南海南部表层海水古温度估算与次表层海水特征变化

南海南部～2 MaBP以来的表层海水古温度估算表明,表层海水温度变化在更新世冰期旋回中波动比南海北部为小、保持比较温暖,但在长时间尺度上转换函数古水温仍然存在一定的变化趋势。转换函数古温度计算的低温时期并不与冰期相对应,表明南海南部具有独特的表层海洋演化特征,可能与次表层水体性质、上部水体结构等密切相关。过去2 MaBP以来的浮游有孔虫组合演化表明,南海南部海水温跃层呈现由氧同位素MIS79期向～53期相对变浅,自MIS 53期向布容／松山(B／M)古地磁界线附近变深,然后,自布容／松山界线以来又相对变浅的演化过程。     

末次冰期以来中国海区浮游有孔虫Pulleniatina obliquiloculata含量变化的地层学意义

西北太平洋尤其是中国海区末次冰期旋回中浮游有孔虫Pulleniatina obliquiloculata含量变化研究是近年来最重要的古海洋学内容之一.作者综合分析了中国及邻近海区具有可靠测年地层的深海沉积物柱状样中P.obliquiloculata含量变化,探讨其含量低值事件(PME)的生物地层学意义.末次冰期以来P.obliquiloculata含量变化在中国海区呈现两种变化模式:一是以东海及南海北部为代表的冰期含量低、间冰期含量高的特点;另一种则是南海南部的冰期含量高、间冰期含量低的现象.高分辨率地层记录显示,在这种冰期/间冰期总体变化趋势基础上,我国东海、南海和黑潮源区等广泛存在晚全新世～4 300-2 800 cal yr BP P.obliquiloculata含量低值,但以南海北部与东海冲绳海槽最为明显;而南海南部P.obliquiloculata含量还在冰消期(～16.5-15 cal kyr BP)有另一特征的低含量阶段.因而,末次冰期旋回中国海区P.obliquiloculata含量变化可以作为区域性地层划分和对比的标志.尽管如此,由于黑潮分支水团的影响,冲绳海槽中部和北部部分海域,在末次冰期与PME期间,P.obliquiloculata虽然含量相对较低,但仍可保持3%-5%以上,而非多数站位PME事件中的特征性零含量.研究表明PME事件主要由次表层海水的温度降低、温跃层变浅、上部水体温度梯度增加等引起,与表层海水无关,但引起这些海洋环境变化的原因尚不清楚.     

南海西沙海槽111PC孔的硅藻与古环境记录

对南海西沙海槽111PC孔沉积物中的硅藻化石研究表明,硅藻以热带、亚热带浮游性种类和近岸性种类为主,可划分出6个硅藻组合带,大体对应于浮游有孔虫氧同位素6个期次。结合有地层对比意义的属种及组合,建立了里斯冰期以来本孔的硅藻生物地层框架。硅藻丰度、属种组合变化指示海区气候经历了冰期-间冰期气候旋回及不稳定性波动。晚玉木冰期硅藻丰度高,冰后期、中玉木冰期次之,里斯冰期至早玉木冰期丰度较低,这与南海西南部不同,与南海东北相似但也不尽相同。里斯冰期至里斯玉木间冰期转换阶段,硅藻属种对气候变暖的反应较快。硅藻属种特征显示中玉木冰期气候为弱暖期,且有早晚两个暖湿阶段。硅藻属种的不连续分布也表明沉积环境在部分时段极不稳定。     

末次冰消期以来南海北部表层海水盐度变化

对南海北部MD05-2904孔上部0-398cm段共152个样品的硅藻鉴定结果进行主成分分析.根据主成分分析结果,探讨了末次冰消期以来南海北部表层海水盐度(SSS)变化历史,并分析其变化的主要原因.末次冰消期以来南海北部表层海水盐度呈阶段性变化,与季风降水强度变化趋势基本一致,表明季风降水强度变化可能是南海北部表层海水盐度变化的主要影响因素;珠江冲淡水是南海北部表层海水盐度变化另一个比较重要的影响因素,但其影响程度在全新世中晚期有所减弱.末次冰消期南海北部表层海水盐度变化硅藻记录还明显反映了新仙女木(Younger Dryas)这一短期气候事件,事件发生期间南海北部表层海水盐度明显上升,主要与当时季风降水明显减少有关.MD05-2904孔硅藻盐度记录基本可以与17940孔有孔虫盐度记录相对比,但也存在一定差异,尤其在全新世中晚期,主要与两者代表不同盐度含义有关,后者代表由局地淡水收支变化引起的盐度变化,而前者代表所有影响因素综合作用下的盐度变化.     

