根部淹水对菘蓝活性成分的影响

对菘蓝幼苗根系进行不同深度的淹水处理,采用HPLC法测定不同处理下菘蓝叶中靛蓝、靛玉红的含量。结果表明,淹水处理初期样品与对照相比,靛蓝的含量呈上升趋势,淹水后期急剧下降;靛玉红含量在淹水第1d急剧上升,之后随淹水时间延长不断降低。淹水深度越深对靛蓝、靛玉红含量影响越大。适当的淹水处理能诱导菘蓝叶中次生代谢产物靛蓝、靛玉红的合成与积累。该结果可为栽培菘蓝的质量控制和有效利用提供理论依据。     

HPLC法对比不同产地南板蓝根药材靛蓝、靛玉红含量的研究

目的:以高效液相色谱法对广东不同产地(广东高要、广东罗定、广东罗浮、广东鼎湖)南板蓝根药材及常用伪品(爵床科植物广西马蓝)的主要成分靛蓝、靛玉红进行含量测定,对比不同产地南板蓝根药材靛蓝、靛玉红含量的差别.方法:采用HPLC法建立南板蓝根药材中靛蓝与靛玉红的含量测定方法.色谱条件:Kromasil C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);以甲醇-水(75:25)为流动相;检测波长:290nm;流速:1.0ml/min.柱温:40℃.结果:①靛玉红、靛蓝线性范围分别为1.652～33.04μg/ml、1.284～25.68μg/ml.回收率分别为98.92%,RSD=1.52%,N=5(靛玉红);102.61%,RSD=1.28%,N=5(靛蓝);②广西马蓝中未检测出靛玉红、靛蓝.结论:该方法操作简便、准确快速、重现性好,可完善现行的南板蓝根的药材质量标准,有效控制南板蓝根药材的质量.     

冻伤蓝变对广义虾脊兰属植物中4种吲哚基衍生物含量的影响

以6种广义虾脊兰属植物和2种树兰亚科植物为材料,利用液相色谱 串联三重四极杆质谱仪(LCMS QQQ)测定了冻伤处理前后花和叶片中靛苷、靛红、靛蓝和靛玉红4种吲哚基衍生物的含量,分析广义虾脊兰属植物吲哚基衍生物的生成及种属间含量的差异。结果显示：(1)4种吲哚基衍生物在所测定的6种广义虾脊兰属植物中均被检出,但在2种树兰亚科植物五唇兰和足茎毛兰中均未被发现。(2)在所测定的6种广义虾脊兰属植物花和叶片中,冻伤处理后的靛蓝、靛玉红和靛红含量均显著上升,而靛苷含量显著下降,同时花中的吲哚基衍生物含量均高于叶片。(3)6种广义虾脊兰属植物花和叶中吲哚基衍生物总含量以黄兰花最高,三褶虾脊兰叶最低。研究表明,冻伤处理引起靛苷向靛蓝的大量转化是导致冻伤后广义虾脊兰属植物组织中呈现出蓝色的主要原因,推测吲哚基衍生物可能也是一类与植物防御相关的化合物,在植物抵御逆境中扮演着重要的角色。     

靛蓝及其同类色素的微生物生产与转化

靛蓝类色素广泛应用于印染、食品和医药工业, 其环境友好的合成或生产途径越来越受到人们的关注, 特别是微生物生物合成。已经鉴定和分离了能够合成靛蓝类色素的多种微生物, 并且明确了起催化作用的主要是单加氧酶和双加氧酶。已经克隆和利用了一些加氧酶的基因, 构建了工程菌, 优化了其发酵过程。同时, 微生物合成靛蓝的生物转化也已经起步。这些进展将带来环境友好的靛蓝类色素的合成与生产。     

