几种植物油对松突圆蚧初孵若虫的忌避作用试验

苦楝油、印楝油、橡胶籽油对松突圆蚧初孵若虫均有很强的忌避作用。无论是选择性试验还是非选择性试验,用上述3种植物油的2％浓度处理,在喷药后1天接虫,忌避率均在90％左右。喷药后5天接虫,忌避作用仍很强,与喷药后1天的差异不显著。喷药后第10天,忌避率才显著下降,但仍在50％以上。3种植物油对松突圆蚧孵若虫的忌避作用没有显著差异。     

松突圆蚧数量、环境因子及马尾松受危害程度三者间的相关性分析

本文旨在找出重要的指标,从而揭示松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi的数量变化与环境因素变化、马尾松Pinus massoniana所受危害程度间相互存在的重要关系。于福建省松突圆蚧发生区选取了4块调查标准样地,对松突圆蚧的6个数量指标和6个环境因子及其对马尾松受危害程度进行了调查,并对调查结果进行了综合相关系数分析。结果表明,环境因子与松突圆蚧数量指标之间存在显著的综合负相关,全N、全P、温度、雌成虫虫口密度、雄成虫虫口密度、2龄若虫虫口密度都是重要指标。松突圆蚧数量指标与马尾松受危害程度之间存在显著的综合正向相关性,环境因子与马尾松受危害程度之间不存在显著的综合相关性。综合相关系数分析所得的各种结果之间非常协调一致,与实际也基本相符。结论认为:环境因子对松突圆蚧数量变化有重要影响,松突圆蚧数量变化对马尾松危害程度有重要影响,而环境因子对马尾松危害程度影响不大;综合相关系数分析法是科学合理的,有一定的创新性和实用性,值得推广研究。     

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的生物学

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂Cocvobius azumai Tachikawa是松突圆蚧Hemiberlesla pitysophila Takagi的重要寄生蜂,1987-1989年从日本引入我国广东省。对松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的形态、发育、繁殖、成虫寿命和取食寄主行为等生物学特征进行了观察。该蜂的雌性幼虫是松突圆蚧雌蚧的初级内寄生蜂,而雄性幼虫则是次级寄生蜂,重寄生在同种或它种膜翅目的老熟幼虫、预蛹和蛹上。雌雄两性的形态在所有发育阶段均不相同。交配过的雄蜂喜欢寄生产卵初期和盛期的雌成蚧,对巳寄生的寄主具有识别能力。在19.7℃一30.9℃变温条件下每头雌蜂平均产卵14.95粒,约60%的卵是在最初3天内产出。松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂雌性蜂在21℃,24℃,27℃和30℃时从卵发育到成虫的平均历期分别为41.24,32.60,25.60和23.00天,发育起点温度10.1℃,有效积温448.3日度。该蜂在广东省一年发生。9-10代。     

4种杀虫剂防治松突圆蚧的野外试验

采用平均虫口数、有虫针束率和危害程度3个指标评价毒死蜱、杀扑磷、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉4种杀虫剂对松突圆蚧的种群及危害动态的影响和野外防治效果。结果表明：4种杀虫剂均可产生有效影响,表现为阶段性显降低松突圆蚧种群数量、有虫针束率和危害程度等指标;其中杀扑磷、毒死蜱和噻虫嗪的的显作用期长(60d以上),吡虫啉的显作用期短(60d以下);这种影响主要源于施药后0—60d内杀虫剂对松突圆蚧的有效控制。在毒死蜱、杀扑磷和噻虫嗪作用下,松突圆蚧平均虫口数的校正减退率60d后均高于60％,其余指标则低于50％,但相对较高,可以在生产上使用。     

花角蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的控制效能及其稳定作用的评估

从日本冲绳引入的松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂Coccobius azumati Tachikawa是1989年在惠东 县首批释放定居成功的。经五年系统研究表明,花角蚜小蜂释放一年后,在中心区50m以内最高寄生率达55.8%～64.2%,雌蚧密度由每针束3.14头下降为0.64头;二年后控制松突圆蚧的有效半径增至300m左右,寄生率稳定在20.8%～32.9%,每针束雌蚧密度保持在0.6头左右,二者处于低密度的平衡状态。未放蜂对照区的雌蚧密度则由每针束3.40头上升到4.22头,高出放蜂区5～10倍。此外本报告还对花角蚜小蜂的扩散速度、种间竞争能力和数量稳定水平作了探讨和分析,得出瘦柄花翅蚜小蜂Marietta cdrnesi(Howard)在花角蚜小蜂释放区内的重寄生率仅为3.1%～5.3%,对花角蚜小蜂的控制效能没有影响的结论。     

松突圆蚧冷冻试验及其潜在地理范围北界的推测

松突圆蚧(Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi)受冻死亡者身体上出现深色的斑带.在同一时间处理下处理温度与松突圆蚧存活率存在明显的 S 形曲线关系 sin~(-1)(2S-1)=A+Bt.3～24小时的冷冻试验可得处理时间与致死中量的回归方程 Lt_(50)=-8.5165+2.6043lnh.-10℃下24小时,99%以上死亡.预测松突圆蚧潜在的分布北界为北纬32～33°之间.     

