大豆根际土壤中氢氧化细菌促生效应研究

以大豆根际土壤样品为研究材料,采用一个气体循环培养体系(持续通氢气装置),在适当的H2、O2和CO2下以H2作为唯一能源分离氢氧化细菌,结果共分离出40余株细菌,对其进行耗氢能力测定,结果显示有20株菌具有氧化氢功能和自养生长能力。对20株氢氧化细菌进行小麦促生试验,筛选出11株具有促生效果的根际促生细菌。采用薄层层析法,对11株氢氧化细菌进行了ACC降解的分析,确定了菌株A06具有ACC脱氨酶活性,证实ACC脱氨酶是导致大豆根际土壤中氢氧化细菌促进小麦幼苗生长的原因之一。     

一株产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶的氢氧化细菌的分离鉴定及酶活力测定

[目的]以结瘤豆科植物紫花苜蓿根际土壤为研究材料,筛选具有ACC脱氨酶活力的氢氧化细菌,探索氢氧化细菌植物促生作用机制.[方法]利用持续通H2 的气体循环培养体系、矿质盐固体培养基,分离、培养氢氧化细菌,观察菌株形态并测定生理生化特征;16S rDNA序列分析法构建系统发育树;采用薄层层析法筛选ACC脱氨酶阳性菌株,茚三酮显色法测定ACC脱氨酶活力.[结果]分离的37株细菌中有8株菌氧化氢和自养生长能力较强,初步确定为氢氧化细菌,从中筛选出1株ACC脱氨酶阳性菌株WMQ-7.菌株WMQ-7的形态特征、生理生化特征与恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)的特征基本一致;16s rDNA序列(GenBank登录号为EU807744)在系统发育树中与恶臭假单胞菌同属一个类群,序列同源性99%.鉴定菌株WMQ-7为恶臭假单胞菌,其ACE脱氨酶活力为0.671 U/μg[结论]采用气体循环培养体系分离氢氧化细菌,克服了传统配气法的局限.ACC脱氨酶阳性菌株的筛选,为深入研究氢氧化细菌作为植物根际促生菌的菌株特性和促生机制提供理论依据.     

紫花苜蓿根际氢氧化细菌的分离及其对小麦种子促生作用的研究

从大豆植物根际分离的氢氧化细菌对植物的生长有促进作用,但是关于其他的豆科植物根际分离的氢氧化细菌是否也有促生作用的研究甚少。从紫花苜蓿根际土壤分离氢氧化细菌,并进行其对小麦种子促生实验的研究,判断氢氧化细菌是否有促生作用,从而丰富具有促生作用的根际微生物资源。采用MSA培养基,从铜川新区紫花苜蓿根际土壤中分离得到氢氧化细菌疑似菌株,对其进行TTC法检测菌株氢化酶活性和自养能力的特性,以获得氢氧化细菌;通过小麦种子的萌发进行促生实验验证。结果表明,16株菌株处理过的小麦根长分别增加25%～128%,芽长增长27%～73%,鲜重增加48%～103%。从苜蓿根际土壤分离出的氢氧化细菌均具有较明显的促生作用。     

氢氧化细菌分离、筛选及促生机制研究进展

氢氧化细菌是一类以氢作为电子供体,通过氧化H2获得能量并同化CO2的无机化能自养菌。近年来,发现作为豆科作物根际主要生理类群的氢氧化细菌促生作用明显,因而受到各国学者的广泛关注。氢氧化细菌在农业、环境保护和人类健康等领域有巨大的应用潜力。目前,由于人们对氢氧化细菌的分类、分离和筛选技术的认识不足,严重影响了氢氧化细菌的研究进程和水平。概述氢氧化细菌的分离及筛选方法,并着重论述了氢氧化细菌促生作用及促生机理的最新研究进展,最后探讨其应用前景。随着研究的深入,氢氧化细菌将受到各国学者的广泛关注。     

