不同微生物菌剂对基质酶活性和番茄产量及品质的影响

以鸡粪配方基质(腐熟鸡粪:腐熟玉米秸秆:河沙体积为3:4:3)和牛粪配方基质(腐熟牛粪:腐熟玉米秸秆:河沙体积为3:4:3)为试材,研究了基质中分别添加地福来、酵素菌、EM菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和农用微生物菌剂对基质酶活性和番茄产量及品质的影响.结果表明: 两种配方基质添加微生物菌剂40和60 d时根际基质的脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著提高,番茄植株生长量、果实产量及维生素C含量显著高于对照.鸡粪和牛粪配方基质均以添加地福来效果最好,番茄单株产量分别较各自对照增加14.7%和40.0%,果实维生素C含量分别提高22.2%和39.7%.在不添加微生物菌剂的情况下,鸡粪配方基质栽培的番茄单株产量和果实维生素C含量高于牛粪配方基质;分别添加地福来后,两种基质栽培的番茄单株产量和果实维生素C含量无显著差异.     

适应玉米生产的溶磷真菌筛选及其应用

【目的】从土壤中筛选溶磷菌株,提供适应玉米生产的溶磷微生物。【方法】利用难溶磷无机盐培养基从作物根际土壤样品中筛选溶磷菌株,通过菌株在土豆液体培养基培养过程中培养液pH的变化确定溶磷菌株的溶磷能力。利用菌株在平板和土壤中对玉米根系的适应性,选择对玉米适应性好的菌株应用到盆栽实验和大田实验。【结果】从土壤中筛选到具有较高溶磷效果的真菌15株,经鉴定其中9株为草酸青霉,2株为变幻青霉,1株为刺孢青霉、1株为绿色木霉、1株为黑曲霉、1株为构巢曲霉。15株真菌能够显著降低PDB溶液的pH值,其中5株能够将溶液的pH从7.0降到2.0以下。实验室平板和土培试验发现菌株Z15+、ZQ3、ZI1、Zh和Z30能够在以玉米根系分泌物为C源的平板和土壤中很好地生长、定殖,表明这5株菌能够有效利用玉米的根系分泌物。将这5株菌进行盆栽种植玉米,菌株ZI1和Zh处理后,能显著的提高土壤中的有效磷含量,在第49天时,有效磷含量分别高于土壤初始含量的28.05%和37.04%,收获的玉米干重比对照分别高26.04%和20.21%。将菌株ZI1和Zh制成菌剂进行大田试验,试验结果表明菌剂Zh使大田玉米产量提高13.22%,达到10873.05 kg/hm2。而使用ZI1菌剂的大田玉米产量与CK相比没有显著差异。【结论】本实验获得的适应玉米的溶磷菌株Zh为构巢曲霉。     

生物有机肥料中微生物活菌有效性的研究

黑龙江省科学院从,1993年起,采用组合筛选方式,筛选出互不拮抗的固氮菌、溶磷菌、解钾菌及产生植物生长刺激素和抑制植物病原微生物活动的菌株,组成最佳复合菌组,采用全封闭式的现代发酵设备生产出菌剂,添加限量的化肥和微量元素,研制出一种多功能生物有机肥料。于1996年...     

反硝化除磷戈登氏菌属的富集及其菌剂制备

【背景】投加微生物菌剂是强化生物处理效能的重要手段,反硝化是污水脱氮除磷的关键步骤,但目前对于反硝化微生物菌剂相关的研究报道较少。【目的】驯化高效反硝化聚磷菌菌剂,并对系统进行生物强化。【方法】采用两阶段法快速富集反硝化聚磷菌,筛选高效脱氮除磷功能菌株NC1-1并进行鉴定,以NC1-1为菌种来源制备干粉菌剂,研究菌剂强化A²SBR系统污水处理效果。【结果】历经36 d后反硝化聚磷菌富集成功,菌株NC1-1经鉴定属于戈登氏菌属,其脱氮除磷率分别为89.46%和91.68%。麦麸、玉米粉配比为85%:15%、NC1-1投菌量为20 mL、发酵液用量20 mL的条件下成功制得干粉菌剂,干粉菌剂最佳投加量为10%的A²SBR系统总磷（total phosphorus,TP）和NO₃^--N去除率比未投加菌剂的A²SBR系统提高12.06%和11.52%。【结论】菌剂NC1-1的投加使A²SBR系统的污染物去除效能进一步提高,研究结果为进一步研究反硝化聚磷菌菌剂提供了...     

