豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂和广双瘤蚜茧蜂田间发生动态及田间繁育

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall和广双瘤蚜茧蜂Binodoxys communis Gahan是大豆田大豆蚜的重要寄生蜂。2009—2010年,采取棋盘式采样和随机抽样调查相结合的方法,在辽宁岫岩对大豆田内的豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂和广双瘤蚜茧蜂的发生动态进行了研究。结果显示,2009年,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂6月20号前后在田间开始少量发生,7月上旬数量急速上升,中旬达到最高值,然后开始下降;8月中旬出现第2个高峰,数量上明显小于第1个高峰期,但2010年只有1个高峰,第2个高峰不明显;广双瘤蚜茧蜂6月底开始出现并不断上升,到7月上、中旬达到一定量后持续到8月底。总体来说,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂发生的时间比广双瘤蚜茧蜂早,且数量也较多。同时在大田按照不同的处理,对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂进行大田罩笼繁殖研究,当豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂与适龄蚜虫数量比值为1:100的情况下产生的僵蚜数量最多。为大田有效利用蚜茧蜂控制大豆蚜提供了必要的基础资料。     

豆柄瘤蚜茧峰的嗅觉定向反应(英文)

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebusfabarum对能寄生于包括大豆蚜Aphisglycines和豆蚜A.craccivora的多种蚜虫中。本实验研究了豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂在风洞中对以下气味源的嗅觉走向反应：未受损伤的寄主食料植株（UD）、机械损伤的寄主食料植株（MD）、蚜害植株（AD ,带蚜虫;AD～,不带蚜虫）、以及致害蚜虫。发现以豆蚜为寄主的豆柄瘤好茧蜂对AD 和AD~的正走向率高于对UD和MD的正走向率,以大豆蚜为寄主的豆柄瘤蚜虽峰对AD 的趋性高于对UD和大豆蚜。同时,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂对UD、MD和致害蚜虫的定向反应率没有显著差异。这说明植食性昆虫的取食活动能诱导被害植株提高自身对害虫天敌的吸引力。此外还发现大豆是否受蚜害并不直接影响大豆蚜进行寄主定位。     

不同营养层次挥发物对燕麦蚜茧蜂寄主搜寻行为的影响

“Ｙ”型管嗅觉计及风洞测定试验明,小麦植株,麦长管蚜（Sitobion avenae),禾谷缢管蚜（Rhopalosiphum padi)对燕麦蚜蜂（Aphidius avenae)雌蜂的吸引作用较小,而有蚜植株及蚜害植株对其吸引作用较大,并以麦长管蚜有蚜植株的吸引作用最强,尽管该蜂对禾谷缢管蚜的寄生率极你,工作量 由其危害诱导产生的挥发性信息化僵物对该蜂仍具有较强的吸引作用,GC－MS鉴定结果表明,麦蚜取食诱导的挥发性信息化合物主要是2－莰烯,6－甲基－5－已烯－2－酮,顺－3－已酰酸酯有水杨酸甲酯,其中6－甲基－5－已烯－2－酮和6－甲基－5－已烯－2－醇对燕麦蚜划蜂的吸引作用最强,水杨酸酯无明显吸引作用。     

麦长管蚜唾液中几种酶的鉴定、活力测定与功能分析

用Parafilm膜夹营养液法,以两种食料介质饲喂麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae 3龄若蚜并收集其唾液,对唾液中的酶类进行了鉴定、活力测定和功能分析。结果表明,在20%蔗糖介质提取液中,鉴定有果胶酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶; 在水介质提取液中鉴定有纤维素酶; 两种介质提取液中都未鉴定出过氧化物酶。酶活力测定结果表明, 在20%蔗糖介质提取液中, 每30头蚜虫分泌的果胶酶、多酚氧化酶和纤维素酶的酶活力分别为2.59×10^-3 U/g、7×10^-3 U/g和7.89×10^-3 U/g; 在水介质提取液中,纤维素酶活力为3.68×10^-3 U/g。行为反应试验结果表明,果胶酶处理麦苗的挥发物组分能引起麦长管蚜寄生性天敌燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius avenae和捕食性天敌七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata 的嗅觉偏好反应,因此,果胶酶在麦长管蚜取食诱导小麦植株的间接防御反应中具有重要作用。     