两株氢氧化细菌(zw-17,zw-35)对重金属胁迫下白菜幼苗生长的影响

氢氧化细菌属于植物促生菌,其促生机制的探索已成为当前国内外关注的热点,目前对氢氧化细菌的研究主要集中在其促生活性物质的研究,对重金属胁迫下植物的促生研究较少。为了研究氢氧化细菌对重金属胁迫下的植物幼苗是否具有促生和保护作用,该研究以2株氢氧化细菌和白菜幼苗为材料,用常规鉴定和分子生物学鉴定法确定菌株的种属,采用NJ邻近法构建系统发育树、2,4-二硝基苯肼法测定菌株ACC脱氨酶活性、Salkowski reagent法测定菌株分泌IAA的能力、Belimov法测定氢氧化细菌的植物促生根长活性、Wilkins法测定白菜幼苗的抗性指数。结果表明:2株氢氧化细菌分别属于Pseudomonas sp.zw-17和Sphingobacterium zw-35;ACC脱氨酶活力为(17.87±0.58)、(22.26±0.85)μmol a-KB·mg-1·h-1;产IAA的能力为(13.21±0.78)、(5.79±0.35)mg·L-1;与未接种氢氧化细菌的对照组的根长相比,接种氢氧化细菌有利于植物根的生长;与对照组相比,接种zw-17,zw-35的白菜幼苗抗性指数都有显著性的增长。在处于Cr、Pb的环境下,2株氢氧化细菌都能促进白菜幼苗增长,Pb存在时Pseudomonas sp.zx-17的表现较显著,在Cr存在时Sphingobacterium sp.zx-35的表现较显著。在高浓度的重金属环境中,能保护白菜种子安全的生长。该研究结果可为氢氧化细菌对植物的促生和保护提供理论依据,同时丰富了氢氧化细菌的种群分类。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性分析

【目的】对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤细菌多样性进行初步探索,为下一步从中筛选可用于生物饲料或生物肥料的微生物奠定基础。【方法】采用可培养方法,进行细菌的分离纯化。对各菌株进行革兰氏染色及淀粉酶、酯酶、纤维素酶和NaCl耐受浓度的测定,并提取各菌株基因组DNA,进行16SrRNA基因扩增、测序及系统进化树的绘制,分析其多样性。【结果】共分离得到27株菌,其中放线菌门(Actinobacteria)16株,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)4株,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)6株,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)1株。革兰氏染色结果表明,5株菌为革兰氏阴性,其余为革兰氏阳性;酶活测定结果表明,15株菌具有淀粉酶活性,9株菌具有酯酶活性,9株菌具有纤维素酶活性;NaCl耐受浓度测定结果显示,NaCl浓度为2%时所有菌株均能生长,5%时能生长的有22株,15%时能生长的有1株。【结论】塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地胡杨林土壤中存在较丰富的细菌类群,且具有一定的酶学活性和NaCl耐受性,具有进一步研究开发的价值。     

石油烃降解菌的筛选与鉴定

从胜利油田的石油污染土壤中经富集培养分离出50株细菌,其中33株菌在以石油为惟一碳源和能源的选择性培养基中生长良好.采用紫外分光光度法对菌株的降解能力进行测定,结果有16株菌在石油初始浓度为2 500 mg·L-1的培养液中振荡培养4 d降解率超过30%,其中PU-34、PU-15、PU-2、PU-4、PU-1降解能力较高,4 d能够使石油烃类含量分别减少58.38%、55.55%、55.17%、53.09%、52.36%,在生物修复石油污染技术中具有应用前景.结合形态特征观察、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析的方法对这5株菌进行菌种鉴定,确定PU-34为假黄单胞菌(Pseudoxanthomonas sp.),PU-15和PU-2为戈登氏菌(Gordonia sp.),PU-4为红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.),PU-1为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.).     

固碳微生物菌株的分离鉴定及其固碳能力测定

利用微生物回收和固定CO2气体的生物固碳方法,成为解决"温室效应"这一重大环境问题的焦点,本研究目的是分离筛选固碳微生物菌株。利用无碳源无机培养基从活性污泥、沼液和设施土壤中分离筛选出以CO2为碳源的菌株24株,选取其中生长较快的8株菌进行cbbL基因、形态观察、生理生化反应测定和16S rDNA测序分析,将测序结果在BlAST数据库中比对,进行固碳菌株的分子鉴定,并对其菌体含量和RubisCO酶活性进行比较。选取RubisCO酶活性最高的菌株C2-8R,进行土壤施用试验,通过土壤RubisCO酶活性的测定,确定分离筛选的固碳菌的固碳能力。研究表明,可通过无碳源培养基进行固碳微生物菌株的筛选,筛选的固碳菌分别隶属于假单胞菌属和嗜甲基菌属,并可通过RubisCO酶活性来反映微生物的固碳能力。     

