玉米花期耐旱导入系群体的构建与评价

以黄早四X齐319回交群体（BC2F1）为试验材料,在花期进行高强度干旱胁迫和耐旱导入系筛选,获得花期耐旱性显著高于亲本材料的玉米耐旱导入系。利用分子标记对其导入片段进行分析结果表明,在全基因组范围内,耐旱群体在36．59％的位点上含有供体亲本的特异标记,尤其在第4、5染色体上分别达到63．94％、56％,显著高于群体平均值;同时发现,导入频率的提高主要集中于染色体的部分区段,其中部分基因组区域与已定位的耐旱性相关QTL相邻或重叠。     

一个新的抗玉米矮花叶病基因位点的微卫星标记

通过混合遗传模型P1、P2、B1、B2、F1、F2 6世代联合分析发现, 玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系黄早四对玉米矮花叶病B株系的抗性是由一对主基因和多基因共同控制,从而鉴别出一对主效基因的存在;利用位于第六染色体上的27对微卫星标记,对黄早四×Mo17的 F2群体进一步分析,筛选出两个与主效抗病基因(mdm1(t))紧密连锁的微卫星标记phi077和 bnlg391,它们在分子图谱上的顺序为phi077-mdm1(t)-bnlg391,两个区间的遗传距离分别是4.74 centiMorgan (cM)和6.72 cM.     

基于玉米导入系群体的3个农艺性状QTL分析

通过回交育种程序结合SSR标记构建以玉米自交系农系531为受体亲本、10个具有不同农艺性状的自交系为供体的染色体片段导入系群体,在该群体BC3F3世代,利用GGT32图示基因型软件和Windows QTL IciMapping v1.0对导入片段进行检测、并结合田间调查对控制玉米穗位高、穗上叶夹角和株高的QTL进行分析.研究表明,导入系群体的创建在遗传结构上改良了农系531穗位偏高、穗上叶夹角偏大的不足,并得到基本符合育种目标的改良株系.通过QTL分析,在具有相同性状改良的单株上,分别检测到4个包含穗位高、4个包含穗上叶夹角和6个包含株高QTL的共同的导入染色体片段.     

一个新的抗玉米矮花叶病基因位点的微卫星标记

通过混合遗传模型P1、P2 、B1、B2 、F1、F2 6世代联合分析发现 ,玉米 (ZeamaysL .)自交系黄早四对玉米矮花叶病B株系的抗性是由一对主基因和多基因共同控制 ,从而鉴别出一对主效基因的存在 ;利用位于第六染色体上的 2 7对微卫星标记 ,对黄早四×Mo17的F2 群体进一步分析 ,筛选出两个与主效抗病基因 (mdm1(t) )紧密连锁的微卫星标记phi0 77和bnlg391,它们在分子图谱上的顺序为phi0 77 mdm1(t) bnlg391,两个区间的遗传距离分别是 4.74centiMorgan (cM)和 6 .72cM。     

齐319携带的南方玉米锈病抗性基因的遗传初析

我国选育的优良玉米自交系齐319高抗南方玉米锈病。通过用病原菌接种齐319分别与5个不同感病自交系的杂交,回交4个世代的P1,P2,F1,F2,BC1F110个分离群体和抗病感病参数的调查结果表明：F1整齐一致,表现抗病;F2和BC1F1抗感分离,经x^2－检验分别符合3：1和1：1的分离比例。据此,齐319携带的南方玉米锈病抗性基因是由显性单基因所控制。     

基于掖478导入系的玉米百粒重QTL鉴定

玉米百粒重是产量性状的主要组成因子,对其控制位点进行QTL鉴定或基因克隆,将有益于其遗传控制的研究和分子育种的实施。本研究以导入系SL19-41为材料,该导入系是以我国玉米育种中广泛应用的骨干自交系掖478(Ye478)为遗传背景导入QB80染色体片段的纯合系。使用该导入系与Ye478杂交构建分离群体(F2、F2:3家系和BC1F1),通过3个环境下的田间试验,利用Ici Mapping的逐步回归区间作图法进行百粒重QTL定位,以及进行QTL位点连锁标记的表型效应分析。结果表明:鉴定了2个百粒重QTL位点,其中位于第4染色体bnlg1784~umc1194区间QTL位点q KW4-1在3个环境下均被检测到,可解释的表型变异为6.74%~17.81%,阐明了导入系SL19-41百粒重性状的遗传机制,同时也获得了改良版的Ye478(Ye478QB80),为玉米百粒重的遗传改良提供有益的分子标记,也为克隆百粒重基因提供材料来源。     

