辣椒素的提取及抑菌活性研究

以干红辣椒为原料,选取95%的乙醇和正己烷作为提取溶剂,利用索氏提取法提取其中的辣椒素。结果表明,以95%的乙醇作为提取溶剂的效果好于正己烷,辣椒素的提取率最高可达1.77%,高于正己烷的1.12%的提取率。用滤纸片法研究辣椒素对大肠杆菌等8种常见食品腐败菌的抑菌活性。结果表明:辣椒素对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌有明显的抑菌效果,对大肠杆菌抑菌作用较弱,对黑曲霉、青霉、保加利亚乳酸杆菌和噬热链球菌没有作用。辣椒素经过高温灭菌后,抑菌作减弱,培养时间对抑菌圈的影响不大。以正己烷为助溶剂,确定辣椒素对枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为50mg/mL。     

山胡椒挥发油的提取及其抑菌活性研究

目的:研究山胡椒中挥发油最佳提取方法和其抑菌作用。方法:采用水蒸汽蒸馏法、微波萃取法和超临界CO2萃取法三种方法提取干山胡椒果实中的挥发油,研究山胡椒挥发油对7种细菌、4种霉菌、2种酵母的抑菌活性及其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:水蒸汽蒸馏法提取的山胡椒挥发油为淡黄色液体,提取率为10.0%;微波萃取法提取的山胡椒挥发油为黄褐色液体,提取率为11.6%;超临界CO2萃取的山胡椒挥发油为亮黄色液体,提取率为14.7%。山胡椒挥发油经固相和气相扩散,对细菌、酵母有较强的抑菌能力,对霉菌具有很强的抑制能力。对所有供试菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.2%。结论:提取干山胡椒果实中的挥发油的最好方法是超临界CO2萃取法。山胡椒挥发油有较强的抑菌能力,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.2%。     

江西迷迭香精油的成分分析及抗氧化、抑菌活性研究

为了研究江西迷迭香精油的化学成分及抗氧化、抑菌活性,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取迷迭香精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对迷迭香精油成分进行分析,通过对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基的清除活性和还原力来研究迷迭香精油的体外抗氧化活性;通过以枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为供试菌,测定抑菌圈大小和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)来研究迷迭香精油的抑菌活性。实验结果表明,从迷迭香精油中鉴定出40种化学成分,占精油总量的99.46%,其主要化学成分有α-蒎烯(39.05%)和1,8-桉叶素(16.86%),其次是莰烯(4.22%)、D-柠檬烯(3.87%)、龙脑(3.74%)、β-石竹烯(3.11%)等,α-蒎烯的含量高于国内其他产地;迷迭香精油对DPPH、羟基自由基和还原力的半数清除率IC₅₀值分别为76.42、51.40和49.15μL/mL;精油对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈大小分别为14.40±0.66、11.41±0.19、11.70±0.27 mm,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为2.50、10.00、10.00μL/mL,对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用明显强于金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌。结果表明迷迭香精油具有较好的抗氧化、抑菌活性。     

甘肃三种杜鹃属植物挥发油含量及其抑菌活性研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取甘肃三种杜鹃属植物的挥发油并称重,K-B纸片琼脂扩散法测定其抑菌活性,二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度,结果显示烈香杜鹃、千里香杜鹃、头花杜鹃挥发油含量差异较大,其对金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑菌活性,对大肠艾希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌没有抑制作用,并且三种植物挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.007 8 mL/mL,0.031 3 mL/mL,0.003 9 mL/mL。     

迷迭香中天然防腐剂的提取方法及其抑菌作用研究

本文研究了迷迭香中天然防腐剂的提取方法和抑菌作用,结果表明,用食用乙醇提取迷迭香中防腐物质的最佳提取工艺参数为:固液比1:15、提取温度80℃、提取时间为15 h。迷迭香醇提取物对实验用常见食品污染菌有较强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)为6.25 g.L-1,对大肠杆菌和汉逊氏酵母菌为12.5 g.L-1,对青霉和黑曲霉为25 g.L-1,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性pH范围均为4~7,对汉逊氏酵母菌、青霉和黑曲霉为4~6。     