靛蓝生物合成酶的研究进展

靛蓝色素是人类所知最古老的色素之一,广泛用于食品、医药和印染工业。靛蓝最初由植物中提取获得,作为一种色泽艳丽、无毒无害、能够生物降解的环保型染料,深受青睐。生物合成靛蓝因其绿色、高效、节约土地、安全稳定等优点,作为取代目前植物提取及化学合成的主流途径,受到广泛关注。在过去的几十年中,许多天然酶和工程酶已筛选用于合成靛蓝。本文概述了能够催化靛蓝生物合成的酶及相关应用,并探讨了当前存在的问题和未来研究方向,为推进基于生物合成的靛蓝工业化生产奠定基础。     

靛蓝及其同类色素的微生物生产与转化

靛蓝类色素广泛应用于印染、食品和医药工业, 其环境友好的合成或生产途径越来越受到人们的关注, 特别是微生物生物合成。已经鉴定和分离了能够合成靛蓝类色素的多种微生物, 并且明确了起催化作用的主要是单加氧酶和双加氧酶。已经克隆和利用了一些加氧酶的基因, 构建了工程菌, 优化了其发酵过程。同时, 微生物合成靛蓝的生物转化也已经起步。这些进展将带来环境友好的靛蓝类色素的合成与生产。     

组合蛋白质工程和代谢工程设计全细胞催化剂合成靛蓝和靛玉红

从嗜高温放线菌Thermobifida fusca中分离得到的苯基丙酮单加氧酶主要催化芳香族化合物的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应。对该酶的结构和功能进行研究时,发现位于底物结合口袋的Met446位点突变可以赋予突变酶催化C-H键活化的新功能,氧化吲哚合成靛蓝和靛玉红,但产量仅为1.89 mg/L。为了获得合成靛蓝和靛玉红的全细胞催化剂,直接补加吲哚并不能提高细胞合成效率,补加吲哚的前体物质L-色氨酸可以使细胞合成靛蓝和靛玉红的能力提高4.5倍,达到8.43 mg/L。为了进一步提高细胞的生物合成效率,通过代谢工程改造大肠杆菌的糖代谢途径,阻断葡萄糖异构酶基因pgi,使磷酸戊糖途径代替糖酵解途径成为葡萄糖的主要代谢通路,从而为细胞提供更多氧化吲哚所需的辅因子NADPH,导致细胞合成靛蓝和靛玉红的效率进一步提高3倍,达到25 mg/L。通过组合蛋白质工程和代谢工程设计全细胞催化剂不仅可以高效地合成靛蓝和靛玉红,而且设计理念为相关全细胞催化剂的开发提供了一种新的策略。     

Burkholderia sp. IDO3中靛蓝合成基因的克隆表达及其合成特性

【目的】克隆和表达靛蓝合成基因,并将其用于靛蓝合成研究。【方法】对菌株Burkholderia sp.IDO3中靛蓝合成基因进行克隆和大肠杆菌异源表达,构建能合成蓝色色素的基因工程菌。利用液相色谱和质谱对产物进行分析,采用单因素法对培养温度、转速、培养基成分等进行优化,并考察优化条件下的靛蓝合成曲线。【结果】构建了一株重组大肠杆菌E.coli IND_AB,该菌株能够在LB培养基生长的过程中合成蓝色色素,产物分析表明该色素为靛蓝;菌株IND_AB在30°C和150 r/min条件下能在LB培养基中合成22.9 mg/L靛蓝,优化培养条件后产量达到25.4 mg/L;优化LB培养基各组分浓度后产量可提高到35.1 mg/L;外加50.0 mg/L吲哚或0.1 g/L色氨酸后靛蓝产量可分别提高到57.7 mg/L和64.4 mg/L,相比初始产量提高了152.0%和181.2%;靛蓝合成曲线表明在添加吲哚或色氨酸的培养基中,菌株IND_AB前6 h没有靛蓝生成,6-15 h为靛蓝合成加速期,18 h达到产量平衡。【结论】重组大肠杆菌IND_AB可用于生物合成高纯度靛蓝,为靛蓝的微生物合成提供了有效的基因资源。     

