几种细辛属观赏植物

马兜铃科细辛属（AsarumL．）植物全世界约有90种。我国约有40种,主要分布于长江以南各省区、少数分布在北方。该属植物绝大部分种类在我国作为药用具有悠久的历史。然而,该属植物部分种类作为室内观赏花卉同样具有很高的价值。该属植物日本已培育了许多观赏品种,其中春草园株式会社出版的一本广告宣传画册,列出品种100多种,主要有观花类（尾状花、大花类）、观叶类（叶色及叶面云班）、观叶观花类（花形与面色斑）等。我国该属植物资源十分丰富,目前国内尚未见有关该属植物用作观赏花卉方面的研究报道。因此该属植物作为一种新的室…     

珠三角人居绿地木本植物数量特征研究

采用典型抽样法选取珠三角地区6 市的40 个居住区, 全面分析了使用的园林木本植物种类组成、植物来源和物种多样性等指标, 旨在为园林植物景观设计提供科学依据。研究表明: 研究地共有木本植物161 种, 其中乔木118种、灌木43 种(含观赏竹类9 种), 分属57 科115 属; 产于中国的种类占62.1%, 国外引进种占37.9%; 乔木类别中以观叶观形树种和观花树种为主, 两者占总种类比例达54%, 灌木类别中以观叶观形的为主, 占总种类的14.9%, 重要值前列的美丽异木棉、细叶榄仁、银海枣、大叶伞、黄花鸡蛋花、凤凰木、大王椰子、桃花心木、簕杜鹃等种类已经在本地区引种多年, 与乡土植物种类无明显差异, 代表了华南地区的植物景观特色, 种植设计时可以优先选用。     

鹞落坪保护区模式地植物及乡土观赏树种研究

首次详细记录了鹞落坪国家级自然保护区模式地植物及其命名过程,并介绍保护区内具有较高观赏价值的乡土木本植物186种,隶属于53科104属,其中观花树木类50种;观形树木类37种;观果树木类18种;观叶树木类15种;树桩盆景与盆花类15种;行道树类21种;垂直绿化类25种;观赏竹类5种。对观赏特性和园林用途进行了初步探讨,以期为城市绿化及相关研究与资源利用提供参考。     

哈巴雪山自然保护区野生观赏植物调查研究

通过对哈巴雪山自然保护区维管植物144科594属1734种的观赏性调查分析,共发现哈巴雪山共有野生观赏植物73科167属429种,占保护区维管植物种类的25.18%,其中木本植物141种,草本植物275种(含蕨类植物12种),藤本植物9种。野生观赏植物中数目占优势的科是蔷薇科、杜鹃花科、龙胆科、报春花科、毛茛科、百合科、兰科和玄参科。观花、观叶、观果、观姿态这几类分别占观赏植物总数的81.65%、12.00%、8.00%和4.00%。在园林应用上主要包括园景类、盆景类、花灌木类、花坛花镜类和花丛等几类,它们分别占总中数的12.47%、15.76%、17.41%、22.83%和21.18%。文中对保护区在野生观赏植物资源的保护与利用前景方面进行了探讨。     

深圳市观花植物资源调查及观赏特性研究

为了掌握深圳市观花植物应用情况, 采用典型样地法, 对深圳市城市森林观花植物的种类、习性以及其观赏特性进行调查和分析, 结果表明: 深圳市城市森林观花植物有60 科131 属171 种, 以蝶形花科(Papilionaceae)、茜草科(Rubiaceae)、樟科(Lauraceae)、苏木科(Caesalpiniaceae)和马鞭草科(Verbenaceae)植物为主。深圳市观花植物以乔木类和灌木类占优势, 分别有66 种和57 种, 分别占总物种数的38.60%和33.33%; 而藤本类和草本类分别有22 种和26 种,占总物种数的12.87%和15.20%。深圳市城市森林观花植物花色有红色、黄色、蓝紫色和白色, 其中红花系列37 种, 黄花系列55 种, 蓝紫花系有14 种, 白花系列有65 种, 分别占总物种数的21.64%、32.16%、8.19%和38.01%。深圳市观花植物全年开花不断, 主要集中在 4-8 月份; 观花植物花期较长, 绝大多数种类的花期在1 个月以上。     