海洋真菌梅花状青霉FS83抗菌抗肿瘤活性研究

采用滤纸片法测定海洋真菌梅花状青霉(Penicillium herquei)FS83的发酵提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的抑菌活性,采用生长速率法测定提取物对绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)、链格孢(Alterna-ria alternata)和胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的抗真菌活性,并采用连续稀释法测定提取物对所有细菌和真菌的最低抑制浓度(MIC值)。此外,还通过MTT法测试提取物对人肺癌细胞(NCI-H460)、人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)和人神经胶质瘤细胞(SF-268)的细胞毒活性。结果表明,菌丝体提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有明显的抑制活性,抑菌圈分别为18.1 mm、17.3 mm,最低抑制浓度均为1.56 mg/mL,对所有供试真菌也有较好的抑制作用,抑菌率均达50%以上,最低抑制浓度为0.78-3.12mg/mL;发酵液提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌有明显的抑制作用,抑菌圈达16.4 mm,最低抑制浓度均为1.56 mg/mL,对所有供试真菌也有较好的抑制作用,最低抑制浓度为1.56-6.25 mg/mL。菌丝体提取物对3种肿瘤细胞株有较强的细胞毒活性,IC50值为55.9-63.5μg/mL,发酵液提取物对肿瘤细胞株MCF-7有较强的细胞毒活性,在200μg/mL浓度下的抑制率为84.3%。     

竹叶提取物的体外抑菌及抗氧化活性的研究

本文用水提取竹叶有效成分,将提取液浓缩至含生药量约1.0 g/mL,经醇沉后取清液浓缩,再经石油醚、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇分步萃取,得不同极性的各部分提取物。以金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为供试菌,采用抑菌圈法(琼脂扩散法)和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)法测定其抑菌效果。结果显示,石油醚、三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯部分均表现抑菌活性。各供试样对两种菌的抑菌圈直径达9.8～18.4 mm,最低抑菌浓度分别为1.25 mg/mL2,.50 mg/mL和5.00 mg/mL。最后采用亚硝基红盐-Co2+褪色法研究了竹叶提取物对.OH的清除作用,结果表明三氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯部分萃取物的抗氧化性明显优于水提物,其中乙酸乙酯部分萃取物的IC50值为1.06 mg/mL。     

响应面法优化苦丁茶熊果酸提取工艺及其抑菌活性研究

为优化苦丁茶熊果酸的提取工艺,并探讨其抑菌活性。在单因素试验基础上,通过响应面分析法,研究了液料比、提取温度、乙醇浓度对苦丁茶熊果酸得率的影响。以金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、生孢梭菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉为供试菌,探究了苦丁茶熊果酸的抑菌活性及最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。结果表明,最优提取工艺为:液料比为17∶1(mL/g)、乙醇浓度为83%、提取温度83℃;抑菌实验表明,苦丁茶熊果酸对7种菌均有一定的抑制效果,对大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌的MIC为6. 25 mg/mL,对生孢梭菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC为12. 5 mg/mL,对白色念珠菌、黑曲霉的MIC为25 mg/mL。     

荔枝皮黄酮抑菌性能及其作用机理研究

采用荧光分析法测定荔枝皮中总黄酮含量,并研究了荔枝皮黄酮对常见4种微生物的抑菌活性及机理。结果表明,其黄酮纯度与得率分别为48%和13.61%;同时,采用牛津杯法测得荔枝皮黄酮对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和酵母菌的抑菌圈直径分别为15.1、14.0和13.8 mm;采用菌饼法测得对黑曲霉的抑菌率为28.75%。采用平板稀释法测得金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度MIC为2.5 mg/mL,最低杀菌浓度MBC为5mg/mL,而酵母菌和黑曲霉的MIC为5 mg/mL,没有杀菌能力。扫描电镜实验结果表明,荔枝黄酮的抑菌性和杀菌功能与其对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞和细胞壁结构的破坏直接相关。     