利用高代回交和分子标记辅助选择建立水稻单片段代换系

以水稻品种华梗籼74为受体,以6个水稻品种为供体．通过高代回交和微卫星标记辅助选择相结合的方法,建立了水稻的一个单片段代换系群体。该群体Fh86个单片段代换系组成,其中52个在BC3F2中获得,34个在BC3F3中获得。每个单片段代换系只含有来自一个供体的一个染色体代换片段,而遗传背景与华粳籼74相同。这些单片段代换系的代换片段分布于水稻的12条染色体,代换片段的长度为1．5～56．3cM,平均长度为23．0cM。全部代换片段在水稻基因组上的覆盖率为57．1％。     

玉米雄穗颜色QTL分析

雄穗是玉米的重要生殖器官,不同品种间玉米的雄穗外观差异明显。对玉米雄穗的颜色进行遗传分析和QTL定位,筛选与雄穗颜色紧密连锁的分子标记,可以作为玉米的品种保护和品种鉴别的有用工具。同时,紫色雄穗中花色苷类色素含量较高,与玉米雄穗的抗虫性密切相关。本研究利用一个黑玉米自交系SDM为共同父本,分别与白玉米自交系木6和黄玉米自交系Mo17杂交,构建2个相关F2∶3群体,分别命名为MuS(木6×SDM)和MoS(Mo17×SDM),在云南和重庆两个不同的环境中种植,对玉米花药颜色(COAn)和花药护颖颜色(COCa)2个性状进行QTL定位。结果表明:玉米花药和花药护颖的颜色均为数量性状,受主效基因和微效基因共同控制。2个群体在2个环境中共检测到7个与花药颜色相关的QTL,位于第2、3、6和10染色体上,其中位于第10染色体标记区间umc1196a-IDP8526内的QTL在重庆和云南同时表达,对表型的贡献率分别为23.17%和19.98%;2个群体在2个环境中共检测到9个与花药护颖颜色相关的QTL,位于第3、6、9和10染色体上,其中3个QTL为环境钝感QTL(在2个环境中均表达,且至少在1个环境中贡献率大于10%),分别位于第6染色体标记区间umc1979-umc1796、mmc0523-umc2006内和第10染色体标记区间umc1196a-umc2043内,对表型的贡献率为10.69%～59.30%。2个群体检测到的主效QTL的位置和效应高度一致,且控制花药颜色和花药护颖颜色2个性状的主效QTL有连锁分布的现象,主要表现在bins 6.04处的标记mmc0523和bins 10.04处的标记IDP8526附近。位于第6和第10染色体上的在不同环境和遗传背景下稳定的QTL可以作为进一步精细定位的靶位点,也可以为玉米雄穗颜色的分子标记辅助选择提供有价值的参考。     

玉米P25自交系抗锈病基因的遗传分析及SSR分子标记定位

以玉米南方型锈病免疫自交系P2 5和感病自交系F3 4 9及F1、F2 、B1和B2 为材料 ,采用主基因 多基因混合遗传模型研究了P2 5的抗病遗传规律。结果表明 :自交系P2 5的抗病基因为一主基因 ,表现为加性效应 ,没有检测出多基因 ,其在F2 、B1和B2 群体的遗传率分别为 81 88%、38 14 %和 5 5 1%。利用SSR分子标记技术 ,以组合P2 5×F3 4 9的F2 :3 家系作为构图群体 ,构建了玉米SSR遗传连锁图谱 ,并将玉米抗南方型锈病基因定位于 10号染色体上 ,与phi0 5 9标记的遗传距离为 5 8cM。     