松突圆蚧对不同马尾松家系危害的初步研究

对受松突圆蚧危害的28个马尾松家系相关的6个指标进行主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨了28个马尾松家系抗松突圆蚧危害的特点。结果表明,家系330、386、318、246、465、662、CK1、232等8个家系不易受松突圆蚧侵害;家系439、458、469等3个家系易受松突圆蚧侵害。     

松突圆蚧及友恩蚜小蜂空间分布型和种群消长动态研究

通过对广东省试验林区内松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi及其本地种寄生蜂友恩蚜小蜂Encarsia amicula Viggiani et Ren林间空间分布型和种群消长动态的调查研究发现:两者空间分布型相吻合,都为均匀分布;两者在林间全年种群消长曲线均呈"S"型变化。松突圆蚧种群密度高峰期出现在3月下旬至4月下旬,友恩蚜小蜂种群密度高峰期则分别出现在2月下旬和4月下旬至5月中旬。另外友恩蚜小蜂对松突圆蚧的寄生率全年共出现2个高峰期,分别是2月下旬和4月下旬至6月上旬。结果表明,友恩蚜小蜂和寄主松突圆蚧在林间时空发生规律具有高度一致性。     

松突圆蚧种群动态研究

对松突圆蚧为害时间不同的两个调查区的松突圆蚧种群动态进行调查,建立了相应的数学模型．对松突圆蚧种群的全年种群波动规律运用带时滞效应的Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ模型进行拟合,通过内禀增长率ｒ和时滞τ的拟合值对种群出现的周期性波动作出解释．     

不同抗性马尾松针叶中营养物质含量与对松突圆蚧抗性关系的判别分析

为了探讨马尾松Pinus massoniana针叶营养物质含量与其对松突圆蚧Hemiberlesia pitysophila Takagi抗性的关系, 选择了不同抗性的10个马尾松家系, 分别测定未受松突圆蚧危害植株与受害植株针叶中可溶性糖、 总糖、 可溶性蛋白、 全N、 游离氨基酸、 粗脂肪等营养物质的含量和总糖/全N等7个指标, 并采用判别分析法分析这7个指标与马尾松家系对松突圆蚧抗性的关系。结果表明：马尾松家系不论是否受松突圆蚧的危害,能明显区别抗性组别的指标都是可溶性蛋白（X₃）、全N（X₄）和游离氨基酸总量（X₇）,随抗性的降低, 它们的含量呈上升趋势, 受害植株中上述3个指标的含量低于未受害植株; 受害后, 各指标变化量中能明显区别抗性组别的是全N（X₄）, 随着植株抗性的降低, 针叶中的可溶性蛋白（X₃）、全N（X₄）和游离氨基酸总量（X₇）的含量变化量减小。据此得出：（1）可溶性蛋白（X₃）、全N（X₄）和游离氨基酸总量（X₇）是与抗性关系最密切的指标, 含量与抗性呈负相关关系,变化量与抗性呈正相关关系;（2）受到危害后, 无论含量或变化量, 7个指标都发生了重要变化, 都表现出与抗性的相关性, 构成了有效判别函数的组成变量;（3）因判别分析方法可以分析各指标的综合作用, 应用该方法分析各营养成分与马尾松对松突圆蚧抗性的关系, 比用方差分析和多重比较方法更有优越性。上述研究结果为抗松突圆蚧马尾松家系的选育及其抗性机理的深入研究, 提供了重要的科学参考价值。     

β-环糊精包合红松籽油的制备工艺及生物利用度评价

介绍了单因素法优化红松籽油包合物的制备工艺,在最优条件下制备的红松籽油包合物固化率为70.95%,包合物含油率为26.88%。且对红松籽油和红松籽油包合物脂肪酸组分、粒径、电位和生物利用度进行对比。研究结果表明,包合物中红松籽油的各组分含量与红松籽油中各组分含量无明显差异,其中皮诺敛酸的含量为14%~16%。红松籽油包合物的平均粒径为177.3±2.6 nm,电位为-33.01±1.4 mV。红松籽油包合物组的血药最大浓度（Cmax）是红松籽油组的1.27倍,t1/2a是红松籽油的1.42倍;AUC值是红松籽油1.56倍;平均滞留时间（MRT）是红松籽油的1.04倍。因此,通过本实验说明红松籽油包合物与水溶液形成乳剂,粒径减小,水溶性增大,增加了包合物在体内的t1/2a和平均滞留时间（MRT）,提高了皮诺敛酸在体内的吸收。     