灵芝液态发酵胞内外多糖的研究进展

灵芝具有悠久的药用历史,其活性物质灵芝多糖具有广泛的药理活性,利用液态发酵技术获取灵芝多糖展现出独特优势。近年来,关于灵芝多糖液态发酵的研究报道越来越多,引起了研究者的广泛关注。本文从灵芝多糖的生物合成代谢及调控、液态发酵的培养基及工艺优化等方面对近期的研究结果进行总结,以期为灵芝液态发酵制备胞内外多糖及其产业化应用提供参考和依据。     

板蓝根中靛玉红提取方法研究

采用薄层色谱分析比较了水煎法和渗漉法对板蓝根有效成分--靛玉红的提取效果,并对以前的提取方法做了改进,提高了靛玉红的提取效率。     

Development of media to accelerate the isolation of indigo-reducing bacteria,which are difficult to isolate using conventional media

Indigo-reducing bacteria perform natural fermentation in indigo fermentation fluid. Owing to the stochastic nature of the process, the constituent in indigo fermentation fluid differ depending on the prepared batch and fermentation period. To identify new indigo-reducing bacteria, isolation of the bacteria is indispensable. However, isolation of indigo-reducing bacteria is difficult because conventional media are often unsuitable to isolate these slow-growing bacteria that also exist in low numbers. Hydrolysates of polysaccharides and mixtures of plant base constituents are candidates to accelerate the isolation of indigo-reducing bacteria that cannot be isolated using conventional media. In this current study, wheat bran hydrolysate and composted indigo leaves (sukumo) were used as ingredients in the fermentation fluid in the selective medium for indigo-reducing bacteria in anaerobic culture. The results suggested that obligate and oxygen-non-metabolizing facultative anaerobes are difficult to isolate using conventional media, whereas oxygen-metabolizing facultative anaerobes, relatively rapid-growing and major bacterial strains are relatively easy to isolate. Media containing sukumo hydrolysate facilitated the isolation of novel species of Bacillus pseudofirmus-related strains, whereas media containing wheat bran hydrolysate facilitated the isolation of Amphibacillus spp. (including new species). Seven species (including two new species) of indigo-reducing bacteria were isolated using wheat bran hydrolysate-containing media, whereas six species (including three new species) of indigo-reducing bacteria were isolated using media containing both wheat bran and sukumo hydrolysates. These newly developed culture media will facilitate the isolation of unknown bacteria in indigo fermentation and in environments similar to indigo fermentation fluid.     

Application of metabolic engineering to improve both the production and use of biotech indigo

A fermentation process was developed for production of indigo from glucose using recombinant Escherichia coli. This was achieved by modifying the tryptophan pathway to cause high-level indole production and adding the Pseudomonas putida genes encoding naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO). In comparison to a tryptophan-overproducing strain, the first indigo-producing strain made less than half of the expected amount of indigo. Severe inactivation of the first enzyme of aromatic biosynthesis, 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase (the aroG ^fbr gene product), was observed in cells collected from indigo fermentations. Subsequent in vitro experiments revealed that DAHP synthase was inactivated by exposure to the spontaneous chemical conversion of indoxyl to indigo. Indigo production was thereafter improved by increasing the gene dosage of aroG ^fbr or by increasing substrate availability to DAHP synthase in vivo by either amplifying the tktA (transketolase) gene or inactivating both isozymes of pyruvate kinase. By combining all three strategies for enhancing DAHP formation in the cell, a 60% increase in indigo production was achieved. Metabolic engineering was then further applied to eliminate a byproduct of the spontaneous conversion of indoxyl to indigo, thereby solving a serious problem with the use of bio-indigo in the final denim dyeing application. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 28, 127–133 DOI: 10.1038/sj/jim/7000228 Received 20 May 2001/ Accepted in revised form 10 November 2001     