广州高校校园植物调查与景观特色评价

对广州市6所代表性高校校园植物实地调查。结果表明,6所高校共有维管植物356种,隶属87科215属。其中,校园主入口绿地区域共记录98种植物,主要应用观花、观叶植物,采用乔木+灌木+草本的垂直结构多层次配置植物景观;主干道区域共使用植物59种,以乡土树种为主;主建筑绿地区域内共应用植物97种,植物种类丰富,景观特色突出;广场绿地区域共记录植物85种,其中观花、观叶类灌木应用频率较高,观赏效果好。     

上海地区花卉节肢动物群落组成调查

2006年2月至2007年1月对上海地区60余种花卉生境中节肢动物群落组成进行了调查,把采集的节肢动物按营养关系分为植食类、捕食类、寄生类、其它类等4个功能团。根据鉴定结果,植食类共121种,捕食类22种,寄生类12科,其它类13科。其中,16种节肢动物为上海地区首次报道。植食类、捕食类、寄生类和其它类的相对丰富度分别为78.10%、5.61%、2.44%和13.85%。保护花卉生境中的捕食性和寄生性天敌种类是花卉生产生态化管理的重要任务之一。     

汾河源头野生花卉资源调查及利用与保护对策

对汾河源头野生花卉资源的种类、分布、生长环境等进行了调查研究,结果发现汾河源头野生花卉有284种,隶属于30科122属。它们具有独特的观赏和生态特性,可用于园林绿化、医药、工业等行业,但目前开发利用较少。针对这些问题,提出了合理的利用及保护对策。     

厦门地区冬季观果与观花植物及其园林应用分析

通过实地调查,对厦门地区冬季观果和观花园林植物进行统计,分析其生活型、观赏特征、色彩和应用频度。结果表明,厦门冬季具有观赏价值的观果植物有20科22属25种(含种下等级),观花植物有33科51属63种(含种下等级)。厦门冬季观果植物以常绿乔木、灌木为主,果色以红色系为主,高应用频率的观果植物优势不明显;观花植物以乔木为主,花色以红色系、黄色系为主,高应用频率的观花植物优势明显,开花呈衬式花相的种类占多数。厦门冬季观果与观花植物资源较为丰富,但冬季表现较好的观果种类较少,而一些表现较好的植物未普遍应用,植物景观营造不合理,针对此问题提出改善厦门冬季植物配置的建议。     

湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区野生藤本植物多样性和生态特征

采用野外实地调查、标本采集和室内查证相结合的方法,对湖南黄桑国家级自然保护区野生藤本植物多样性和生态特征进行了系统研究,为湖南黄桑野生藤本植物资源的保护与可持续利用提供依据。结果表明:（1）湖南黄桑自然保护区共有藤本植物45科113属250种,分别占该区种子植物科、属、种的21.13%、13.33%、12.32%,其中蕨类植物3科3属3种,被子植物42科110属247种;在被子植物中,双子叶藤本具有明显的优势,有37科105属223种,单子叶藤本处于次要地位,仅有5科5属24种。（2）该保护区的区系藤本植物中,含10个种以下的科和属分别占总科数、总属数的82.22%和97.35%,优势科主要有葡萄科、毛茛科、蝶形花科、蔷薇科、卫矛科、旋花科、薯蓣科、葫芦科等,优势属主要有铁线莲属、悬钩子属、猕猴桃属、葡萄属、菝葜属、薯蓣属等。（3）在观赏特性方面,该保护区的大部分藤本植物都具有2种以上的观赏特性,其中以观叶的最多,占总种数的92.80%,观茎的最少,仅占总种数的2.00%。（4）在攀援方式方面,该保护区的缠绕藤本植物具有优势,占总种数的46.40%,搭靠类、卷曲类和吸固类较少,分别占总种数的24.40%、18.00%和11.20%。（5）在生活型方面,以高位芽藤本植物为主导,占总种数的80.80%,一年生、地下芽和地上芽藤本植物较少,分别占总种数的10.80%、7.60%和0.80%。（6）在繁育系统方面,以两性花为主,单性花中雌雄异株种数多于雌雄同株,两性花、单性花和杂性花分别占70.40%、28.40%和1.20%。（7）湖南黄桑自然保护区的植物区系组成以热带分布类型为主,热带分布属共有72属,占总属数的63.72%。     

