麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物的行为反应

用四臂嗅觉计测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi对小麦植株挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物的行为反应,揭示了2种麦蚜的嗅觉及小麦植株的诱导防御反应特点.在所选的13种小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物组分中,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇和水杨酸甲酯对这2种蚜虫表现出强的驱拒作用;反-2-己烯醛对麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅蚜的吸引作用最强;反-2-己烯醇对禾谷缢管蚜的无翅蚜吸引作用最强,反-3-己酰醋酸酯对禾谷缢管蚜有翅蚜的吸引作用最强.说明麦蚜取食能诱导小麦植株的防御反应,麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜及其不同蚜型间嗅觉反应的特点不同.     

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦挥发物的触角电位反应

采用活体蚜虫测定法,利用EAG技术比较分析了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi有翅及无翅成蚜对小麦挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物组分的嗅觉反应,揭示了两种麦蚜的嗅觉变异特点。结果表明：麦长管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-2-己烯醛、反-2-己烯醇、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2醇的反应较强,禾谷缢管蚜对水杨酸甲酯、反-3-己烯乙酸酯、-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和-6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的反应较强,并得到了剂量反应曲线。麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、反-2-己烯醇和水杨酸甲酯的反应差异显著;禾谷缢管蚜的有翅和无翅成蚜对反-2-己烯醇、辛醛、里那醇、水杨酸甲酯和反-3-己烯乙酸酯的EAG反应差异显著,其原因与禾谷缢管蚜迁移及转主为害的生物学特性有关。     

两种蚜茧蜂及其寄主蚜虫对大豆植株挥发性次生物质的触角电位反应

研究了下列害虫和寄生天敌种类对大豆植株中提取的某些挥发性次生化合物及其不同组合混合相的触角电位反应： 1)豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch和麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius);2)为害大豆植株的大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura和不为害大豆植株的豆蚜二者所共有的寄生天敌豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall; 3)不为害大豆植株的麦长管蚜的寄生天敌燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius picipes Nees。结果表明,与大豆植株相关联的大豆蚜和不相关联的豆蚜所共有的天敌——豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应敏感,而与大豆植株不相关联的豆蚜、麦长管蚜及其寄生天敌——燕麦蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应不敏感。再次证明,植物挥发性次生化合物在害虫及其寄生天敌搜寻寄主的过程中起到重要的作用。     

缢管蚜小蜂生活习性观察

缴管蚜小蜂部helinusrhopalosiphiphngusYapetChenl‘］是陆稻地下害虫红腹缢管蚜Anopaloslphumrghbdomlhalis（sasde）的重要寄生天敌。据笔者调查,该蜂对奇主蚜虫的自然奇生率为引．37％～84．03％,平均寄生率达64．40％。为探讨该蜂的利用价值,我们对其生活习性进行了观察研究,现将结果整理如下。互寄生与分布缢管好小蜂在文山地区主要分布于海拔740～1720m陆稻种植区（夏秋季）、菜园、小麦地（冬春季）,寄生于取食陆稻、棒头草、着麦娘、冬小麦根部的红腹缢管蚜。笔者曾将收集到的禾谷缢管蚜、玉米蚜等15种蚜虫I‘］按一定数量…     

基于EPG的麦长管蚜、麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜取食行为比较

麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius),麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)虽然都取食小麦,但其取食部位、传毒能力均有差异。利用EPG研究了3种麦蚜在同一寄主植物上的取食行为,结果显示:(1)禾谷缢管蚜在取食过程中G波出现的时间最早,G波总的持续时间和每次刺探G波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜。麦长管蚜第1次E1波的时间、E1波总的持续时间和每次刺探E1波的平均持续时间都明显比麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜要长。麦二叉蚜E2波总的持续时间和每次刺探E2波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜。表明3种蚜虫各自拥有不同取食策略。禾谷缢管蚜比其它两种蚜虫需要更多的水分和无机盐,麦长管蚜通过分泌大量唾液增大对食物的利用率,麦二叉蚜通过增加韧皮部取食时间以满足对营养的需要。(2)刺探过程中麦二叉蚜pd波出现的次数为(51.97±7.82)次,高于麦长管蚜的(44.73±4.52)次和禾谷缢管蚜的(32.99±4.22)次。麦二叉蚜pd波Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3亚波的时间最长,禾谷缢管蚜最短,三者之间差异达显著水平。表明与其它两种麦蚜相比,麦二叉蚜在取食过程中口针与细胞间的接触频率更高,与细胞内获毒和传毒相关的Ⅱ-3波和Ⅱ-2波持续时间更长,增加了获毒和传毒的几率,是其传毒能力最强的机理。     