可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂对高温下不同龄期黑豆蚜的寄生及其适合度表现

研究寄生蜂对寄主不同龄期的寄生策略通常采用适温下（≈25℃）培养的寄主进行试验。 为探究蚜茧蜂对高温下生长的寄主蚜虫的寄生反应及其适合度表现,在30℃条件下饲养寄主孤雌胎生无翅黑豆蚜Aphis fabae Scopli,获得不同龄期若蚜和刚羽化的成蚜,分别提供给可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus ambiguous Haliday寄生,观察蚜茧蜂的寄生率以及后代性比、体型大小和发育时间等适合度相关特性。结果表明： 可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂对1至4龄若蚜及成蚜均寄生,但偏向寄生较早龄期的若蚜,对成蚜的寄生率为28.0％,显著低于对1龄（400％）和2龄（42.8%）寄主若蚜的寄生率。后代雌蜂比例和体型随寄主龄期（体型）增大而减小,而发育历期则呈现“中间低,两头高”的格局。后代性比、体型大小及发育历期等适合度表现与此前适温（≈25℃）下得到的结果截然相反。因此推测,寄主黑豆蚜体型或龄期可能不是或不全部是可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂评价寄主质量的依据,其他与寄主蚜虫内共生菌动态相关的线索（如行为的,化学的等）可能才是其评价寄主质量的依据。     

日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂与其寄主豆蚜的相互作用：寄主龄期选择及其对发育的影响

在25℃下研究了日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus japonicus Ashmead对寄主豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch龄期的选择和被寄生豆蚜的龄期对蚜茧蜂发育的影响。结果表明：在混合虫态寄主中,日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂通常选择较小龄期的若蚜寄生,其中2龄若蚜的相对被寄生率最高,为26.4%;其次是1龄若蚜,为20.6%;无翅成蚜与3、4龄有翅若蚜和成蚜的相对被寄生率较低。日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生延长了豆蚜若蚜的发育,其中1龄若蚜被寄生后,１～３龄历期显著延长;有翅3龄若蚜被寄生后,３、４龄历期明显延长;但无翅和有翅4龄若蚜被寄生后的发育历期均不受影响。各龄若蚜被寄生后羽化的成蚜寿命明显缩短,其中,被寄生的1龄若蚜不能发育至成蚜,其它较早龄期被寄生的若蚜羽化的成蚜繁殖力均显著降低。寄生时寄主的发育期也影响寄生蜂的发育,2龄豆蚜被寄生时的日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂个体发育最快,为194.10 h;1龄寄主被寄生时蚜茧蜂的发育最慢,需215.80 h。并对不同发育期蚜虫总蛋白质和总糖原含量进行了测定。     

麦长管蚜及蚜茧蜂空间格局的地学统计学研究

应用地学统计学的原理和方法研究了不同时期麦长管蚜及蚜茧蜂种群的空间结构和空间相关性,结果表明,不同时期麦长管蚜种群的半变异函数曲线皆为球型,其空间格局为聚集型,变程在33－57cm之间;蚜茧蜂种群的拟合半变异函数曲线也表现为球型,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程在36－55cm之间,并与麦长管蚜种群在数量和空间上有较强的追随关系,说明蚜茧蜂种群是麦长管蚜种群的优势种天敌。     

麦蚜及其天敌生态位的初步研究

本研究分析了麦蚜及其天敌生态位的概貌．结果表明两种麦蚜以黍缢管蚜生态位宽度较广（B=0．7284）;麦长管蚜生态位宽度较窄(B=0．6264);麦长管蚜与黍缢管蚜存在生态位重叠（L=0．6497）．在天敌群落中生态位宽度依次为食蚜蝇>飘虫>蚜茧蜂>蜘蛛>食虫蝽。天敌之间亦存在生态位重叠．五类天敌与麦长管蚜的生态位重叠均值高于与黍缢管蚜的均值．即天敌对麦长管蚜的空间跟随,控制作用越大．     

茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂对苜蓿蚜的寄生功能反应

在室内(25±1℃,L:D=16:8光周期,RH=40%～60%)条件下,研究了茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson)对苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora(Koch)若蚜的寄生功能反应。结果表明:苜蓿蚜的龄期对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生作用有很大影响,用功能反应HollingⅡ模型模拟,其模拟方程为Na=1.118 N/(1+0.0184 N)。通过该方程可明确单头雌成蜂在24 h内最多寄生60.60头苜蓿蚜,其寄生1头苜蓿蚜所需时间为0.396 h。在5个温度梯度下,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂对苜蓿蚜的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,但不同温度下的功能反应参数有明显的差异。此外茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂自身密度对寄生有一定的干扰作用,其干扰作用通过Hassell-Varley模型拟合,方程为a=0.0621P-0.3062,表明茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂雌蜂的发现域随着自身密度的增加而逐渐变小,寄生蜂雌蜂个体间的相互干扰效应降低了寄生效能。     

大豆蚜寄生蜂豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂室内生物学特性观察

豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum( Marshall)是大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura的一种重要寄生蜂.在实验室条件下,对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂的发育历期、繁殖力、寿命和性比等指标,以及成蜂的羽化、取食、产卵行为等生物学特性进行了观察描述.结果表明:在19 ～31℃范围内,发育历期随着温...     

OLFACTORY ORIENTATION OF THE PARASITOID WASP LYSIPHLEBUS FABARUM TO ITS HOST FOOD PLANTS1)

Abstract  Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is a generalist parasitic wasp species which can oviposit in several aphid species, including the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora (Homoptera Aphidinae), and the soybean aphid, A. glycines . The response of female L. fabarum and one of its host aphid species, A. glycines , to odors of undamaged host food plant (UD), mechanically damaged host food plant (MD), aphid-damaged plant (AD+, with aphid on, and AD˜, aphid washed off), and host aphid alone were studied in a wind tunnel. The positive orientation frequency of L. fabarum , which emerged from Aphis craccivora , to AD+ and AD^˜ was significantly greater than to the UD, MD. Similarily, L. fabarum that emerged from A. glycines significantly flew more often to AD+ than to UD and aphid alone. And there was no significant difference among the positive response frequency of L. fabarurn to UD, MD, and aphid alone. All these suggested that herbivore feeding induced the attraction of the damaged plant to natural enemy of herbivore. It is also found that the condition of soybean seedling, being damaged or undamaged, did not have direct impact on host plant location of aphid.     

大豆田节肢动物群落优势种群时间生态位及营养关系分析

【目的】阐明大豆田节肢动物群落时间生态位及营养关系,为大豆害虫生态调控手段的实施提供坚实的理论依据。【方法】以大豆田节肢动物群落为研究对象,通过两年的田间系统调查分析。【结果】统计得到种类220余种,物种可分为天敌、害虫和中性昆虫3个类群,以天敌物种丰富度最高;害虫中以烟蓟马Thrips tabaci(0.36902)和大豆蚜Aphis glycines(0.13122)优势度最高,且有着较高的生态位重叠指数(0.8163),蚜小蜂Aphytis sp.和大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata对害虫的时间生态位重叠指数很高,其他天敌如异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、黑带食蚜蝇Zyistrophe balteata和黑食蚜盲蝽Deraeocoris punctulatus等对害虫的重叠指数居中;大豆田中各类群构成错综复杂的食物网结构。【结论】综合考虑天敌的种群数量,确定捕食性天敌是控制害虫种群数量的有效天敌。研究可知不能单纯从时间生态位的重叠指数的高低来判断天敌的控制能力。     

Larger wildflower plantings increase natural enemy density,diversity, and biological control of sentinel prey,without increasing herbivore density

1. An important means of conserving beneficial insects in resource‐limited habitats is to meet their ecological requirements, which may be achieved by providing areas containing flowering plants that bloom throughout the season, but little is known about the importance of wildflower plot size for supporting natural enemies or the biological control they provide. 2. Wildflowers were established in plots of sizes ranging from 1 to 100 m², and found that natural enemy density, group richness, and diversity of natural enemy groups increased with plot size. 3. The density of insect herbivores was lower in all flower plots than in the control samples, whereas the diversity of herbivore groups was significantly higher in flower plots. 4. Comparing population growth of sentinel soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) among plot sizes, aphid colonies were smaller as plot size increased. 5. Providing beneficial insects with flowering resources resulted in significantly more natural enemies and greater pest control than in smaller flower plots or mown grass areas. 6. These results indicate that the density, diversity, and function of natural enemies are sensitive to the size of wildflower plantings, even at relatively small scales. Therefore, larger wildflower plots are more suitable for the conservation of beneficial insects and their provision of natural pest control.     