Support for the predictions of the pollinator-mediated stabilizing selection hypothesis

Aims Floral traits are frequently used in traditional plant systematics because of their assumed constancy. One potential reason for the apparent constancy of flower size is that effective pollen transfer between flowers depends on the accuracy of the physical fit between the flower and pollinator. Therefore, flowers are likely to be under stronger stabilizing selection for uniform size than vegetative plant parts. Moreover, as predicted by the pollinator-mediated stabilizing selection (PMSS) hypothesis, an accurate fit between flowers and their pollinators is likely to be more important for specialized pollination systems as found in many species with bilaterally symmetric (zygomorphic) flowers than for species with radially symmetric (actinomorphic) flowers.Methods In a comparative study of 15 zygomorphic and 13 actinomorphic species in Switzerland, we tested whether variation in flower size, among and within individuals, is smaller than variation in leaf size and whether variation in flower size is smaller in zygomorphic compared to actinomorphic species.Important findings Indeed, variation in leaf length was significantly larger than variation in flower length and width. Within-individual variation in flower and leaf sizes did not differ significantly between zygomorphic and actinomorphic species. In line with the predictions of the PMSS, among-individual variation in flower length and flower width was significantly smaller for zygomorphic species than for actinomorphic species, while the two groups did not differ in leaf length variation. This suggests that plants with zygomorphic flowers have undergone stronger selection for uniform flowers than plants with actinomorphic flowers. This supports that the relative uniformity of flowers compared to vegetative structures within species, as already observed in traditional plant systematics, is, at least in part, a consequence of the requirement for effective pollination.     

Morphology and development of the reproductive shoots of Lilaea scilloides (Poir.) Hauman (Alismatidae)

Shoots of adult plants of Lilaea scilloides have a sympodial form. Each unit of the sympodium bears a single sheathing prophyll (which is the only kind of foliage leaf produced in the adult) and terminates in an inflorescence. The prophyll subtends the next unit of the sympodium. A further accessory bud can form in association with each unit. This bud repeats the pattern of the main sympodium, giving the plant a tufted habit. Five different kinds of flower can be identified in the inflorescence: a unisexual male flower with a single perianth member and adnate stamen; a bisexual flower, with a single perianth member and adnate stamen, and a single carpel with an anatropous bitegmic ovule; a unisexual female flower with a single perianth member and carpel; a unisexual female flower comprising only a single carpel; and a female flower comprising only a single carpel with a very long filamentous style. The first four kinds occur in the upper part of the inflorescence which is normally elevated on a scape, while the last kind is restricted to the base of the inflorescence. In the position of the basal flowers several variations have been observed in cultivated material. These include branching associated with the basal flowers, which results in the development of additional basal flowers or inflorescences, and even total replacement of a basal flower by an inflorescence or a branching structure bearing flowers. A review of past literature includes a clarification of some persistent errors which have confused the taxonomic position of the plant and the morphological interpretation of the reproductive appendages.     