19万年以来南海北部MD12-3429站浮游有孔虫记录的表层海水环境演化

南海北部陆坡具有较高的沉积速率,为古海洋和古气候演化提供了绝佳的研究材料。本研究对南海北部陆坡中部MD12-3429站(20°08.52’N, 115°49.84’E,水深903 m)的高分辨率沉积样品中的浮游有孔虫群进行研究,重建了海洋氧同位素期(MIS)6期以来上部水体结构和表层古生产力变化。并与陆坡底部MD12-3432站(19°16.88’N,116°14.52’E,水深2 125 m)对比,旨在进一步探讨南海北部陆坡上部水体环境的时空演化。结果表明：受到冰期冬季风增强和表层环流变化的共同影响,海表温度具有显著的冰期/间冰期旋回,冬季海表温度波动可达7–8°C;MIS2–4期和MIS 6期时, MD12-3429站的温跃层明显比MD12-3432站的深,可能与海平面下降后、河流输入在近岸地区形成的淡水盖层和强冬季风通过埃克曼输送形成的向岸流有关;浮游有孔虫Globigerinoidesbulloides+Neogloboquadrinadutertrei含量和非共生种/共生种比值显示南海北部陆坡初级生产力在MIS 6期晚期和MIS 2期显著增高,这可能是当时较低的海平面和较强的...     

南海北部MD12-3429站位海水古生产力和溶解氧含量特征*

南海北部陆坡较高的沉积速率,为研究亚轨道尺度的气候变化提供了绝佳的材料。本次研究对南海北部MD12-3429站位(20°08.52′N,115°49.84′E,水深903m)0—35.21m沉积物中的底栖有孔虫属种进行统计,运用沉积物粗组分、底栖有孔虫丰度、特定环境下的底栖有孔虫属种含量(Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi,Uvigernia,Bulimina,Chilostomella oolina和Globobulimina pacifica)及底栖有孔虫堆积速率(BFAR)等指标综合研究MIS7期(约24.3万年)以来的南海北部初级生产力和中层水海水溶解氧含量的变化,并对其影响因素进行探讨分析。结果表明,该站位自MIS7期以来表层海水的营养总体呈现间冰期高、冰期低的特点,而底层水的溶解氧含量在间冰期低、冰期高,这可能受到东亚季风冬季风带来营养元素的影响。该站位水深903m,处于南海中层过渡带,本次研究的结果反映了南海北部中层水MIS7期以来营养与溶解氧含量特征。     

冲绳海槽北部全新世沟鞭藻孢囊组合及其古环境意义

通过B-3GC柱状样84个样品的分析,获得了冲绳海槽北部全新世高分辨率沟鞭藻孢囊记录。B-3GC柱状样中沟鞭藻孢囊化石丰富,包含14属28种孢囊。其中的Spiniferitesspp.和Operculodiniumcentrocarpum是沟鞭藻孢囊组合的优势组分,此外最常见的种类是Protoperidinium孢囊。通过与浮游有孔虫氧同位素指标对比,可以确定全新世Spiniferitesspp.和Operculodiniumcentrocarpum的含量变化主要与表层海水温度变化相关,Spiniferitesspp.是较暖水的标志,Operculodiniumcentrocarpum则指示了偏凉的海水。根据这一指标推测冲绳海槽北部早全新世的表层海水温度偏低,约6500aB.P.后由于黑潮及其分支(主要是对马暖流)的影响增强,导致海水温度升高。但在3700—2300aB.P.期间因黑潮及其分支强度有所减弱而引起该区域表层海水温度降低。孢囊组合中异养型沟鞭藻Protope-ridinium孢囊含量随时间逐渐降低,这一趋势可以作为海平面上升引起冲绳海槽北部陆源物质输入减少的有力证据。黑潮及其分支影响的加强造成约6000—3700aB.P.和约2300aB.P.以后两个时期冲绳海槽北部表层海水相对贫营养低生产力。     