Spraying bananas in Fiji to control black leaf streak disease

Three sprays, maneb in water applied by hydraulic knapsack sprayer and maneb in an oil/water emulsion or an oil/water emulsion alone applied by mistblower were compared for the control of black leaf streak disease of banana caused by Mycosphaerella sp.
Although there were no differences in yield in the 'plant' crop, maneb, especially as a water-based spray, resulted in much better disease control and leaf survival. Oil seemed to have an adverse effect on fruit quality but not on plant growth.
Since it is unlikely that oil alone will adequately control the disease in ratoon crops fungicides may be necessary.     

红松阔叶林中红松种子的分布及更新

天然阔叶红松林的红松种子经过动物活动的处理,在林内呈四个层次的垂直分布．其中在地被物下是以簇状埋藏着,数量相当多,尤其在红松密林中高大树木的周围,这些簇状分布的种子成为红松天然更新的基础。在次生阔叶林中红松种子埋藏量则很小。而埋藏位置与红松幼苗适生生境的不吻合是红松天然更新的主要障碍。     

生物有机肥─—“农富”2号对茶橙瘿蟥的防治效果

“农富”2号肥500倍液喷施茶叶叶面可防治茶橙瘿螨,效果与40％尼索朗乳油800倍液相当。用“农富”2号肥替代尼索朗防治茶橙瘿螨可取得明显的生态效益,能生产出符合国际卫生标准的茶叶。     

中国辽西地区油松针阔混交林生态效益的研究

辽西地区位于北纬40°20′—42°20′,东经119°—122°之间,处于大小凌河流域地区,包括建平、建昌、凌源、朝阳、北票、喀左、义县、锦西、阜新等市县,主要由努鲁儿虎和医巫闾等几条山脉构成西部山地,地势起伏,多为低山丘陵,海拔高度一般在400—1,200米之间。气候属大陆性,冬季漫长,夏季炎热,春秋温和而短促,年平均气温7.0°—9.1℃,绝对最高温42℃,绝对最低温-31.1℃,绝对年温度变化振幅剧烈,可达70℃以上,年平均降     

广东粉褶蕈属的分类研究

本文报道广东省粉褶蕈属Entoloma(Fr.)Kummer的23种,其中新种4个,国内新记录种17个。新种为肉色粉褶蕈Entoloma carneum Bi sp.nov.,拟灰白粉褶蕈Entoloma pseudo-griseoalbum Bi sp.nov.,绒毛粉褶蕈 Entoloma tomentosum Bi sp.nov.以及橙黄粉褶蕈Entoloma aurantiacum Bi sp.nov.。17个国内新纪录是:白粉褶蕈E.albidum(Murr.)Hesler,小白粉褶蕈E.albinellum(Pk.)Hesler,变灰褐粉褶蕈E.canobrunnescens Horak,卡罗琳尼粉褶蕈E.carolinianum Hesler,角柄粉褶蕈E.ceratopus Horak,黄肉色粉褶蕈E.flavocerinum Horak,脆柄粉褶蕈E.fragilipes Corner et Horak,烟色粉褶蕈E.fumeum Hesler,灰色粉褶蕈E.grayanum(Pk.)Sacc.,贺斯同美粉褶蕈E.hallstromii Horak,类洁粉褶蕈E.purddes Horak,方形粉褶蕈E.quadratum(Berk.et Curt.)Horak,圆孢粉褶蕈E.rotundisporum Horak,近白粉褶蕈E.subalbidum Murr.,亚亮粉褶蕈E.sublucidum Murr.,近方形粉褶蕈E.subquadratum Hesler及紫褐粉褶蕈E.violaceobrunneum Hesler。文中有分种检索表     

Cones structure and seed traits of four species of large‐seeded pines: Adaptation to animal‐mediated dispersal