高效钾长石分解菌株的筛选、鉴定及解钾活性研究

目的 筛选高效的钾长石分解细菌,并进行初步鉴定和解钾活性测定.方法 采集湖南省桂东县钾长石开采区土壤,利用钾长石为唯一钾源的选择性培养基筛选分离解钾细菌,通过摇瓶释钾试验复筛高效解钾菌株;同时,利用ICP-OES测定解钾菌的释钾效率.采用形态特征观察、生理生化特性检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析初步鉴定高效解钾菌株.结果 分离获得11株生长良好的钾长石分解细菌,其中菌株JKC1、JKC2、JKC5和JKC7的解钾能力较强,解钾率分别为11.00％、11.50％、12.70％和11.70％.经初步鉴定JKC1为Bacillus megaterium,JKC2为Bacillus aryabhattai,JKC5为Azotobacter chroococcum,JKC7为Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum.结论 菌株JKC1、JKC2、JKC5和JKC7是高效的钾长石分解菌,可作为微生物浸矿(钾长石)机制研究的候选菌株.     

钾长石矿区土壤解钾菌的分离与多样性

目的获得高效钾长石分解细菌及分析钾长石矿区土壤中解钾菌的多样性。方法采集湖南省吉首市钾长石矿区土壤,用钾长石为唯一钾源的选择性培养基筛选分离解钾细菌,采用形态特征观察、生理生化特性检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析初步鉴定解钾菌株,并测定菌株摇瓶条件下的解钾能力。结果分离获得38株钾长石分解细菌,分别属于13个属,其中13株菌为剑菌属,4株菌为芽胞杆菌属。菌株L17的发酵液中有效钾含量最高,为87.66 mg/L,是对照组的15.8倍。结论钾长石矿区土壤细菌种类有较好的多样性,其中剑菌属和芽孢杆菌属为优势种群,Mitsuaria属的L17解钾能力最强。     

Molecular hydrogen from water radiolysis as an energy source for bacterial growth in a basin containing irradiating waste

Although being deionized, filtered and therefore normally deeply oligotrophic, the water from a basin containing irradiating waste presented relatively high bacterial concentrations (ca 10(5) cfu ml(-1)) and biofilm development at its surface and on the walls. This water was characterized by a high concentration of molecular H2 due to water radiolysis, while its electrochemical potential was around +400 mV due the presence of dissolved O2 and active oxygen compounds. This combination of H2 availability and of an oxidant environment is completely original and not described in nature. From surface and wall biofilms, we enumerated the autotrophic populations ( approximately 10(5) bacteria ml(-1)) able to grow in presence of H2 as energy source and CO2 as carbon source, and we isolated the most abundant ones among cultivable bacteria. They efficiently grew on a mineral medium, in the presence of H2, O2 and CO2, the presence of the three gases being indispensable. Two strains were selected and identified using their rrs gene sequence as Ralstonia sp. GGLH002 and Burkholderia sp. GGLH005. In pure culture and using isotope exchange between hydrogen and deuterium, we demonstrated that these strains are able to oxidize hydrogen as energy source, using oxygen as an electron acceptor, and to use carbon dioxide as carbon source. These chemoautotroph hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria probably represent the pioneer bacterial populations in this basin and could be primary producers in the bacterial community.     

Isolation of hydrogenase regulatory mutants of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria by a colony-screening method

Mutants derepressible for hydrogenases (Hox d) have been isolated from the wild type of Alcaligenes hydrogenophilus which is inducible for hydrogenases (Hox i). The mutants are able to form the hydrogenases during growth on gluconate under air while the wild type requires molecular hydrogen for hydrogenase systhesis.Mutant selection involved alternating growth under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Mutants derepressed for hydrogenases after growth on gluconate were recognized by a new colony-screening method allowing differentiation between colonies of hydrogenase-containing and hydrogenase-free cells of aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. The method is based on the ability of the colonies to reduce triphenyltetrazolium chloride in the presence of monoiodoacetate and gaseous hydrogen to its water-insoluble purple formazan. Endogenous dye reduction (under nitrogen) and the function of the cytoplasmic NAD-reducing hydrogenase were completely inhibited by monoiodoacetate. The applicability of the method has been demonstrated for wild type strains and mutants of various hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. When mutants of A. hydrogenophilus and A. eutrophus H16 lacking the Hox-encoding plasmids pHG21-a and pHG1, respectively, were used as recipients and Hox d mutant M 201 of A. hydrogenophilus as a donor transconjugants appeared which had received the Hox d character and the megaplasmid pHG21-a.Abbreviations MIAc monoiodoacetate - TTC 2,3,5-triphenyl-2-tetrazolium chloride - Hox ability to oxidize hydrogen Dedicated to Gerhard Drews on the occasion of his 60th birthday, remembering the education and inspiration we received from our teacher Johannes Buder at the Martin-Luther University of Halle     

Involvement of megaplasmids in heterotrophic derepression of the carbon-dioxide assimilating enzyme system in Alcaligenes spp.