两株绿脓杆菌对石油污染土壤的修复作用

本文旨在研究环境条件下微生物对石油污染土壤的修复情况。从矿井周边土样定向筛选出两株绿脓杆菌,摇瓶降解实验发现,两菌混合培养10 d原油降解率达到95.67%,比单菌培养提高至少32%,即两菌对原油降解具有协同作用。根据降解实验结果制备了混合修复菌剂,并且人工构建石油污染场地,展开中试场地修复试验,模拟不同的操作条件下土壤中原油的降解情况。经60 d修复发现,添加了菌剂的场地,石油烃含量下降趋势明显,每克土壤中石油烃含量从初始的0.8%降至0.1%–0.3%,其中额外添加有机肥作为补充碳氮源的场地,总石油烃降解率最高,达到85.28%。而未添加菌剂的对照组石油烃含量仅减少25.85%。     

微生物菌剂对猪粪堆肥中细菌群落结构的影响

以猪粪和小麦秸秆做堆肥试验,处理组添加外源微生物菌剂,利用常规方法对堆肥样品进行理化性状测定,采用高通量测序技术分析堆肥过程中细菌群落特征。理化性状测定结果表明: 添加外源菌剂可延长堆肥高温时间,降低堆肥发酵末期的pH,增加全氮含量,加快C/N的下降。主成分分析表明: 外源菌剂影响堆肥样品细菌群落的稳定性。门分类水平上,厚壁菌门、变形菌门和绿弯菌门的相对丰度在处理组中较高;纲分类水平上,梭状芽孢杆菌纲、α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲在处理组的升温期和高温期相对丰度增加;科分类水平上,小单孢菌科和梭状芽孢杆菌纲的消化链球菌科、梭菌科以及盐厌氧菌科的相对丰度在处理组的升温期和高温期均呈上升趋势。Pearson相关性分析表明,盐胞菌属与外源菌剂呈显著正相关,而氨苄芽孢杆菌属与外源菌剂呈显著负相关。研究表明,猪粪堆肥中添加外源菌剂可使堆肥的理化性质和细菌群落结构均发生显著变化。     

L-赖氨酸高产菌的选育及发酵培养基的优化

目的:获得L-赖氨酸高产菌及得到最优的发酵培养基.方法:以黄色短杆菌(Brebvibacterium flavum)XQ-8为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯(DES)、亚硝基胍(NTG)逐级诱变处理,在发酵培养基中添加乙酸和乙醇,在发酵过程中添加吐温-80和二甲基亚砜.结果:获得一株L-赖氨酸高产菌XQ-89(SGгVal-),摇瓶发酵72h赖氨酸产量达到77g/L,对乙酸、吐温-80和玉米浆三因素利用响应面分析法(Response Surface Methodology)对其添加量进行优化.当乙酸、吐温-80及玉米浆的添加量分别为0.32%、0.66%、1.5%时赖氨酸达到94g/L,比优化前提高22.1%.结论:筛选的(SGгVal-)标记是有利于L-赖氨酸的积累,添加乙酸和吐温-80对提高L-赖氨酸的产量是有效的.     

氮磷含量对微生物修复油污土壤的影响

以甘肃西峰市油田附近土壤中的土著微生物为菌源,富集培养、筛选分离得到5种菌属的降解石油菌。通过向油污土壤中添加尿素、磷酸氢二铵的现场试验,历时63 d。研究了氮、磷含量在由5种菌制得的混合菌剂对油污的降解中的影响。结果表明,人为增加土壤中氮、磷元素对混合微生物菌剂修复油污土壤具有显著促进效果。在含油量1.5%和3%的污染土壤中,氮、磷元素的变化表现为两个阶段,前28 d氮、磷含量迅速减少,后35 d氮、磷含量变化表现出波动性,且在浓度为3%的污染土壤中,微生物菌剂的修复效果更为明显,最大降油率达到52.5%。利用GC-MS测定分析混合菌剂对石油主要成分藿烷的降解程度和演化规律的研究表明,混合菌剂对油污土壤中霍烷类化合物的降解均在80%以上,降解率较高,其中最高的是芒柄花根烷,达到86.3%.     