Volatiles from host plant brinjal attract the brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer -Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee

Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer- Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee is a major insect pest on brinjal- Solanum melongena worldwide. An effective strategy used in developing pest controlling agents is the synergism between insect pheromones and host plant volatiles, which can increase the attraction of insect pest. The present study was aimed at investigating the chemical constituents and attractant effects of the volatiles extracted from different parts of the host plant brinjal on the behavior of adult L. orbonalis. Bioassay using Y-shaped olfactometer revealed that the one-day old virgin female, gravid female and male insects respond positively to the host plant volatiles extracted from fruits, leaves and shoots but not to that of flowers. It was shown that the gravid females were significantly attracted to all three volatiles (p < 0.05). Bioassay using X-shaped olfactometer identified that all three types of insects highly preferred the volatiles from fruits (p < 0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of volatiles indicated that brinjal plant produces volatile secondary metabolites, which include 2,2′-(Ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(ethane-2,1-diyl) dibenzoate (12.11%), 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol (22.38%), Benzyl alcohol (22.9%) and Benzyl alcohol (27.06%) as major constituents from fruits, shoots, leaves and flowers respectively. Responses of insects to the volatiles from host plant in the absence of visual cues direct us to focus on the importance of host plant volatiles to locate the plant. Results of this study emphasize the major role that host plant volatiles play in the attraction of insect pests towards the plant.     

大豆蚜对环境的适应及对大豆产量的影响

2009-2010年,以辽东山区大豆主产区岫岩县作为试验点,系统调查了大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura正常型蚜和小型蚜的种群动态,研究了蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticillium lecanii(Zimmerman)Viegas、豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)对大豆蚜正常型蚜和小型蚜的寄生与捕食作用;另外,也研究了降雨对小型蚜和正常型蚜的冲刷作用,以及小型蚜对大豆产量的影响等。研究结果表明,7月上中旬为大豆蚜小型蚜发生初期,7月下旬—8月上旬为小型蚜发生高峰期,2010年小型蚜平均蚜量达10000头/百株以上。此外,通过比较大豆蚜正常型蚜和小型蚜排蜜量,发现正常型蚜与小型蚜在30min内的排蜜频率差异极其显著,正常型蚜排蜜次数明显多于小型蚜。蜡蚧轮枝菌对大豆蚜小型蚜的侵染较正常型低,前者被侵染率低于3%,后者被侵染率高达25%。豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂对正常型蚜的寄生率较小型蚜高,寄生率分别为43.41%和0.58%。异色瓢虫3龄幼虫对正常型蚜和小型蚜的捕食率分别为80.24%和36.36%。降雨对小型蚜冲刷作用明显低于正常型蚜。最后,通过对单株蚜量与单株产量进行单因素方差分析,结果表明,单株小型蚜量对产量影响不显著(F=0.378;df=7,1;P>0.05)。上述研究为明确大豆蚜的发生与为害、小型蚜适应环境的生存机制以及自然天敌对大豆蚜的田间控制作用,进而为大豆蚜的可持续控制提供理论依据。     

植物挥发性次生物质在植食性昆虫、寄生植物和昆虫天敌关系中的作用机理

植物挥发性次生物质在植食性昆虫、寄生植物和昆虫天敌关系中的作用机理杜永均,严福顺（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）植物挥发性次生物质是一些分子量在１００—２００的有机化学物质,包括烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、有机酸、内酯、含氮化合物以及有机硫等化...     

Fluorescence competition assay for the assessment of green leaf volatiles and trans-β-farnesene bound to three odorant-binding proteins in the wheat aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are important parts of insect olfactory systems, and sensitive olfaction is vital for phytophagous insects in host foraging. Electrophysiological studies are helpful in understanding olfactory sensing in Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), but the functions of odorant-binding proteins in this insect are poorly understood. In this study, we used fluorescence competition assays to measure the binding specificities of SaveOBPs. The results showed that both SaveOBP2 and SaveOBP3 were superior to SaveOBP7 in binding green leaf volatiles. It was unexpected that SaveOBP7 bound trans-β-farnesene strongly, which was known as alarm pheromone of this species. Host volatiles were recognized much more easily by SaveOBP2, and the observed binding activity of SaveOBP2 equaled for tested green leaf volatiles. Our results imply that SaveOBP7 might play a more important role in aphid alarm pheromone discrimination.