茅苍术挥发油对三种内生真菌及七种外源真菌的抑菌活性

为了研究宿主植物次级代谢产物对内生真菌生长的抑制作用,以药用植物茅苍术及其内生真菌为材料,采用有机溶剂萃取法提取茅苍术挥发油,应用滤纸片扩散法和平板涂布法研究茅苍术挥发油对茅苍术内生真菌及其他外源真菌的抑菌作用.结果表明: 挥发油对3种内生真菌生长具有抑制作用;对酵母、水霉有很强的抑菌活性;对根霉、犁头霉抑菌作用不明显;对绿色木霉、黑曲霉的产孢具有抑制作用;对疫霉生长无抑制作用.在高浓度挥发油胁迫下,内生真菌菌丝分支增多,分支间距离变短,气生菌丝生长受到抑制.两种内生真菌对挥发油具有代谢转化能力,降低了其主要成分的含量.表明茅苍术挥发油对内生真菌生长具有限制作用,但内生真菌能够通过自身分解代谢适应茅苍术挥发油.     

2种蓼科植物体外抑菌试验研究

为研究蓼科植物水蓼、火炭母体外抑菌效果,制备水煎煮液,测定其对枯草芽胞杆菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉、青霉、酿酒酵母的抑菌圈直径、最小抑菌浓度及灭菌前后水煎煮液抑菌效果的变化。结果表明：当水蓼液浓度大于0.6 g/mL,火炭母液浓度大于0.2 g/mL时,2者对细菌的抑菌效果均依次为：金黄色葡萄球菌〉大肠埃希菌〉枯草芽胞杆菌。2种水煎煮液对3种真菌无抑制作用。火炭母液对3种细菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为1/8、1/16和1/64 g/mL,都比水蓼液的结果1/4、1/8和1/16 g/mL低。药液经121℃高压蒸汽灭菌处理后,水蓼液对3种细菌的抑制作用有所增强,火炭母液则对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用有所增强。2种水煎煮液对3种细菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,可考虑以其为原料进行植物源抗菌剂的开发,拓宽其应用领域。     

Antimicrobial activity of some Salvia species essential oils from Iran

The aerial parts of Salvia multicaulis, S. sclarea and S. verticillata were collected at full flowering stage. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by combination of capillary GC and GC-MS. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oils were studied against eight Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumulis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger). The results of antibacterial activity tests of the essential oils according to the disc diffusion method and MIC values indicated that all the samples have moderate to high inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria except for P. aeruginosa which was totally resistant. In contrast to antibacterial activity, the oils exhibited no or slight antifungal property, in which only the oil of S. multicaulis showed weak activity against two tested yeasts, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae.     

Antimicrobial activity of extracts of the lichen Parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent

The antimicrobial activity of the acetone, chloroform, diethyl ether, methanol, and petroleum ether extracts of the lichen Parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent have been screened against twenty eight food-borne bacteria and fungi. All of the extracts with the exception of the petroleum ether extract showed antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium notatum. Salazinic acid did not show antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, P. vulgaris, Y. enterocolitica, and S. faecalis but showed activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium as well. The MIC values of the extracts and the acid for the bacteria and fungi have also been determined.     

黄粉虫防御性分泌物抑菌活性的研究

目的:研究黄粉虫防御性分泌物的化学成分及其抑菌活性。方法:用二氯甲烷萃取分泌物并经GC/MS分析,后用牛津杯法和平板连续稀释法分别就该分泌物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色假丝酵母、黑曲霉、桔青霉的抑菌作用及2-甲基对苯醌和对甲酚标准品对上述供试菌的最低抑菌浓度进行测定和比较。结果:分泌物含2-甲基对苯醌、对甲酚和正二十三烷等7种成分,抑菌强度:桔青霉>大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌>白色假丝酵母>黑曲霉。结论:该分泌物对这5种供试菌的抑制效果优于2-甲基对苯醌和对甲酚标准品。     

