌生防菌株奠定基础。【方法】以天山大峡谷原始森林采集的土样和腐木为分离材料,采用兔粪诱导法和被捕食菌诱导法从中分离纯化黏细菌菌株,结合形态学观察、生理生化测定和16S rRNA基因序列分析确定其分类地位,并以6种植物病原真菌[大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)、尖孢镰刀菌萎蔫专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum)、拟轮枝链孢霉(Fusarium verticillioides)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、黄色镰刀菌(Fusarium culmorum)、细极链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuissima)]和1种植物病原细菌[梨火疫病菌(Erwinia amylovora)]为靶标菌,通过平板对峙法和菌苔捕食法测定其抗菌活性。【结果】从采集的样品中分离出70株菌株,经纯化后获得36株黏细菌纯培养物。经鉴定隶属于4个属,黏球菌属(Myxococcus) 30株、孢囊杆菌属(Cystobacter) 3株、珊瑚球菌属(Corallococcus) 2株和原囊菌属(Archangium) 1株。抗菌活性分析显示,本研究获得的36株黏细菌至少对2种植物病原真菌有抗菌活性,表现出广谱的抗真菌活性,初步筛选出一株菌株NSE37-1兼具广谱和高效抗真菌活性;供试的15株黏细菌对梨火疫病菌均具有捕食活性,初步筛选出一株对梨火疫病菌具有较强捕食能力的黏细菌菌株NSE25。【结论】天山大峡谷可培养黏细菌资源比较丰富,黏球菌属是该地区可培养黏细菌菌群中的优势菌。分离纯化出的黏细菌菌株均表现出广谱的抗植物病原菌活性,具有进一步研究和开发的潜在价值。     

产胞外多糖菌株的分离鉴定及其功能研究

微生物产生的胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS)可促进大粒径土壤团聚体形成,高产EPS的菌株在土壤改良、促进作物生长方面具有较好的应用前景。【目的】从土壤样品中筛选高产胞外多糖的细菌,研究其在土壤改良、环境适应性、广谱抗病等方面的功能,为制备土壤改良型功能菌剂提供候选菌株。【方法】采用蒽酮硫酸法测定菌株胞外多糖的产量,通过形态学观察、生理生化试验及16S rRNA基因序列测定确定其分类地位,结合土壤培养试验研究菌株对土壤团聚体形成的影响。【结果】获得3株胞外多糖产量大于500 mg/L的细菌,经鉴定A-5为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis),XJ-3为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus),KW3-10为耐盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans)。菌株A-5、XJ-3、KW3-10处理后,土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量较对照分别提高了4.07、2.14和3.16倍。3株菌株对疮痂链霉菌(Streptomyces scabies)、尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、茄链格孢菌(Alternaria solani)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)等多种植物病原菌具有明显的抑制效果,可耐受pH为5-9和NaCl含量1%‒9%的盐碱环境,促进植物生长,其中KW3-10的代谢产物中IAA含量为25.58 mg/L。【结论】菌株A-5、XJ-3、KW3-10可显著促进土壤团粒结构形成,具有较好的广谱抗病性和促生长特性,可作为高效复合功能菌剂的候选菌株。     

芽孢杆菌B1、B2对豌豆尖镰孢菌抗菌机理的研究*

同、异步培养结果表明:芽孢杆菌B₁、B₂对豌豆尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schl f.sp.pisi)有很强的抑菌作用。经B₁、B₂无菌液处理后的病原菌由灰白色变为白色,气生菌丝增多且纠结成团。抗菌显微特征是:导致病菌孢子和菌丝体膨大、畸形、原生质凝聚、孢子不萌发或萌发异常、菌丝生长点产生大量泡囊、生长受阻,后期菌丝体断裂、泡囊破裂、原生质外泄。B_{1相似文献}   