玉米抗南方锈病基因的QTL定位

为发掘新的抗南方锈病基因资源,本研究以感病自交系黄早四为母本、抗病自交系W456为父本,构建F2群体并开展抗病基因定位研究。采用人工接种鉴定的方法对两个亲本、F1、F2群体及对照材料进行表型鉴定和遗传分析。利用均匀覆盖10条染色体的200个SSR标记,分析240个F2单株的基因型并构建含有200个SSR位点的遗传连锁图,连锁图总长度3331 cM,标记间平均距离16.6 cM。使用QTL IciMapping V4.1软件中的完备区间作图法对抗病QTL进行分析,共检测到6个控制南方锈病的QTL:qSCR3、qSCR7、qSCR8-1、qSCR8-2、qSCR9和qSCR10,邻近标记分别为umc2105和umc1729、umc1066和bnlg2271、umc1904和umc1984、umc1984和bnlg1651、umc1957和bnlg1401、umc2034和umc1291,分别位于3、7、8、9和10号染色体上,其中8号染色体上有两个位点,标记区间长度在5～19 cM之间。单个QTL的表型贡献率在2.61%～24.19%之间,可以解释表型总变异的62.3%,其中3个QTL贡献率大于10%,位于10号染色体上的qSCR10贡献率最大,可解释表型变异的24.19%。通过对目标区间标记加密,将该位点的定位区间进一步缩小到2.51 cM内,与两侧标记的距离分别是2.15 cM和0.36 cM。初步定位得到10号染色体上存在抗南方锈病的主效QTL,可为抗病品种的培育提供参考。     

Identification and fine-mapping of a major QTL conferring resistance against head smut in maize

Head smut is one of the most devastating diseases in maize, causing severe yield loss worldwide. Here we report identification and fine-mapping of a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) conferring resistance to head smut. Two inbred lines ‘Ji1037’ (donor parent, highly resistant) and ‘Huangzao4’ (recurrent parent, highly susceptible) were crossed and then backcrossed to ‘Huangzao4’ to generate BC populations. Four putative resistance QTLs were detected in the BC₁ population, in which the major one, designated as qHSR1, was mapped on bin 2.09. The anchored ESTs, IDPs, RGAs, BAC and BAC-end sequences in bin 2.09 were exploited to develop markers to saturate the qHSR1 region. The recombinants in the qHSR1 region were obtained by screening the BC₂ population and then backcrossed again to ‘Huangzao4’ to produce 59 BC_2:3 families or selfed to generate nine BC₂F₂ families. Individuals from each BC_2:3 or BC₂F₂ family were evaluated for their resistances to head smut and genotypes at qHSR1. Analysis of genotypes between the resistant and susceptible groups within the same family allows deduction of phenotype of its parental BC₂ recombinant. Based on the 68 BC₂ recombinants, the major resistance QTL, qHSR1, was delimited into an interval of ~2 Mb, flanked by the newly developed markers SSR148152 and STS661. A large-scale survey of BC_2:3 and BC₂F₂ progeny indicated that qHSR1 could exert its genetic effect by reducing the disease incidence by ~25%. Yongsheng Chen, Qing Chao and Guoqing Tan contributed equally to this work.     

Marker-assisted introgression of qHSR1 to improve maize resistance to head smut

Head smut, one of the most devastating diseases in maize, causes severe yield losses worldwide. Resistance to head smut has been proven to be a quantitative inherited trait. In our previous study, a major resistance quantitative trait locus (named qHSR1) was detected on maize chromosome 2 (bin 2.09), and a number of molecular markers have been developed in the qHSR1 region. Here, we report the marker-assisted introgression of qHSR1 to improve maize resistance to head smut. The 10 maize inbred lines, namely Ji853, 444, 98107, 99094, Chang7-2, V022, V4, 982, 8903, and 8902, which have high yield potential but are susceptible to head smut, were selected for resistance improvement. Each of the 10 high-yielding lines was crossed with a donor parent Ji1037 that is completely resistant to head smut, followed by five generations of backcrossing to the respective recurrent parent. Marker-assisted foreground selection was conducted to identify qHSR1. Recombinant selection was carried out in the fourth backcross (BC4) generation by using the flanking markers to reduce the size of the Ji1037 donor segment carrying qHSR1. Background selection was performed in the BC5 generation with genome-wide SSR markers to select the line with the highest recovery rate of the recurrent parent genome. Self-pollination was conducted twice for the BC5 plant with both the shortest qHSR1 region and the highest recovery rate to obtain converted inbred lines harboring qHSR1. The 10 converted inbred lines all showed substantial improvement in resistance to head smut. Furthermore, the hybrids prepared from the converted lines also showed significant increase in resistance to head smut, while remaining mostly unchanged for other agronomic traits.     