产聚谷氨酸菌株的筛选及菌株发酵液对玉米幼苗抗旱性的作用

聚谷氨酸(poly-γ-glutamic acid,γ-PGA)作为新型生物保水剂,具有重要的农业应用价值。从纳豆和豆豉样品中分离筛选到2株聚谷氨酸产生菌Y2与P1。经形态、生理生化特征以及16S r RNA序列分析,鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。研究分析聚谷氨酸产生菌发酵液对土壤持水性以及干旱胁迫下玉米抗旱能力的影响。结果表明,Y2和P1菌株发酵液对土壤水分蒸发有明显的减缓效果。与对照相比,施加聚谷氨酸发酵液土壤含水率提高近4%。同时增强玉米幼苗的抗旱性,显著提高了玉米幼苗地上部和地下部生物量。菌株P1的发酵液可使玉米幼苗的地上与地下生物量分别提高40.70%与19.59%。Biolog ECO结果显示,添加菌株Y2和P1的聚谷氨酸发酵液未显著影响土壤中常见微生物群落的代谢多样性和均度。本研究的聚谷氨酸发酵液是一种安全的生物保水剂,可扩大应用于田间生态系统,以增强土壤保水性及植被的抗旱能力。     

一株高效拮抗向日葵菌核菌的细菌菌株YC16的筛选及其作用效果研究

[目的]筛选高效拮抗向日葵菌核菌的细菌菌株,为开发防治菌核菌病害、提高向日葵产量的生物菌剂提供菌种资源。[方法]以羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、小麦秸秆纤维素为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基,分离高效降解纤维素的细菌菌株;采用纤维素降解菌与菌核菌的平板对峙方法,进一步筛选拮抗菌核菌的菌株;利用16S rDNA序列鉴定菌株、PDYA平板对峙实验检验上述所选拮抗菌株的抑菌谱;采用离体向日葵新鲜叶片、草炭土基质盆栽实验,观察拮抗菌菌株抑制菌核菌生长的能力;温室盆栽和田间试验条件下,研究其防治向日葵菌核菌病害、促进生长和提高产量的效果。[结果]筛选了一株高效抑制菌核菌的细菌YC16,经过16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌。YC16菌株能够抑制8种病原真菌生长,包括齐整小核菌、腐皮镰孢菌、尖孢镰刀菌、稻梨孢、辣椒疫霉、镰刀菌、尖镰孢黄瓜专化型和向日葵菌核菌;抑制菌核菌感染叶片,抑制率达到了80.42%;抑制盆栽基质中菌核菌的菌丝生长,基质表面菌丝密度比对照减少了50%以上。盆栽接种YC16的向日葵生物量比对照提高54.9%,田间向日葵接种YC16菌剂对菌核菌引发的盘腐病防治效果达39%-100%,产量提高24.4%-30.2%。[结论]YC16生物菌剂施用于土壤,能够有效防治向日葵的茎腐病和盘腐病,展现了防治向日葵菌核病和提高产量的双重效果,是一株具有良好应用前景的高效菌种资源。     

Efficacy of antimicrobial filter treatments on microbial colonization of air panel filters

AIMS: To assess the activity of biostatic agents on the microbial colonization of panel filters. METHODS AND RESULTS: Microfibre glass acrylic filters, both used and unused, were examined for the presence of microorganisms. Test strains were used to verify microbial colonization of filter media. Antimicrobial agents were applied to the filter media and tested for their ability to reduce microbial colonization. The integrity of the panel filters and the antimicrobial activity trends of the filter media treated with antimicrobials were verified. A filtration efficiency test was carried out on the treated filters to evaluate filtration performance. Filters treated with antimicrobials demonstrated markedly less microbial colonization (density and varieties of species), higher filtration efficiency and delayed deterioration of the filter. CONCLUSIONS: The most important results of this study are the demonstration of preservation of the integrity of the filters and the lower release of microorganisms from treated filters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These results contribute to the resolution of problems concerning the microbial contamination of panel filters in the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems commonly used in the electronic industry, pharmaceutical industry, hospitals and other environments where the absence of contaminating particles and microorganisms is required.     

Unraveling the potential and constraints associated with corn steep liquor as a nutrient source for industrial fermentations

Costly complex media components such as yeast extract and peptone are still widely used in industrial bioprocesses, despite their ill-defined composition. Side stream products such as corn steep liquor (CSL) present a compelling economical alternative that contains valuable nutrients required for microbial growth, that is, nitrogen and amino acids, but also vitamins, trace elements, and other minerals. However, as a side stream product, CSL may be subject to batch-to-batch variations and compositional heterogeneity. In this study, the Respiration Activity MOnitoring System designed for shake flasks (RAMOS) and 96-well microtiter plates (μTOM) were applied to investigate the potential and constraints of CSL utilization for two model microorganisms: E. coli and B. subtilis. Considering the dry substance content of complex nutrients involved, CSL-based media are more efficient in biomass production than the common lysogeny broth (LB) medium, containing 5 g/L yeast extract, 10 g/L peptone, and 5 g/L NaCl. At a glucose to CSL (glucose/CSL, g/g) ratio of 1/1 (g/g) and 2/1 (g/g), a secondary substrate limitation occurred in E. coli and B. subtilis cultivations, respectively. The study sheds light on differences in the metabolic activity of the two applied model organisms between varying CSL batches, which relate to CSL origin and production process, as well as the effect of targeted nutrient supplementation. Through a targeted nutrient supplementation, the most limiting component of the CSL-glucose medium used for these applied model microorganisms was identified to be ammonium nitrogen. This study proves the suitability of CSL as an alternative nutrient source for E. coli and B. subtilis. The RAMOS and μTOM technique detected differences between CSL batches, allowing easy and early identification of varying batches. A consistent performance of the CSL batches in E. coli and B. subtilis cultivations was demonstrated.     