中国氮磷钾肥制造温室气体排放系数的估算

通过收集、整合国内相关数据,推算了符合中国目前情况的各种氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的制造过程中的温室气体排放系数(从原料到工厂大门)。结果显示,我国平均水平的氮肥制造碳排放系数为:合成氨(液氨)1.672 t CE/t N,尿素2.041 t CE/t N,碳铵1.928 t CE/t N,硝酸铵4.202 t CE/t N,氯化铵2.220 t CE/t N,氮肥综合系数为2.116 t CE/t N。我国一般水平的磷肥制造碳排放系数为:重钙0.467 t CE/t P2O5,磷酸二铵1.109 t CE/t P2O5,磷酸一铵0.740 t CE/t P2O5,普钙0.195 t CE/t P2O5,钙镁磷肥2.105 t CE/t P2O5,磷肥综合系数为0.636 t CE/t P2O5。我国先进水平的钾肥制造碳排放系数为:氯化钾0.168 t CE/t K2O,硫酸钾0.409 t CE/t K2O(其中罗钾法硫酸钾0.443 t CE/t K2O、曼海姆法硫酸钾0.375 t CE/t K2O),钾肥综合系数为0.180 t CE/t K2O。我国大部分氮磷钾肥的温室气体排放系数普遍为欧美平均水平的2倍左右,因此利用国外系数来估算我国的农业温室气体排放量将严重低估化肥施用的影响。     

Gloger's rule in plants: The species and ecosystem levels

Gloger''s rule posits that darker birds are found more often in humid environments than in arid ones, especially in the tropics. Accordingly, desert-inhabiting animals tend to be light-colored. This rule is also true for certain mammalian groups, including humans. Gloger''s rule is manifested at 2 levels: (1) at the species level (different populations of the same species have different pigmentation at different latitudes), and (2) at the species assembly level (different taxa at a certain geography have different pigmentation than other taxa found at different habitats or latitudes). Concerning plants, Gloger''s rule was first proposed to operate in many plant species growing in sand dunes, sandy shores and in deserts, because of being white, whitish, or silver colored, based on white trichomes, because of sand grains and clay particles glued to sticky glandular trichomes, or because of light-colored waxes. Recently, Gloger''s rule was shown to also be true at the intraspecific level in relation to protection of anthers from UV irradiation. While Gloger''s rule is true in certain plant taxa and ecologies, there are others where “anti-Gloger” coloration patterns exist. In some of these the selective agents are known and in others they are not. I present both Gloger and “anti-Gloger” cases and argue that this largely neglected aspect of plant biology deserves much more research attention.     

大肠杆菌异源表达的indigoidine与靛蓝的稳定性比较

【背景】Indigoidine是一种来源于微生物的无毒天然蓝色素。【目的】比较Indigoidine和靛蓝的色素稳定性,进而评价Indigoidine的色素稳定性。【方法】构建重组菌株Escherichia coli DH5α/p28s异源表达Indigoidine,考察可见光、紫外线、pH、温度、氧化还原剂、食品添加剂和金属离子对其与商品级靛蓝色素稳定性的影响。【结果】以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,Indigoidine和靛蓝都对可见光、紫外线敏感;2种色素在pH1.0-11.0时稳定,强碱性pH对色素破坏作用很大;Indigoidine抗Vc还原能力强于靛蓝,氧化剂可不同程度地降低2种色素的保存率;2种色素热稳定性不佳,在75℃以下时Indigoidine的色素稳定性优于靛蓝;食品添加剂中的柠檬酸和苯甲酸分别对Indigoidine和靛蓝均具有显著的护色效果;对这2种色素,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺均具有护色效果,Na⁺、K⁺、Li⁺总体上没有明显的破坏作用,而Zn²⁺、Al³⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe²⁺、Fe³⁺则具有显著的破坏作用。【结论】Indigoidine色素稳定性明显优于靛蓝,具有广阔的开发应用前景。     

Determining Consistency of Spatial Dispersion of Nematodes in Small Plots

Nematode population densities in field plots were estimated by collecting samples consisting of 12 soil cores. Plots encompassed a variety of plant hosts and sampling dates, and provided data on the population densities of seven species of plant-parasitic nematodes. Three separate samples were collected per plot on each sampling date to obtain estimates of the mean and variance of numbers for each species. For each nematode species, these estimates were used to derive the Taylor''s Power Law regression over plots having identical hosts and sampling dates. For some nematode species, comparisons of regression equations among different sampling dates on the same host revealed similarities in values of a and b from Taylor''s Power Law. Parameters of Taylor''s Power Law relationships were used to develop sampling plans and to obtain estimates of sample precision. Precision estimates from specific and general sampling plans are illustrated for Belonolaimus longicaudatus.     

