柱孢鱼腥藻的藻蓝蛋白亚基和F_(678)色素蛋白

柱孢鱼腥藻的藻蓝蛋白包含有两个亚基。β亚基具有578nm吸收峰和600nm荧光发射峰,分子量19.80±0.40KD,可表明β亚基仅有一个载色团。α亚基具有578nm和630nm吸收峰及645nm的荧光发射峰,分子量17.35±0.38,α亚基可能有两个载色团。别藻蓝蛋白有635nm和650nm吸收蜂及664nm的荧光发射峰。具藻胆体的类囊体膜从高盐浓度缓冲液移至低盐浓度缓冲液时表现678nm荧光发射峰,可能柱孢鱼腥藻存在的F_(678)色素蛋白相当于GLazer(1975)的别藻蓝蛋白B。     

坛紫菜中别藻蓝蛋白的纯化及洗脱组分光谱研究

以福建省平潭县坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)为材料,采用硫酸铵分级分离和柱层析法纯化别藻蓝蛋白(APC),并对纯化的条件进行了详细的探讨。研究结果表明:采用30%~35%饱和硫酸铵沉淀、Tris-HC l(pH=8.0)作为洗脱缓冲液、DEAE-Sephadex-A-50作为层析介质,所获得的APC的纯度和回收率分别为3.50和70.2%;SDS-PAGE表明APC有α和β两个亚基,分子量分别为18.9 kD和17.7 kD。因此该方法对于从坛紫菜中快速纯化APC是适合的。采用光谱分析研究柱洗脱组分,结果表明:坛紫菜中含有分子结构为(αβ)6γ的“双峰型”R-PE,含有结构为(αβ)3的R-PC,含有结构为(αβ)3的APC-Ⅱ。     

嗜热蓝藻优雅粘囊藻藻胆体的特性和别藻蓝蛋白的亚基组成

研究了优雅粘囊藻藻胆体的特性。从聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、吸收光谱和二阶导数图谱可证明,它的ＰＢＳ含有一种红色藻胆蛋,两种Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白和三种别藻蓝蛋白。但是,用ＰＡＧＥ和羟基磷灰石柱层析分离和纯化所得藻胆蛋白,一般仅得到一种Ｃ－ＰＣ和一种亚基组成特殊的别藻蓝蛋白ＡＰＣ。这种ＡＰＣ吸收光谱和荧光发射相同于已报告的ＡＰＣ６６０ｎｍ。但是它的亚基组成是（αα＇ββ＇）２而不是（α＇α２β２β＇）Ｌｃ＾１０或α     

嗜热蓝藻优雅粘囊藻藻胆体的特性和别藻蓝蛋白的亚基组成

研究了优雅粘囊藻藻胆体（ＰＢＳ）的特性。从聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）、吸收光谱和二阶导数图谱可证明,它的ＰＢＳ含有一种红色藻胆蛋白,两种Ｃ－藻蓝蛋白和三种别藻蓝蛋白。但是,用ＰＡＧＥ和羟基磷灰石柱层析分离和纯化所得藻胆蛋白,一般仅得到一种Ｃ－ＰＣ和一种亚基组成特殊的别藻蓝蛋白ＡＰＣ。这种ＡＰＣ吸收光谱和荧光发射相同于已报告的ＡＦＣ６６０ｎｍ。但是它的亚基组成是（αα′ββ′）２而不是（α′α２β２β′）Ｌｃ１０或（αβ）３。     

坛紫菜别藻蓝蛋白α亚基基因的原核表达与鉴定

通过PCR的方法从重组质粒pMD-apcAB中扩增坛紫菜别藻蓝蛋白α亚基基因(apcA),并将其克隆到高效表达外源基因的原核表达质粒pTO-T7。将构建好的质粒导入表达型大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导表达,并对表达产物进行Western-blot和质谱鉴定。结果显示:apcA全长486bp,表达的α亚基(apcA)为带有原核表达载体T7g10的12个起始氨基酸的融合蛋白,其分子量约为19.7KD。0.5mmol/L的IPTG在37℃诱导6h时,apcA的表达量达到最大,达菌体总蛋白50%以上。Western-blot和质谱鉴定的结果表明获得的融合蛋白为重组坛紫菜别藻蓝蛋白α亚基。       