Effects of antimicrobial treatment on fiberglass-acrylic filters

AIMS: The aims of the present study were to: (i) analyse a group of antimicrobial agents and to select the most active against test microbial strains; (ii) test the effect of the antimicrobial treatment on air filters in order to reduce microbial colonization. METHODS AND RESULTS: Different kinds of antimicrobial agents were analysed to assess their compatibility with the production process of air filter media. The minimal inhibitory concentration for each antimicrobial agent was determined against a defined list of microbial strains, and an antimicrobial activity assay of filter prototypes was developed to determine the most active agent among the compatible antimicrobials. Then, the most active was chosen and added directly to the filter during the production process. The microbial colonization of treated and untreated filter media was assessed at different working times for different incubation times by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope analysis. Some of the antimicrobial agents analysed were more active against microbial test strains and compatible with the production process of the filter media. Filter sections analysis of treated filter media showed a significantly lower microbial colonization than those untreated, a reduction of species both in density and varieties and of the presence of bacteria and fungal hyphae with reproductive structures. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the ability of antimicrobial treatments to inhibit the growth of micro-organisms in filter media and subsequently to increase indoor air quality (IAQ), highlighting the value of adding antimicrobials to filter media. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: To make a contribution to solving the problem of microbial contamination of air filters, by demonstrating the efficacy of incorporating antimicrobial agents in the filter media to improve IAQ and health.     

Implementation of a biotechnological process for vat dyeing with woad

The traditional process for vat dyeing with woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) basically relies on microbial reduction of indigo to its soluble form, leucoindigo, through a complex fermentative process. In the 19th century, cultivation of woad went into decline and use of synthetic indigo dye and chemical reduction agents was established, with a consequent negative impact on the environment due to the release of polluting wastewaters by the synthetic dyeing industry. Recently, the ever-growing demand for environmentally friendly dyeing technologies has led to renewed interest in ecological textile traditions. In this context, this study aims at developing an environmentally friendly biotechnological process for vat dyeing with woad to replace use of polluting chemical reduction agents. Two simple broth media, containing yeast extract or corn steep liquor (CSL), were comparatively evaluated for their capacity to sustain the growth and reducing activity of the strain Clostridium isatidis DSM 15098(T). Subsequently, the dyeing capacity of the CSL medium added with 140?g?L(-1) of woad powder, providing 2.4?g?L(-1) of indigo dye, was evaluated after fermentation in laboratory bioreactors under anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions. In all fermentations, a sufficiently negative oxidation/reduction potential for reduction of indigo was reached as early as 24?h and maintained up to the end of the monitoring period. However, clearly faster indigo dye reduction was seen in the broth cultures fermented under strict anaerobiosis, thus suggesting the suitability of the N(2) flushing strategy for enhancement of bacterial-driven indigo reduction.     

Ribotyping of adherent Lactobacillus from weaning pigs: a basis for probiotic selection based on diet and gut compartment

Dietary inoculates for weaned pigs often include lacobacilli, but the effects of age and diet on the ecology of adherent lactobacilli are not well known. Four experimental treatments included 16 newborn piglets: a pre-weaning treatment (PW) included four pigs that were sacrificed at 28 days of age; a sow treatment (Sow) had four pigs that remained with the sow (Sow) from 28 to 38 days of age and were sacrificed at 38 days of age; and two treatments in which four pigs each, were placed on a corn-soy diet with (CSL), or without (CS) 40% lactose. Adherent lactobacilli were isolated from the pars esophagus, ileum, and cecum, and characterised phenotypically. A 23S rDNA probe hydrized toEcoRI orPstI digested DNA, and a 74.8% cut-off individualize isolates into 36 clusters. The most predominant strains found in the Sow, CSL, and CS treatments were the same, but different strains predominated in the PW animals. The most predominant strains found in the pars esophagus and ileum were the same, but different strains predominated in the cecum.     