南极长城站地区土壤微生物生态作用的初步探讨

从南极长城站附近联合采样13个,并进行了土壤微生物的数量统计与种类鉴定。氨化细菌的菌量为10⁴～10⁶cells／g,共7个属：微球菌属（Micrococcus）,葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,产碱菌属（Alcaligenes）,黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）,节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）;固氮细菌菌量为10⁵～10⁷cells／g,仅一个固氮菌属（Azotobacter）;硝化细菌一般为10⁴cells／g,分属两个属：硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）,硝化球菌属（Nitrococcus）;真菌为10³cells／g,分属5个属：青霉菌属（Penicillium）,金孢霉菌属（Chrysosporium）,枝孢霉菌属（Cladosporium）,曲霉菌属（As-pergillus）,散囊菌属（Eurotium）,反硝化菌为 10²～10⁴cells／g,分属 3个属：假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,微球菌属（Micrococcus）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;放线菌分属3个属：链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,和诺卡氏菌属（Nocardia）。联采样品12℃培养的出现率主要类群是：假单胞菌属（42％）,芽孢杆菌属（35％）,微球菌属（31％）,节杆菌属（27％）,青霉菌属（58％）,枝孢霉菌属（54％）,硝化杆菌属（81％）,固氮菌属（88％）,反硝化细菌中主要是假单胞菌属（58％）,芽孢杆菌属（38％）。文中还讨论了微生物菌量与土壤总碳、总氮的相关性及其在该地区氮循环中的生态学作用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌抗菌蛋白X98Ⅲ的纯化与性质

枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillussubtilis）BS－98是一株能强烈抑制苹果轮纹病菌（Physalosporapiricola）等植物病原真菌的拮抗菌株。BS－98菌株培养液经硫酸铵分级盐析、SephadexG－100柱层析和DEAE－纤维素（DE32）柱层析后分离纯化出一种抗菌蛋白,命名为X98Ⅲ。蛋白电泳分析结果表明,此蛋白分子量为59000,等电点为4．50．醋酸纤维膜电泳后经特异染色证明X98Ⅲ含糖及胀。用DNS法测其含糖量为6％。此蛋白对热稳定,对蛋白酶部分敏感。氨基酸组分分析表明,该蛋白含11种不同氨基酸,尤富含谷氨酸和半胱氨酸等,而缺少天冬氨酸等。纯化后的X98Ⅲ对苹果轮纹病菌、芦笋茎枯病菌等有很强的抑制作用。X98Ⅲ的抑菌机理主要是溶解细胞壁,造成菌丝畸形、孢子不发芽或发芽异常。     

枯草杆菌BS-98分泌的抗真菌蛋白的分离纯化及其部分性质的研究

拮抗菌（Bacillussubtilis）BS-98菌株在BPY液体培养基中产生的蛋白质经硫酸铵分级盐析、SephsdexG-100柱层析、DEAE-纤维素柱层析和SephadexG－100柱再层析后,分离纯化得到的抗菌蛋白在电泳中显现出三条带。经初步纯化的抗菌蛋白对热稳定,对蛋白酶部分敏感。抑菌谱测定表明,抗菌蛋白对芦笋茎枯病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、灰霉菌、立枯丝核菌等病原真菌及黄瓜角斑病菌都具有强烈的抑制作用。     

核桃黑斑病生防链霉菌YNF36的鉴定及其抑菌活性测定

【背景】由野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris)和成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)侵染引起的核桃黑斑病是一种严重的细菌性病害,给核桃产业带来了极大损失。【目的】从根际土壤中筛选出对核桃黑斑病病原菌野油菜黄单胞菌和成团泛菌均具有拮抗效果的放线菌菌株,可作为创制生防菌剂的出发菌株。【方法】采用稀释涂布法、平板对峙法和改良牛津杯法筛选拮抗菌株,通过形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行鉴定,测定无菌发酵液抗菌谱,离体叶片试验验证其对核桃黑斑病的防治效果。【结果】筛选到一株对2种病原菌均有较强拮抗作用的放线菌菌株YNF36。经形态学特征观察、生理生化特性试验及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株YNF36鉴定为沙场链霉菌(Streptomyces arenae)。该菌株在SYP培养基上产量最高,抑菌活性最强,其无菌发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、黑曲霉、白色念珠菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌这7种指示菌,以及链格孢菌、黑腐皮壳菌、胶孢炭疽菌、灰葡萄孢菌、黄褐孢霉菌、辣椒刺盘孢菌、腐皮镰孢菌这7种植物病原菌均有抑制作用,抗菌谱广。发酵液原液对离体叶片上的由野油菜黄单胞菌和成团泛菌造成的核桃黑斑病防效分别为75.69%和62.39%。【结论】沙场链霉菌YNF36补充了一种防治核桃黑斑病的生防材料,具有良好的开发价值和应用前景。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.