念珠藻葛仙米藻蓝蛋白α与β亚基基因克隆、表达及其单体结构模拟

天然抗氧化剂对于清除人体内自由基、保障健康具有重要作用。藻蓝蛋白(phycocyanin, PC)是蓝藻等藻类细胞内的一类特殊色素蛋白,具捕获光能的功能。体外研究发现,藻蓝蛋白具有较显著的抗氧化、抑癌细胞增殖等生物活性。试验利用食源性的拟球状念珠藻葛仙米(Nostoc sphaeroides)的基因组DNA为材料,借助PCR扩增克隆葛仙米藻蓝蛋白两个重要亚基α与β基因,Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β。结果表明,葛仙米基因组中,Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β基因编码框长度分别为492 bp和522 bp;Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β基因以双顺反子形式存在,Ns-PC-α位于Ns-PC-β下游。Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β分别编码由163与173个氨基酸组成的蛋白。Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β亚基蛋白多肽链中共含有3个半胱氨酸残基(Ns-PC-α的第85位与Ns-PC-β中的第83位氨基酸残基和第154位氨基酸残基),很可能是藻蓝胆素的结合位点。原核表达显示Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β分子量为近18 kD,Ns-PC-α比Ns-PC-β略小,与预测结果一致。模拟其高级结构,发现Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β单亚基均含有7个α-螺旋,除N端α-螺旋外,其它几个α-螺旋进一步折叠形成疏水核心区;并且,Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β结构上能够较好吻合,形成一稳定而封闭的单体,弧度近2π/3。Ns-PC-α和Ns-PC-β组成的这种单体结构是其进一步建构圆盘状三聚体Ns-PC-(α/β) 3的重要基础。本研究结果为食源性念珠藻葛仙米藻蓝蛋白抗氧化功能的进一步应用提供了重要依据。     

优化培养基增加层理鞭枝藻藻胆蛋白产量

藻胆蛋白(phycobiliprotein)是蓝藻和红藻藻胆体的组成部分,是光合作用集光复合体的组成部分,一般由α和β亚基构成,每个亚基含1～4个辅基色素,从而使藻胆蛋白具有特定的光谱吸收性质。根据这些吸收光谱性质,可以将藻胆蛋白分为:别藻蓝蛋白(APC)、藻蓝蛋白(PC)和藻红蛋白(PE)等,在某些缺乏PE而有异形胞的蓝藻中存在充当PE天线捕光功能的藻红蓝蛋白(PEC)〔1〕。藻胆蛋白可用于天然食用色素、化妆品色素和制药行业,还可作为免疫检测、荧光显微技术和流式细胞荧光测定法技术方面的荧光探针。特别是本工作研究的层理鞭枝藻(简称M.laminosu…     

盐泽螺旋藻(Spirulina subsalsa)藻胆体的分离和特性

采用一种简便而快速的方法分离了盐泽螺旋藻的藻胆体。藻胆体的最大吸收波长位于618 nm,室温下荧光反射峰位于677～678 nm。利用7～15％SDS—聚丙烯酸胺梯度凝胶板状电泳,可分出三条有色多肽,其中藻蓝蛋白的α亚单位与别藻蓝蛋白的α亚单位几乎重叠,不易区分;另有分子量为117,99,53,49,27,24.5和14kD的七条无色多肽。117和 99kD多肽可能联结藻胆体和类囊体,并作为末端能量受体,而14kD多肽多为“核”亚结构的组分,其余的可能为“棒”亚结构内和“核”“棒”亚结构间的联结蛋白。     

藻蓝蛋白亚基细胞渗透性及对肿瘤细胞光敏作用的研究

目的:研究藻蓝蛋白亚基对SP2/0、S180、COS7、C6的最佳渗透条件及由其介导的PDT对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用。方法:采用柱层析方法从藻蓝蛋白样品中分离得到藻蓝蛋白亚基,通过荧光显微镜观察其在细胞内的渗透特性,并以He-Ne激光器为激发光源,MTT法检测藻蓝蛋白亚基光敏作用对肿瘤细胞生长的抑制作用。结果:藻蓝蛋白α、α/β亚基在75μg/mL浓度下可以在4 h时充分地进入细胞,并可以在细胞内稳定2 h以上;藻蓝蛋白中的α,β亚基稳定性和作用不相同,β亚基荧光性强但易于降解,由α亚基介导的PDT作用比α/βPDT作用强;100μg/mLα亚基介导的PDT对SP2/0和S180两种悬浮细胞的抑制率可分别达到78.6%和39.8%,强于贴壁细胞C6和COS7的29.2%和17.8%。结论:藻蓝蛋白α亚基在合适的渗透条件下表现出较强的光动力学抗肿瘤效果,且PDT效果与光敏剂浓度、照射剂量及细胞类型相关。     

条斑紫菜中R－藻红蛋白的生化特性

条斑紫菜的Ｒ－藻红蛋白（Ｒ－ＰＥ）,在ＣＭ－５２柱上用含８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ脲的０．０２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙酸铵缓冲液（ｐＨ＝５．０５）洗脱,观察到３条色带,经吸收光谱测定表明,它们分别是α、β、γ亚基。用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定的α、β和γ亚基分子量分别是１７．０ｋｄ,１８．０ｋｄ和３１．７ｋｄ。Ｒ－ＰＥ中亚基的摩尔比是６α：６β：１γ。条斑紫菜的Ｒ－ＰＥ最稳定的聚集态分子量是２２９ｋｄ。各亚基的发色团含量：α亚基含２个藻红胆素（ＰＥＢ）,β亚基含１个ＰＥＢ和０．５个藻尿胆素（ＰＵＢ）,γ亚基含２个ＰＥＢ和３个ＰＵＢ。结合Ｒ－ＰＥ和各亚基的氨基酸组成分析,条斑紫菜的Ｒ－ＰＥ亚基组成是（αβ）６γ。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.