The facultatively chemolithoautotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus and Alcaligenes hydrogenophilus partially derepressed the formation of phosphoribulokinase and ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase during heterotrophic growth on fructose or gluconate. We examined whether the indigenous magaplasmids in these bacteria that encode the ability to oxidize hydrogen affected this derepression. The results suggest an involvement of the plasmids in the derepression for the following reasons: (i) wild-type strains, except A. eutrophus TF93, exhibited the derepressible phenotype; (ii) plasmid-cured mutants formed the enzymes with formate as autotrophic growth substrate but did not derepress their formation during heterotrophic growth; (iii) the phenotype of the wild type was restored by transfer of the plasmids into plasmid-cured mutants. Plasmid pHG2 from strain TF93 differed from the other wild-type plasmids by conferring a non-derepressible phenotype onto the harboring strain. Mutants of A. eutrophus H16 carrying deletions in plasmid pHG1 showed a similar phenotype as that of the plasmid-cured mutants. We concluded that the plasmids from the various strains studied encode a regulatory ability to derepress phosphoribulokinase and ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase under heterotrophic growth conditions.Abbreviations PRK phosphoribulokinase - RuBPC ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase - Hox ability to oxidize hydrogen - Cfx ability to fix carbon dioxide autotrophically Dedicated to Prof. Dr. H. G. Schlegel on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Naturally occurring genetic transfer of hydrogen-oxidizing ability between strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus

Mutants defective in chemolithoautotrophic growth (Aut-) have been isolated from Alcaligenes eutrophus strains H16, N9A, G27, and TF93. Spontaneous Aut- mutants were obtained only with strain TF93. Mutants of the other strains were selected after conventional mutagenesis or treatment with mitomycin. Most of the mutants, including the spontaneous Aut- strains, lacked hydrogenase activity (Hox-) but possessed the ability to fix carbon dioxide (Cfx+). Agar mating of A. eutrophus H16 with Hox- mutants of the various strains resulted in transconjugants which had recovered the ability to grow autotrophically and to express activity of hydrogenase as examined by enzymatic and immunochemical analysis. Transfer of hydrogen-oxidizing ability occurred in the absence of a mobilizing plasmid such as Rp4. The transfer frequency was particularly high (ca. 10(-2) per donor) when the spontaneous Hox- mutants of strain TF93 were used as recipients. These strains proved to be plasmid free, whereas donors, transconjugants, and the mutagen-treated Hox- mutants contained a large plasmid (molecular weight, 270 +/- 10 X 10(6) revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results allow the conclusion that A. eutrophus H16 harbors a self-transmissible plasmid designated pHG1, which carries information for hydrogen-oxidizing ability.     

Utilization of cathodic hydrogen by hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria

Summary Hydrogen is consumed by methanogenic, sulphate-reducing, and homoacetogenic bacteria and members of these bacterial groups are able to grow chemolithotrophically with hydrogen as sole energy source. Cathodic hydrogen consumption by sulphate-reducing bacteria has been proposed as one of the factors in the anaerobic corrosion of metals. Desulfovibrio spp. were able to utilize cathodic hydrogen from mild steel as the only source of energy for growth with sulphate or nitrate as terminal electron acceptor. Other hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria such as Methanospirillum hungatei, Acetobacterium woodii and Wolinella succinogenes were also able to utilize cathodic hydrogen from mild steel for energy generation and growth. Weight loss studies of mild steel coupons under different growth conditions of Desulfovibrio spp. indicated that hydrogen removal alone is not the cause of corrosion and the depolarization phenomenon probably plays a role only in the initiation of the anaerobic microbial corrosion process.     

Hydrogen evolution by strictly aerobic hydrogen bacteria under anaerobic conditions.