中国苦苣苔科植物濒危现状与多样性保护(附表)

截至2021年12月31日，中国已知苦苣苔科植物共有805种(含种下等级，下同),隶属于45个属，主要分布在我国西南至华南地区，其中特有种和狭域种十分丰富。由于苦苣苔科大部分种类仅适应于某些特化的微生境，因此极易因自身原因和外界因素的干扰而致危。为更好地了解中国苦苣苔科已知物种的濒危风险，该研究在查阅相关文献且结合最近发表的新分类群中关于濒危等级评估的相关内容，辅以近年来实地调查掌握的第一手资料，对中国苦苣苔科已知物种的濒危等级进行了统计分析和重新评估。同时，依托中国野生植物保护协会苦苣苔专业委员会、广西植物研究所国家苦苣苔科种质资源库和中国苦苣苔科植物保育中心平台，首次创新了从新种发现和发表到濒危状况评估、即时启动保育和园艺新品种培育同步进行的物种保护新模式。分析结果表明，有必要提高政府相关部门对苦苣苔科植物多样性保护的重视程度。因此，建议：(1)进一步加强对中国苦苣苔科植物种质资源保护紧迫性的认识；(2)针对濒危的尤其是被评估为极危(CR)和濒危(EN)的类群开展“抢救性”保护、迁地与就地保护和野外回归；(3)积极开展新品种培育等方面的研究。以上结果和建议是将来苦苣苔科植物多样性保...     

高寒地区路堑边坡植被恢复效果

以大兴安岭地区阿荣旗至博客图段高速公路边坡作为研究对象,研究厚质基层喷附技术和植生混凝土喷附技术的植被恢复效果。结果表明:1)从植物群落组成情况和群落相似性系数来看,两种技术的总体恢复效果差别不明显,但植生混凝土喷附坡面植物群落更为接近自然水平。2)同样基于植物群落组成和群落相似性系数,两种技术在阴坡和阳坡上的恢复效果存在明显不同。3)土壤全氮和有机质含量的适当增长可以促进植物群落发展,而土壤速效磷含量的增长会抑制其发展。4)推荐较为合理的物种搭配为艾蒿、柳蒿、羊草、贝加尔针茅、兴安胡枝子、紫穗槐和兴安柳。研究可改善这两种生态恢复复方式在该地区的应用,优化物种配置,防止二次退化问题的出现,为后期养护、管理提供理论依据。     

基于MSIASM和能源消费碳排放的中国四大直辖市社会代谢分析

通过社会代谢多尺度综合评估(Multi-Scale Integrated Assessment of Societal Metabolism,MSIASM)方法,采用生物-经济压力和不同组织尺度下的体外能代谢率、能源密度指标,并将能源消费碳排放融入评估框架,评价了中国四大直辖市2004年至2010年的社会代谢及其综合发展状况。研究中能源消费碳排放的加入较好补充了MSIASM在生态评估方面的弱势。研究结果显示,四大直辖市整体社会代谢发展良好,体外能代谢率和生物-经济压力稳步上升,能源密度和单位能耗碳排放不断降低,总体呈现良性发展态势。从各个直辖市的社会经济系统各部门表现来看,各城市体现了自己的突出特点。在深入到行业尺度研究体外能代谢率、能源密度后,整体显示出控制工业部门和交通运输部门的能耗增长对于提高经济生产能源效率的突出作用,同时应继续加大金融和计算机等低能耗高经济生产率行业的发展力度。