Seed dispersal selection pressures may cause morphological differences in cone structure and seed traits of large‐seeded pine trees. We investigated the cone, seed, and scale traits of four species of animal‐dispersed pine trees to explore the adaptations of morphological structures to different dispersers. The four focal pines analyzed in this study were Chinese white pine (Pinus armandi), Korean pine (P. koraiensis), Siberian dwarf pine (P. pumila), and Dabieshan white pine (P. dabeshanensis). There are significant differences in the traits of the cones and seeds of these four animal‐dispersed pines. The scales of Korean pine and Siberian dwarf pine are somewhat opened after cone maturity, the seeds are closely combined with scales, and the seed coat and scales are thick. The cones of Chinese white pine and Dabieshan white pine are open after ripening, the seeds fall easily from the cones, and the seed coat and seed scales are relatively thin. The results showed that the cone structure of Chinese white pine is similar to that of Dabieshan white pine, whereas Korean pine and Siberian dwarf pine are significantly different from the other two pines and vary significantly from each other. This suggests that species with similar seed dispersal strategies exhibit similar morphological adaptions. Accordingly, we predicted three possible seed dispersal paradigms for animal‐dispersed pines: the first, as represented by Chinese white pine and Dabieshan white pine, relies upon small forest rodents for seed dispersal; the second, represented by Korean pine, relies primarily on birds and squirrels to disperse the seeds; and the third, represented by Siberian dwarf pine, relies primarily on birds for seed dispersal. Our study highlights the significance of animal seed dispersal in shaping cone morphology, and our predictions provide a theoretical framework for research investigating the coevolution of large‐seeded pines and their seed dispersers.     

Volumes of petroleum spray oil required for control of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in mature citrus orchards

Studies on the relationship between volume of spray and suppression of citrus leafminer ( Phyllocnistis citrella ) oviposition by petroleum spray oil on 4 m-high mature orange trees showed a negative exponential relationship between spray volume and the number of mines per leaf. Significant reductions in the number of mines per leaf compared to unsprayed trees was achieved at spray volumes of ≥ 3300 L/ha using oscillating boom and at ≥ 3200 L/ha using rotary atomiser sprayers. However, improvements in efficacy at volumes over 3200–3300 L/ha were not significant and so of little practical value. The optimal spray volumes for citrus leafminer control are therefore suggested to be 3000–3500 L/ha. No significant difference in effectiveness was found between the oscillating boom at 3300 L/ha and a rotary atomiser at 3200 L/ha. The effect of oil spray on the citrus leafminer parasitoid Semielacher petiolatus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was inconsistent. Improved droplet deposition and coalescence may enhance the coverage of new growths and increase the efficacy of oil spray for protection of plants from oviposition.     

Phenology, natural enemies, and efficacy of horticultural oil for control of Chionaspis heterophyllae (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Christmas tree plantations

Pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), and Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley are important pests of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L., and other conifers in much of North America. On Christmas tree plantations, these insects are typically controlled by spraying broad-spectrum insecticides when the vulnerable immature stages are present. However, effective control of bivoltine populations can be difficult to achieve due to asynchronous hatch and development of the second generation. Our objectives were to 1) determine the phenology of the second generation of C. heterophyllae in Michigan; 2) characterize the natural enemy complex; and 3) assess the effectiveness of horticultural oil for control of C. heterophyllae on P. sylvestris Christmas tree plantations. We monitored scale populations in three counties in lower Michigan for 3 yr. Scale phenology was consistently associated with cumulative degree-days base 10 degrees C (DD(10 degrees C)). Second-generation egg hatch began at approximately 1230-1300 DD(10 degrees C), and continued for approximately 3 wk. The peak of the second instar coincided with 1500-1600 DD(10 degrees C). Common predators included the coccinellids Chilocorus stigma (Say) and Microweisia misella (LeConte). On average, 70% of the C. heterophyllae population in unsprayed fields was killed by predators in 1999. Two endoparasitic wasps, Encarsia bella Gahan and Marietta mexicana Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), also were recovered. In 2000 and 2001, we applied a highly refined horticultural spray oil with a backpack mist blower at 1500-1600 DD(10 degrees). Scale mortality on trees treated with oil ranged from 66 to 80% and was similar to control achieved using conventional insecticides in both years.     

Fast R-CNN深度学习和无人机遥感相结合在松材线虫病监测中的初步应用研究

松材线虫病因其破坏性强、传播速度快和防治难度大等特点,严重威胁着我国的松林资源.及时发现、定位和清理病死松树是控制松材线虫病蔓延的有效手段.本研究利用小型无人机获得松材线虫病疫点的可见光和多光谱的航摄影像.根据松树针叶颜色变化,将松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus侵染的松树分为病树和枯死树两种类型.将无人机遥感正摄影像图切割成瓦片图,根据不同植被指数的特征差异,筛选出含病树和枯死树的瓦片图.训练Fast R-CNN深度学习框架形成最终模型,通过模型运算获得病枯死松树的分布地图及坐标点位置.研究结果显示Fast R-CNN深度学习和无人机遥感相结合能有效识别出病树和枯死树,正确率分别达到90％和82％,漏检率分别为23％和34％,可为大面积监测松材线虫病的发生现状和流行动态、评估防控效果和灾害损失提供技术支撑.