When strains and mutants of the strictly aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus are grown heterotrophically on gluconate or fructose and are subsequently exposed to anaerobic conditions in the presence of the organic substrates, molecular hydrogen is evolved. Hydrogen evolution started immediately after the suspension was flushed with nitrogen, reached maximum rates of 70 to 100 mumol of H2 per h per g of protein, and continued with slowly decreasing rates for at least 18 h. The addition of oxygen to an H2-evolving culture, as well as the addition of nitrate to cells (which had formed the dissimilatory nitrate reductase system during the preceding growth), caused immediate cessation of hydrogen evolution. Formate is not the source of H2 evolution. The rates of H2 evolution with formate as the substrate were lower than those with gluconate. The formate hydrogenlyase system was not detectable in intact cells or crude cell extracts. Rather the cytoplasmic, NAD-reducing hydrogenase is involved by catalyzing the release of excessive reducing equivalents under anaerobic conditions in the absence of suitable electron acceptors. This conclusion is based on the following experimental results. H2 is formed only by cells which had synthesized the hydrogenases during growth. Mutants lacking the membrane-bound hydrogenase were still able to evolve H2. Mutants lacking the NAD-reducing or both hydrogenases were unable to evolve H2.     

Conjugal transfer of hydrogen-oxidizing ability of Alcaligenes hydrogenophilus to Pseudomonas oxalaticus

Conjugal transfer of hydrogen-oxidizing ability (Hox) of the hydrogen bacterium Alcaligenes hydrogenophilus was examined. Intraspecific cross of plasmid pHG21-a that encodes hydrogenases that mediate hydrogen oxidation was most frequent at 25 C; the optimal temperature for growth was 30 C. The plasmid could be transferred from A. hydrogenophilus to Pseudomonas oxalaticus OX1 and OX4, and the resulting strains gained the capacity for autotrophic growth with H2 and CO2. Plasmid pHG21-a was maintained in P. oxalaticus OX1 and OX4 as stably as in A. hydrogenophilus.     

Complete genome sequence of Hydrogenobacter thermophilus type strain (TK-6)

Hydrogenobacter thermophilus Kawasumi et al. 1984 is the type species of the genus Hydrogenobacter. H. thermophilus was the first obligate autotrophic organism reported among aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. Strain TK-6(T) is of interest because of the unusually efficient hydrogen-oxidizing ability of this strain, which results in a faster generation time compared to other autotrophs. It is also able to grow anaerobically using nitrate as an electron acceptor when molecular hydrogen is used as the energy source, and able to aerobically fix CO(2)via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. This is the fifth completed genome sequence in the family Aquificaceae, and the second genome sequence determined from a strain derived from the original isolate. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 1,742,932 bp long genome with its 1,899 protein-coding and 49 RNA genes is a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.     

Obligately and facultatively autotrophic,sulfur- and hydrogen-oxidizing thermophilic bacteria isolated from hot composts

A variety of autotrophic, sulfur- and hydrogen-oxidizing thermophilic bacteria were isolated from thermogenic composts at temperatures of 60–80° C. All were penicillin G sensitive, which proves that they belong to the Bacteria domain. The obligately autotrophic, non-spore-forming strains were gram-negative rods growing at 60–80°C, with an optimum at 70–75°C, but only under microaerophilic conditions (5 kPa oxygen). These strains had similar DNA G+C content (34.7–37.6 mol%) and showed a high DNA:DNA homology (70–87%) with Hydrogenobacter strains isolated from geothermal areas. The facultatively autotrophic strains isolated from hot composts were gram-variable rods that formed spherical and terminal endospores, except for one strain. The strains grew at 55–75° C, with an optimum at 65–70° C. These bacteria were able to grow heterotrophically, or autotrophically with hydrogen; however, they oxidized thiosulfate under mixotrophic growth conditions (e.g. pyruvate or hydrogen plus thiosulfate). These strains had similar DNA G+C content (60–64 mol%) to and high DNA:DNA homology (> 75%) with the reference strain of Bacillus schlegelii. This is the first report of thermogenic composts as habitats of thermophilic sulfur- and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, which to date have been known only from geothermal manifestations. This contrasts with the generally held belief that thermogenic composts at temperatures above 60° C support only a very low diversity of obligatory heterotrophic thermophiles related to Bacillus stearothermophilus. Received: 20 July 1995 / Accepted: 25 September 1995