多棘海盘车皂甙抗菌活性研究

采用有机溶剂法从多棘海盘车中提取皂甙化合物,通过中性氧化铝柱的色素吸附以及AmberLite XAD-2树脂柱的富集,得到海星皂甙。采用“管碟法”分别研究了海星皂甙对4种细菌和4种真菌的体外抑菌作用。对细菌的抗菌效果表明：海星皂甙对金黄色葡萄球菌、腊样芽孢杆菌的生长有较好的抑制作用,最低抑菌浓度分别是10、12．5mg／mL,而对大肠杆菌则无抑菌作用;对真菌的抗菌效果表明：海星皂甙对黑曲霉的生长有显著的抑制作用,而对啤酒酵母、青霉、根霉则无抑菌作用。从而说明海星皂甙对细菌和真菌的抑制作用均有一定的选择性。     

华南十大功劳提取物抑菌活性初步研究

以超声提取和索氏提取方法,比较华南十大功劳叶和茎提取物经不同溶剂和不同极性萃取物萃取的抑菌活性大小。结果表明,叶和茎均含有抑菌活性物质,而叶的抑菌效果更强;索氏提取物与超声提取抑菌效果差异不大;华南十大功劳提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌、藤黄球菌、白色念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为0.6 g/mL、1.0 g/mL、0.8 g/mL、1.0 g/mL、2.0 g/mL;其最小杀菌浓度均为2.0 g/mL,但其对黑曲霉没有抑制作用;不同溶剂提取物中,无水甲醇溶液提取物具有最佳抑菌效果。提取物易溶解于极性萃取物。5种敏感菌对华南十大功劳提取物的敏感性由强到弱依次为：金黄色葡萄球菌菌＞枯草杆菌＞藤黄球菌＞大肠杆菌＞白色念珠菌。     

Antimicrobial activities of amino acid derivatives of monascus pigments

Amino acid derivatives of monascus pigments were produced by fermentation, and their antimicrobial activities were determined. Thirty-nine l- and d-forms of amino acids were added as a precursor to the fermentation medium for derivation of pigments. Derivatives with L-Phe, D-Phe, L-Tyr, and D-Tyr exhibited high activities against Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria with MIC values of c. 4-8 microg mL(-1). The control red pigment exhibited minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values higher than 32 microg mL(-1). Derivatives with L-Asp, D-Asp, L-Tyr, and D-Tyr were effective against the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, and Candida albicans. Monascus derivatives of amino acids having a phenyl ring like Phe and Tyr derivatives showed high antimicrobial activities. Incubation of the l-Phe derivative with Bacillus subtilis caused cells to aggregate with formation of pellets. Easy adsorption of the L-Phe pigment derivative to the surface of Escherichia coli cells was observed via SEM and TEM. Addition of monascus pigment derivatives decreased the oxygen uptake rate of E. coli in culture. The antimicrobial activities of pigment derivatives are considered to be related to the reduced availability of oxygen for the cells adsorbed with pigment.     

Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils against bacterial and fungal species involved in food poisoning and/or food decay

The currative properties of aromatic and medicinal plants have been recognized since ancient times and, more recently, the antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils has been used in several applications, including food preservation. The purpose of this study was to create directly comparable, quantitative data on the antimicrobial activity of some plant essential oils prepared in the National Institute of Research-Development for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, Bucharest to be used for the further development of food packaging technology, based on their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The essential oils extracted from thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) and carraway (Carum carvi L.) were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against eleven different bacterial and three fungal strains belonging to species reported to be involved in food poisoning and/or food decay: S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 6538, S. aureus ATCC 25913, E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis Cantacuzino Institute Culture Collection (CICC) 10878, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112, Bacillus cereus CIP 5127, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, Penicillium spp. CICC 251 and two E. coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis clinical isolates. The majority of the tested essential oils exibited considerable inhibitory capacity against all the organisms tested, as supported by growth inhibition zone diameters, MICs and MBC's. Thyme, coriander and basil oils proved the best antibacterial activity, while thyme and spearmint oils better inhibited the fungal species.     

天竺桂挥发油化学成分及抑菌活性研究

用水蒸馏法提取天竺桂(CinnamomumjaponicumSibe)挥发油,并用GC-MS分析化学成分,用滤纸片法测其抑菌活性。结果表明,从天竺桂挥发油中分离出27种化学成分,以冰片为主要成分,占26.03%;抑菌实验中,挥发油对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌都有明显的抑菌作用。