高山植物花形态特征对花温度积累的影响

高山生态系统的低温环境不利于植物繁殖器官的发育和传粉过程,因此能改善花内或花序温度的结构对植物繁殖具有积极意义。该研究利用红外测温仪测量了高寒草甸中64种植物的花温度和叶温度以计算花温度积累,并检测了系统发育、花大小、花对称方式和花大小对花温度积累的影响。结果表明:所测量的64种植物种类,花部温度均高于叶部温度。花温度积累的系统发育信号较弱,表明物种间花温度积累的差异可能主要与不同物种对温度的需求有关。花温度积累与花大小存在显著的正相关关系,且两侧对称花的温度积累比辐射对称花更为迅速,但花对称方式和花颜色对花温度积累并没有显著的影响。该研究结果表明花温度积累在不同植物间存在很大的差异,但这些差异对植物繁殖的实际贡献和意义仍需要进一步验证。     

青甘韭花叶开发利用现状与营养品质分析

对产于西藏的青甘韭就其花叶的开发利用现状进行了介绍,并对芳香物质与常规营养品质进行了测试分析。结果表明:(1)产地农牧民将青甘韭在花期采收地上部(包括叶与花)砸碎阴干处理后作为佐料食用。(2)青甘韭具有一定观赏价值,可在花镜、花坛、专题园、林下(作为地被)、假山等景观中应用。(3)青甘韭花和叶中芳香物质含量差异非常明显,在花中检测到23种芳香物质,可分为7大类;在叶中检测到8种芳香物质,可分为3大类;花和叶中共有芳香物质为丙醛、乙醚、二甲基二硫化物、二丙基二硫化物4种,除二甲基二硫化物相对含量在花和叶中比较接近外,其他3种差异巨大。VC、可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量均是花高于叶,花中含量分别是叶中的1.4倍、2.4倍和7.4倍,且均呈极显著差异。     

滇西北野生观赏花卉调查

依据野外调查结果和有关文献资料,运用统计和比较的方法,对滇西北地区野生花卉的多样性进行了研究。结果表明,滇西北野生花卉有83科324属2206种。其中草本花卉1,163种,木本花卉。743种,滇西北特有野生花卉751种,珍稀濒危花卉35种。本文对滇西北地区野生花卉植物的种类、分布、观赏类型、花色、花期、受威胁状况以及特有现象进行了详细地统计分析。发现滇西北地区花卉植物的丰富度依次为丽江、中甸、贡山、德钦、维西、鹤庆、福贡、洱源、大理、兰坪。从垂直分布上看,海拔2400～3000m以及海拔3500m以上的地段花卉植物较为丰富,且特有和珍稀濒危野生花卉植物也较多地集中在这两个地段。按花色紫蓝、橙黄、红、白四大类型分类,则以紫蓝花种类最为丰富(约400种)、橙黄花次之(约230种)、红花较少(约170种)、白花最少(约140种)。     

Reproductive ecology of Viola mirabilis var. subglabra representing intermediate flowering characteristics between stemless and stemmed Viola

Viola (Violaceae) is one of the largest genera in angiosperms. This genus is essentially classified into stemless and stemmed groups based on growth morphology. However, Viola mirabilis var. subglabra is an exception in having intermediate flowering characteristics; cleistogamous (CL) flowers are formed in the axils of stem leaves, whereas chasmogamous (CH) flowers arise from basal rosettes (radical CH (CH(r)) flowers) and also in the axils of the stem (axially CH (CH(a)) flowers). To understand why the pattern of flower production varies in this Viola species, flower production was investigated in 10 Japanese populations from Hokkaido to the western part of Honshu in 2014 and 2015. Furthermore, flower characteristics were also compared between CH(r) and CH(a) flowers in Hokkaido. In this species, the production of CH flowers varied among individuals, and they were categorized into three groups, individuals that produced (i) only CH(r) flowers, (ii) only CH(a) flowers and (iii) both CH flowers. The frequency of these groups differed among populations, but some individuals changed the category between 2014 and 2015. Thus, the production of CH(r) and CH(a) flowers plastically changes depending on individual conditions and/or environmental factors. On the other hand, CH(r) and CH(a) flowers differed in flower size and flowering phenology. These results suggest that two types of CH flowers may play different roles in reproduction in each population, but fruit sets and seed sets did not differ between two types of CH flowers.     