晚更新世南海不同海区的浮游有孔虫群落特征差异及环境控制因素

本研究对晚更新世以来(～45万)南海西部浮游有孔虫进行定量统计分析,并与南海北部和南部该时期的浮游有孔虫组合进行比较。研究发现,南海浮游有孔虫组合在以Globigerinoides ruber和Globigerinoides sacculifer为代表的热带-亚热带组合面貌为特征的背景下,其不同海区的浮游有孔虫组合具有显著差别。在南海北部,浮游有孔虫冷水型分子丰富,具有较高含量的Globorotalia inflata,Globigerina bulloides和Neogloboquadrina dutertrei等;南海西部的暖水种、冷水种含量均居中,以Globigerinita glutinata和Neogloboquadrina pachyderma高含量为特征;而南海南部则完全以具有高含量的G.ruber,G.sacculifer和Globorotalia menardii等暖水种为特征。在冰期-间冰期旋回变化中,南海北部浮游有孔虫群落面貌变化较大,南部则相对变化较小、西部变化最小。在间冰期,南海西部N.dutertrei,G.inflata,G.bulloides,G.glutinata和N.pachyderma等属种含量升高,有孔虫群落显示出上升流区特色。南海不同海区有孔虫特征属种及组合的差异,反映出有孔虫对海洋环境差异响应的敏感性,同时对海区古海洋环境研究具有参考意义。     

低纬季风区现代浮游有孔虫主要属种的分布特征及其环境指示意义

提要本次工作利用2013年4月-2017年11月在低纬季风海区采集的浮游生物分层拖网样品为材料,共鉴定出活体浮游有孔虫27种,以热带-亚热带暖水种和较少的广适性冷水种为主。南海、西太平洋和东印度洋广泛分布的浮游有孔虫优势属种为Globigerinoides sacculifer,Globigerinoides ruber,Neogloboquadrina dutertrei,Pulleniatina obliquiloculata和Globorotalia menardii。优势属种中,表层种G. sacculifer和G. ruber丰度最高、占据全种60%以上,主要集中分布在0～50 m水层,受温度和生产力影响较大;次表层种N. dutertrei和P. obliquiloculata分别生活在0～100m、50～100 m水层,其分布与盐度和生产力密切相关。浮游有孔虫的分布受季风影响明显,冬、夏季风通过改变海水上层的温度、盐度以及温跃层、营养跃层的深度极大影响了浮游有孔虫在平面和垂向上的分布,同时也造成了浮游有孔虫分布的季节性差异。     

南沙海区晚第四纪浮游有孔虫演化及其古海洋学意义

通过对南沙海区17957和17958两柱状样中浮游有孔虫的研究,首次揭示了南海晚第四纪以来较长时间尺度上（0－800ka BP)存在δ18O 11期（约400ka BP)开始的粉红色Globigerinoides ruber大量出现和Globigerina rubescens较高相对丰度,δ18O 5e期（约120ka BP)的粉红色Gl9obigerinoides ruber 绝灭,Globoquadrina Conglomersata大量出现,Globorotalia truncatulinoides 左旋型分子绝对优势开始,和δ18O 4／5期界线附近（约80ka BP)的Globo quadrina conglomerata绝灭等三次浮游有孔虫演化事件,南沙与南海北部及西北太平洋等海区的浮游有孔虫演化事件对比 表明,南沙海区在400ka BP开始海水温跃层相对较深,至δ^18O 5e期时,受西北太平洋中层水加强的影响,南沙海水温跃层变浅,在δ^18O 5e至4／5期界线这段时期内与西北太平洋水体交换比较自由。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.