缢管蚜小蜂冬季消长规律调查

溢管蚜小峰小helinusrhopalos…h…hngus阿见吧etChen）是多种农作物地下害虫红腹缢管蚜Anopaloswhumr听abdominalis（Sasaki）的主要寄生性天敌。1989年该蜂在云南省文山县陆稻种植区首次被发现，1995年经鉴定为一新种’‘’。继对该蜂的发生规律研究之后”’，我们又对其冬季消长进行了调查。l缢管好小峰及其寄生冬季分布为了摸清冬季溢管蚜小蜂的分布范围，我们于1995年2月11日至3月1日对木同海拔的5个县，6个乡（镇），l个农场的菜园和禾本科植物和田麦（水稻收割后，田水被控于，冬季栽的小麦）进行了调查，结果如表。通过调查，在棒…     

黄板、黄盆及灯光对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜的诱捕效果

通过黄板、黄盆及灯光的监测,研究了其对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(Fabricius)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)诱捕作用,结果表明2种麦蚜对黄盆的趋性最好,黄盆诱捕量分别为黄板诱捕量的7.94、2.13倍。黑光灯和荧光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕作用比较试验表明,黑光灯对2种麦蚜的诱捕效果较好。黄盆和黑光灯2种监测手段的结合能够为预测预报提供准确可靠、适时的测报结果。     

麦蚜及其天敌生态位的初步研究

本研究分析了麦蚜及其天敌生态位的概貌．结果表明两种麦蚜以黍缢管蚜生态位宽度较广（B=0．7284）;麦长管蚜生态位宽度较窄(B=0．6264);麦长管蚜与黍缢管蚜存在生态位重叠（L=0．6497）．在天敌群落中生态位宽度依次为食蚜蝇>飘虫>蚜茧蜂>蜘蛛>食虫蝽。天敌之间亦存在生态位重叠．五类天敌与麦长管蚜的生态位重叠均值高于与黍缢管蚜的均值．即天敌对麦长管蚜的空间跟随,控制作用越大．     

七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜,禾谷缢管蚜捕食选择性研究

本文报导了七星瓢虫对两种猎物捕食选择性研究成果,这对以瓢治蚜工作提供了理论依据。主要结果为:1.七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜有明显的正喜好性,对禾谷缢管蚜有明显的负喜好性。2.瓢虫对两种蚜虫的喜好性与麦长管蚜密度呈显著负相关,与禾谷缢管蚜密度呈正相关。3.当两种猎物共存时,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应有所变化。两猎物总密度增加,瓢虫对每种猎物的功能反应越来越趋向Hollink Ⅲ型,一种猎物密度恒定,另一种猎物密度变化时,瓢虫对猎物的功能反应趋向Holling Ⅲ型。而且随猎物恒定的密度增加,HoUing Ⅲ型典型性增加。4.麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜密度增加均降低瓢虫的捕食作用率。但是,禾谷缢管蚜所引起捕食作用率更为严重的减少。     

龟纹瓢虫成虫对3种害虫的捕食作用

为明确天敌昆虫龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对3种害虫莲缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae、紫薇长斑蚜Sarucallis kahawaluokalani和红带滑胸针蓟马Selenothrips rubrocinctus的捕食效应,分别在室内测定了龟纹瓢虫成虫对莲缢管蚜3~4龄若蚜、紫薇长斑蚜3~4龄若蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马2~3龄若虫的捕食作用。结果表明：龟纹瓢虫成虫对3种害虫的捕食效果可用Holling-Ⅱ模型进行拟合,对红带滑胸针蓟马2~3龄若虫的捕食能力最强,为192.14,对莲缢管蚜的捕食能力最弱,为91.12。龟纹瓢虫成虫对莲缢管蚜、紫薇长斑蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马的寻找效应呈线性相关,猎物密度越大寻找效应越低。龟纹瓢虫成虫对3种害虫的最佳搜寻密度分别为48.35、23.48和36.48头。由此可知,龟纹瓢虫对莲缢管蚜、紫薇长斑蚜和红带滑胸针蓟马具有一定的控害作用。     

Semiochemicals associated to spacing behaviour of the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hem., Aphididae) do not affect the olfactometric behaviour of the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stephani-Pérez (Hym., Braconidae)