保护地土传病害枯萎病和疫霉病生防菌剂的田间试验

为了克服保护地栽培作物的连作障碍,针对筛选的拮抗引起土传病害的枯萎病菌和疫霉病菌的微生物菌种进行了混合生防菌剂的制备,测定了制备菌剂中的菌体数量和抑菌活性;在人工接种的条件下研究了制备菌剂的生防效果;在保护地中试验了混合菌剂对枯萎病和疫霉病的防效。结果表明:制备的单菌剂中含有的活菌体数量能达到108 cfu/g以上,混合菌剂中每个菌种的活菌体数量能达到105 cfu/g,并且菌剂的粗提物中存在明显的抑制枯萎病菌和疫霉病菌的抑菌物质。在人工接种盆栽试验中单菌剂和混合菌剂对枯萎病和疫霉病均有一定的防效,其中混合菌剂对两种病害的防效均达到80%以上。混合菌剂田间实验对枯萎病和疫霉病防效能达到70%以上。     

Characterization and evaluation of corn steep liquid in acetone-butanol-ethanol production by Clostridium acetobutylicum

Corn steep liquor (CSL) obtained from a commercial starch manufacturing process was analyzed and tested as a complex nutrient source for ABE (acetone, butanol, and ethanol) production by Clostridium acetobutylicum PJC4BK_AdhE1. CSL contained a wealth of trace elements and nitrogenous components, proteins and amino acids. ABE production increased the content of CSL was raised up to 6% (v/v) in medium and then decreased at higher contents. In 6% CSL-containing medium, C. acetobutylicum PJC4BK_AdhE1 produced 21.4 g/L of ABE with a yield of 0.41 g/g in 18 h of fermentation. Although the final titer of ABE was similar in CSL containing media and Clostridial Growth Medium (CGM, containing yeast extract and asparagines as complex nutrients), the yield and productivity of ABE in 6% CSL-containing medium were found to be higher than 32 and 26%, respectively.     

A Low-Cost Fermentation Medium for Thermophilic Protease Production by Streptomyces sp. 594 Using Feather Meal and Corn Steep Liquor

Protease production by Streptomyces sp. 594 was obtained after submerged fermentation (SF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) using feather meal (FM) and corn steep liquor (CSL) as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. Enzyme productions were 13.4 U ml⁻¹ in SF and 21.5 U g⁻¹ in SSF; these values were approximately 86% and 39% higher, respectively, than those obtained previously when yeast extract was used in place of CSL. The proteases, which belong to the serine and metalloproteinase classes, were active at high temperatures (55°C to 90°C) and over a wide range of pH values (5.0 to 10.0). Thus, these thermophilic proteases have shown interesting properties for industrial purposes. As far as we are concerned, this is the first contribution toward the microbial production of thermophilic proteases by a streptomycete using a low-cost medium composed of industrial poultry (FM) and corn processing by-products (CSL).     

生态工程领域微生物菌剂研究进展

阐述了微生物菌剂在生态工程领域的应用范围、效果和国内外的研究状况,总结了目前微生物菌剂研制中菌种的选育方法和常用的几类菌,并通过系统举例介绍了乳酸菌、酵母菌、光合细菌、芽孢杆菌这些常用菌种在污染物处理方面的效果及在废水处理生态工程方面的相关研究进展。同时,阐明了微生物混合培养技术在复合菌剂研究中的重要性,对微生物菌剂的作用机理进行了探讨,指出了目前关于微生物菌剂的研究大多只是集中于应用效果方面,而对作用机理研究得不够深入,以及复合菌系中微生物相互作用和影响的复杂性,并对此提出了一些建议。最后,对微生物菌剂的应用前景进行了展望。     

玉米浆在产甘油假丝酵母甘油发酵中的作用机理

以复合培养基和合成培养基进行比较发酵,研究了玉米浆在产甘油假丝酵母甘油发酵过程中的作用机理。结果表明:玉米浆中的磷、氮和微量元素是影响产甘油假丝酵母甘油发酵的3个关键因素。当玉米浆磷浓度为121·75mg/L(玉米浆浓度为14g/L),最大甘油转化率达到53·44%。玉米浆磷可以调节EMP途径与HMP途径之间碳架代谢流的分布,随着玉米浆浓度进一步增加,过量磷能抑制HMP途径而激活EMP途径,因而复合培养基各项发酵参数的变化非常显著。玉米浆氮对磷的调节功能有协同作用,但并不是产甘油假丝酵母甘油发酵的理想氮源。玉米浆中的微量元素能够显著提高葡萄糖的消耗速率、促进菌体的生长和增加甘油的产量。