外来人侵害虫——西花蓟马在山东省不同地区主要花卉上的分布

【背景】外来入侵害虫西花蓟马于2003年首次在北京郊区被发现,并逐渐扩散蔓延,目前已在我国局部地区暴发成灾。【方法】于2008～2009年通过定点调查的方法对山东省115个地区258个样点的主要花卉上的蓟马种类进行了分析。【结果】山东省主要花卉上发生的蓟马有11种,包括花蓟马、黄胸蓟马、黄蓟马、西花蓟马、棕榈蓟马、烟蓟马、禾花蓟马、横纹蓟马、腹小头蓟马、黑白纹蓟马、油加律带蓟马等,其优势种为花蓟马。外来入侵害虫西花蓟马在山东省18个地区的花卉上被发现。其中,荣成市区发生最重,占蓟马采集总量的51．86％;德州市区和青岛市区发生次之,分别占蓟马采集总量的34．21％和33．88％;其他地区西花蓟马发生量占采集总量的1．39％～18．75％。【结论与意义】西花蓟马已在山东省定殖并广泛分布,相关部门应做好西花蓟马的预防与控制工作。     

Does Invasion of Exotic Plants Promote Invasion of Exotic Flower Visitors? A Case Study from the Temperate Forests of the Southern Andes

Habitat disturbance, particularly of human origin, promotes the invasion of exotic plants, which in turn might foster the invasion of alien-interacting animals. Here we assess whether the invasion of exotic plants – mostly mediated by habitat disturbance – facilitates the invasion of exotic flower visitors in temperate forests of the southern Andes, Argentina. We recorded visit frequencies and the identity of visitors to the flowers of 15 native and 15 exotic plant species occurring in different highly disturbed and less disturbed habitats. We identified three alien flower visitors, the hymenopterans Apis mellifera, Bombus ruderatus, and Vespula germanica. We found significantly more visitation by exotic insects in disturbed habitats. This pattern was explained, at least in part, by the association between alien flower visitors and flowers of exotic plants, which occurred more frequently in disturbed habitats. However, this general pattern masked different responses between the two main alien flower visitors. Apis mellifera exploited almost exclusively the flowers of a subset of herbaceous exotic plants that thrive under disturbance, whereas B. ruderatus visited equally flowers of both exotic and native plants in both disturbed and undisturbed habitats. We did not find any strong evidence that flowers of exotic plants were more generalist than those of native plants, or that exotic flower visitors were more generalist than their native counterparts. Our results suggest that alien plant species could facilitate the invasion of at least some exotic flower visitors to disturbed habitats. Because flowering plants as well as flower visitors benefit from this mutualism, this association may enhance, through a positive feedback, successful establishment of both exotic partners.     

舞钢玉兰芽种类与成枝成花规律的研究

报道了舞钢玉兰芽的种类、分枝习性与成枝生长规律,拟花蕾、着生位置、解剖结构及其分化发育成花规律。从中发现：（1）当年生枝上有休眠芽、叶芽（侧叶芽和顶叶芽）、拟花蕾3种;（2）拟花蕾有缩台枝、芽鳞状托叶、雏枝、雏芽及雏蕾组成,因其外形似“花蕾“,称为“拟花蕾“;（3）缩台枝是枝与花着生的中间过滤枝变阶段,是由母枝顶端节间缩短、增粗的枝段和当年由雏枝生长的1次极短新枝所组成;（4）4-5月及7-8月前后两批形成的拟花蕾,均经过未分化发育期、花被分化发育期、雄蕊群分化发育期及离心皮雌蕊群分化发育期,各期均依次递后交错进行,但不逆转,也不能截然分开,直到翌春花分化发育全部结束,开花后才能结实;（5）芽鳞状托叶是托叶的变态,最外层薄革质,外面密被短柔毛,始落期6月中下旬,其余纸质--膜质,外面密被或疏被毛柔毛,翌春开花时脱落完毕;（6）雏蕾有雏梗、雏花及包被雏花的佛焰苞状托叶组成;（7）分枝习性与成枝生长规律与预生分枝及预生一同生分枝呈单阶无歧、单阶1歧生长规律,稀有单阶2歧生长规律。