The Identification of Two Head Smut Resistance-Related QTL in Maize by the Joint Approach of Linkage Mapping and Association Analysis

Head smut, caused by the fungus Sphacelotheca reiliana (Kühn) Clint, is a devastating threat to maize production. In this study, QTL mapping of head smut resistance was performed using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a cross between a resistant line “QI319” and a susceptible line “Huangzaosi” (HZS) with a genetic map constructed from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data and composed of 1638 bin markers. Two head smut resistance QTL were identified, located on Chromosome 2 (q2.09HR) and Chromosome 5 (q5.03HR), q2.09HR is co-localized with a previously reported QTL for head smut resistance, and the effect of q5.03HR has been validated in backcross populations. It was also observed that pyramiding the resistant alleles of both QTL enhanced the level of resistance to head smut. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 277 diverse inbred lines was processed to validate the mapped QTL and to identify additional head smut resistance associations. A total of 58 associated SNPs were detected, which were distributed in 31 independent regions. SNPs with significant association to head smut resistance were detected within the q2.09HR and q5.03HR regions, confirming the linkage mapping results. It was also observed that both additive and epistastic effects determine the genetic architecture of head smut resistance in maize. As shown in this study, the combined strategy of linkage mapping and association analysis is a powerful approach in QTL dissection for disease resistance in maize.     

Precise mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to southern leaf blight, caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O, and flowering time using advanced intercross maize lines

The intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) population, an advanced intercross recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the maize lines B73 (susceptible) and Mo17 (resistant), was evaluated in four environments for resistance to southern leaf blight (SLB) disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O. Two environments were artificially inoculated, while two were not inoculated and consequently had substantially lower disease pressure. Four common SLB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified in all environments, two in bin 3.04 and one each in bins 1.10 and 8.02/3. There was no significant correlation between disease resistance and days to anthesis. A direct comparison was made between SLB QTL detected in two populations, independently derived from the same parental cross: the IBM advanced intercross population and a conventional recombinant inbred line population. Several QTL for SLB resistance were detected in both populations, with the IBM providing between 5 and, in one case, 50 times greater mapping resolution.     

Genetic analysis of two new quantitative trait loci for ear weight in maize inbred line Huangzao4

Ear weight is one of the most important agronomic traits considered necessary in maize (Zea mays L.) breeding projects. To determine its genetic basis, a population consisting of 239 recombinant inbred lines, derived from the cross Mo17 x Huangzao4, was used to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for ear weight under two nitrogen regimes. Under a high nitrogen fertilization regime, one QTL was identified in chromosome bin 2.08-2.09, which explained 7.46% of phenotypic variance and an increase in ear weight of about 5.79 g, owing to an additive effect. Under a low nitrogen regime, another QTL was identified in chromosome bin 1.10-1.11; it accounted for 7.11% of phenotypic variance and a decrease of 5.24 g in ear weight, due to an additive effect. Based on comparisons with previous studies, these two QTLs are new loci associated with ear weight in maize. These findings contribute to our knowledge about the genetic basis of ear weight in maize.     

Mapping of QTL for resistance to the Mediterranean corn borer attack using the intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) population of maize

The Mediterranean corn borer or pink stem borer (MCB, Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre) causes important yield losses as a consequence of stalk tunneling and direct kernel damage. B73 and Mo17 are the source of the most commercial valuable maize inbred lines in temperate zones, while the intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) population is an invaluable source for QTL identification. However, no or few experiments have been carried out to detect QTL for corn borer resistance in the B73 × Mo17 population. The objective of this work was to locate QTL for resistance to stem tunneling and kernel damage by MCB in the IBM population. We detected a QTL for kernel damage at bin 8.05, although the effect was small and two QTL for stalk tunneling at bins 1.06 and 9.04 in which the additive effects were 4 cm, approximately. The two QTL detected for MCB resistance were close to other QTL consistently found for European corn borer (ECB, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) resistance, indicating mechanisms of resistance common to both pests or gene clusters controlling resistance to different plagues. The precise mapping achieved with the IBM population will facilitate the QTL pyramiding and the positional cloning of the detected QTL.     

Mapping of new quantitative trait loci for sudden death syndrome and soybean cyst nematode resistance in two soybean populations

Key message

Novel QTL conferring resistance to both the SDS and SCN was detected in two RIL populations. Dual resistant RILs could be used in breeding programs for developing resistant soybean cultivars.