Volatiles produced by the interaction of Rhopalosiphum padi and wheat, and semiochemicals which elicit the spacing behaviour of R. padi on wheat and oat, were evaluated in an olfactometer against the cereal aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi . The parasitoid was attracted by volatiles produced by the R. padi -wheat interaction at high density of aphids, but not by the R. padi -wheat interaction at low density. Compounds produced by the interaction of wheat or oat that was infested with a high density of aphids (approximately 9 aphids/cm²), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol (MHOH), 2-tridecanone (2-T), and methyl salicylate (MS), neither attracted nor repelled A. rhopalosiphi as pure compounds or in the naturally occurring mixture. The results are discussed in terms of the use of semiochemicals and parasitoids in the integrated management of aphid pests.     

瓢虫和草蛉对小麦挥发物组分的行为及电生理反应

利用触角电位（electroantennogram, EAG）和嗅觉测定技术,比较分析了4种捕食性天敌昆虫七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata、龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica和大草蛉Chrysopa septempunctata对麦蚜取食诱导小麦挥发物的行为和电生理反应,揭示了瓢虫及草蛉类天敌昆虫的嗅觉反应特点。4种捕食性天敌昆虫对麦蚜取食诱导挥发物都有较高的EAG反应值,七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对6-甲基-5_庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的反应值较大;中华通草蛉和大草蛉对6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇和水杨酸甲酯的反应值较大,七星瓢虫对6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇的反应值最大,为0.96±0.18 mV;4种天敌昆虫对苯甲醛的EAG反应值较低,对反-2-己烯醛无反应。“Y”型管嗅觉测定结果表明,4种天敌昆虫对2-莰烯、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇和水杨酸甲酯具有正趋性。说明4种多食性的捕食性天敌昆虫对麦蚜取食诱导挥发物各组分的嗅觉与行为反应各具特点;寄主麦蚜生境中的嗅觉线索在这4种捕食性天敌昆虫的寄主定位和生境选择中起重要作用。     

红火蚁工蚁对棉蚜诱导的棉花挥发物的嗅觉和行为反应

【目的】红火蚁 Solenopsis invicta 与棉蚜 Aphis gossypii 存在兼性共生关系,红火蚁可能利用棉蚜危害诱导棉花释放的挥发物定位棉蚜。本研究将测试红火蚁工蚁对棉花挥发物的嗅觉和行为反应。【方法】使用Y型管实验测试红火蚁工蚁对棉花气味的行为反应;以红火蚁告警信息素2-乙基-3,5(6)-二甲基吡嗪为阳性对照,测试红火蚁工蚁对不同剂量(100, 10, 1 和0.1 μg)的9种棉花挥发物组分[α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-石竹烯、( E, E )-4,8,12-三甲基-1,3,7,11-十三碳四烯(TMTT)、( E )-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯(DMNT)、辛醛、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯和水杨酸甲酯]的触角电位反应;再利用Y型嗅觉仪测试这些挥发物对红火蚁工蚁的行为选择影响。【结果】结果表明,受棉蚜为害的棉花较健康棉花对红火蚁工蚁具有极显著的引诱效果。红火蚁对9种挥发物组分的EAG反应随着剂量升高而升高。各化合物在100 μg剂量时EAG反应值最大,其中,工蚁对水杨酸甲酯和6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮这两个化合物反应最强。在行为选择实验中,化合物水杨酸甲酯、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮和DMNT对红火蚁工蚁均具有显著的引诱效果。【结论】棉蚜诱导的棉花挥发物中水杨酸甲酯和6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮对红火蚁有显著的引诱效果,这2种化合物可能在红火蚁定位棉蚜、建立共生关系中起着关键的作用。     

Host-locating response by the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi to tomato plant volatiles

Abstract

The blend of volatile compounds emitted by tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) infested with the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) has been studied comparatively with undamaged plants and aphids themselves. Aphid-infested plants were significantly more attractive towards Aphidius ervi than undamaged plants and aphids themselves. Oriented response towards host-damaged plant, from which aphids were removed just before running the bioassay, did not differ from that recorded for infested plants. Collection of the volatiles and analysis by gas chromatography revealed only quantitative differences between uninfested and aphid-infested plants. Nine compounds, α-pinene, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, α-phellandrene, limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, p-cymene, methyl salicylate, (E)-β-caryophyllene and an unknown compound, were emitted at higher levels from aphid-infested plants than from undamaged control plants, whilst no differences were noted for hexanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and humulene (=α-caryophyllene). Synthetic standards of these compounds were tested in wind tunnel bioassays and all elicited a significant increase in oriented flight and landings on the target by the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. (E)-β-caryophyllene resulted the most attractive towards female wasps. These results corroborate the hypothesis that the volatiles produced by the plant in response to aphid attack derive from both jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways, and are exploited by A. ervi as olfactory cues to locate its hosts.     

小麦互益素对麦长管蚜及其天敌的影响

研究了在田间使用小麦互益素--水杨酸甲酯和6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮对麦长管蚜及其主要天敌--异色瓢虫和燕麦蚜茧蜂的影响.结果表明,小麦互益素虽然没有明显改变麦长管蚜的田间种群变动趋势,但显著降低了麦长管蚜的种群数量.使用小麦互益素能够恶化麦长管蚜的生存环境,使有翅蚜数量明显增加.尽管小麦互益素使天敌物种丰富度有所下降,天敌群落多样性和均匀度指数下降,但燕麦蚜茧蜂、异色瓢虫等优势天敌的种群数量不仅没有减少反而有所增加.因此,田间使用小麦互益素对控制麦长管蚜的危害具有重要作用.     

Lycopene accumulation affects the biosynthesis of some carotenoid-related volatiles independent of ethylene in tomato

For elucidating the regulatory mechanism of ethylene on carotenoid-related volatiles (open chain) compounds and the relationship between lycopene and carotenoid-related volatiles,transgenic tomato fruits in which ACC synthase was suppressed were used.The transgenic tomato fruit showed a significant reduction of lycopene and aroma volatiles with low ethylene production.6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one,6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol and geranylacetone,which were suspected to be lycopene degradation products,were lower than those in wild type tomato fruits.In order to identify whether lycopene accumulation effects the biosynthesis of some carotenoid-related volatiles independent of ethylene in tomato or not,the capability of both wild type and transgenic tomato fruits discs to convert lycopene into carotenoid-related volatiles was evaluated.The data showed that external lycopene could convert into 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol in vivo,Indicating that the strong inhibition of ethylene production had no effect on enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of some carotenoid-related volatiles.Therefore,in ACS-suppression transgenic tomato fruits,the low levels of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one,6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol was due to decreased lycopene accumulation,not ethylene production.Ethylene only affected the accumulation of lycopene,and then indirectly influenceed the level of lycopene-related volatiles.     

不同小麦品种（系）叶片表面蜡质对两种麦蚜取食的影响

采用气质联用(GC-MS)和生物测定法,探讨了不同小麦品种(系)叶片表面蜡质对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜取食的影响.结果表明:SN80、SN18和ZM12叶片表面蜡质对2种蚜虫取食具有刺激作用,而SN87叶片表面蜡质无刺激作用.对4种小麦材料叶片表面蜡质进行GC-MS分析发现,其表面蜡质化学组分有所不同,但主要组分均为长链烷烃,其它组分包括7-十四碳烯、8-十五烷酮、十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯等.生物测定结果表明:长链烷烃(>C17)、7-十四碳烯及8-十五烷酮对两种蚜虫取食具有显著的刺激作用;而乙基柠檬酸、十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯对麦长管蚜取食无刺激作用;十四烷酸乙酯和十六烷酸乙酯对禾谷缢管蚜取食也无刺激作用.     

Assessment of aphid lethal paralysis virus as an apparent population growth‐limiting factor in grain aphids in the presence of other natural enemies

The influence of aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV), Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV), natural enemies and fungal infection on the population growth of Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae in the wheat fields of the Western Cape Province of South Africa was investigated at two sites. Time‐specific life tables were compiled for R. padi at one site. During the logarithmic phase of the development of R. padi aphids, natural enemies were not present in high numbers and the apparent large‐scale mortality observed appeared to be due to other causes. During the decline phase of this aphid population, the population size was reduced by 49%. This reduction coincided with a calculated high mortality of 70 aphids per plant. A dramatic decline in R. padi numbers and a high incidence of ALPV present in the aphid population was experienced during this period. Virus assays were carried out by double‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Entomophthorales‐type fungal infection of aphids also reached its highest level during the decline phase, but at a later stage than ALPV infection, with a calculated level of 21 aphids per plant. This suggested that the presence of ALPV limited population development in R. padi. Similar results were obtained with S. avenae.