Abstract

Soybean cultivars, susceptible to the fungus Fusarium virguliforme, which causes sudden death syndrome (SDS), and to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines), suffer yield losses valued over a billion dollars annually. Both pathogens may occur in the same production fields. Planting of cultivars genetically resistant to both pathogens is considered one of the most effective means to control the two pathogens. The objective of the study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying SDS and SCN resistances. Two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations were developed by crossing ‘A95-684043’, a high-yielding maturity group (MG) II line resistant to SCN, with ‘LS94-3207’ and ‘LS98-0582’ of MG IV, resistant to both F. virguliforme and SCN. Two hundred F₇ derived recombinant inbred lines from each population AX19286 (A95-684043 × LS94-3207) and AX19287 (A95-684043 × LS98-0582) were screened for resistance to each pathogen under greenhouse conditions. Five hundred and eighty and 371 SNP markers were used for mapping resistance QTL in each population. In AX19286, one novel SCN resistance QTL was mapped to chromosome 8. In AX19287, one novel SDS resistance QTL was mapped to chromosome 17 and one novel SCN resistance QTL was mapped to chromosome 11. Previously identified additional SDS and SCN resistance QTL were also detected in the study. Lines possessing superior resistance to both pathogens were also identified and could be used as germplasm sources for breeding SDS- and SCN-resistant soybean cultivars.

     

Precise mapping Fhb5, a major QTL conditioning resistance to Fusarium infection in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Qfhi.nau-5A is a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) against Fusarium graminearum infection in the resistant wheat germplasm Wangshuibai. Genetic analysis using BC(3)F(2) and BC(4)F(2) populations, derived from selfing two near-isogenic lines (NIL) heterozygous at Qfhi.nau-5A that were developed, respectively, with Mianyang 99-323 and PH691 as the recurrent parent, showed that Qfhi.nau-5A inherited like a single dominant gene. This QTL was thus designated as Fhb5. To fine map it, these two backcross populations and a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Nanda2419?×?Wangshuibai were screened for recombinants occurring between its two flanking markers Xbarc56 and Xbarc100. Nineteen NIL recombinants were identified from the two backcross populations and nine from the RIL population. In the RIL recombinant selection process, selection against Fhb4 present in the RIL population was incorporated. Genotyping these recombinant lines with ten markers mapping to the Xbarc56-Xbarc100 interval revealed four types of Mianyang 99-323-derived NIL recombinants, three types of PH691-derived NIL recombinants, and four types of RIL recombinants. In different field trials, the percentage of infected spikes of these lines displayed a distinct two-peak distribution. The more resistant class had over 55% less infection than the susceptible class. Common to these resistant genotypes, the 0.3-cM interval flanked by Xgwm304 and Xgwm415 or one of these two loci was derived from Wangshuibai, while none of the susceptible recombinants had Wangshuibai chromatin in this interval. This interval harboring Fhb5 was mapped to the pericentromeric C-5AS3-0.75 bin through deletion bin mapping. The precise localization of Fhb5 will facilitate its utilization in marker-assisted wheat breeding programs.     

Mapping QTLs contributing to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ustilago maydis</Emphasis> resistance in specific plant tissues of maize

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to the frequency and severity of Ustilago maydis infection in the leaf, ear, stalk, and tassel of maize plants were mapped using an A188 × CMV3 and W23 × CMV3 recombinant inbred (RI) populations. QTLs mapped to genetic bins 2.04 and 9.04–9.05 of the maize genome contributed strongly (R ² = 18–28%) to variation in the frequency and severity of U. maydis infection over the entire plant in both populations and within the majority of environments. QTLs mapped to bins 3.05, 3.08, and 8.00 in the A188 × CMV3 population and bin 4.05 in both populations significantly contributed to the frequency or severity of infection in only the tassel tissue. QTLs mapped to bin 1.07 in the A188 × CMV3 population and bin 7.00 in the W23 × CMV3 population contributed to U. maydis resistance in only the ear tissue. Interestingly, the CMV3 allele of the QTL mapped to bin 1.10 in the A188 × CMV3 population significantly contributed to U. maydis susceptibility in the ear and stalk but significantly increased resistance in the tassel tissue. Digenic epistatic interactions between the QTL mapped to bin 5.08 and four distinct QTLs significantly contributed to the frequency and severity of infection over the entire plant and within the tassel tissue of the A188 × CMV3 population. Several QTLs detected in this study mapped to regions of the maize genome containing previously mapped U. maydis resistance QTLs and genes involved in plant disease resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.