胎膜组织贴壁细胞：一种新的间质干细胞来源

[目的] 建立体外分离纯化胎膜组织贴壁细胞（fetal membrane derived adherent cells,FMDACs）的方法,并且研究FMDACs的基本生物学特性。[方法] 用胰酶消化法分离FMDACs,体外传代培养,并进行向成骨、成脂细胞的诱导分化培养,流式细胞仪、免疫细胞化学检测表面抗原,核型分析及致瘤性实验。[结果] 成功地进行了FMDACs的原代培养及传代培养,FMDACs具有良好的增殖能力,表达CD44、CD29,不表达CD34、CD14、CD45,经诱导后能够分化为成骨细胞和成脂细胞,传代多次后核型正常,无致瘤性。[结论] 胎膜组织中可以分离得到具有间质干细胞特性的贴壁细胞,具有较强的自我更新和多向分化能力,遗传背景稳定无致瘤性。FMDACs为临床应用进行细胞治疗和基因治疗提供了新的来源。     

贴壁法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性

目的建立一种简便有效的体外分离纯化及培养扩增大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的方法。研究MSCs的生物学特性,为血管组织工程提供理想的种子细胞。方法贴壁培养法分离纯化大鼠MSCs体外培养和连续传代,在倒置显微镜下连续观察细胞的形态变化;利用MTT法测定MSCs的生长曲线;行免疫组化方法鉴定MSCs膜抗原;分别加成骨、成脂肪诱导剂后MSCs体外培养1到3周,分别做碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、VonKossa染色及油红O染色,观察细胞形态变化、成骨及成脂肪分化结果。结果MSCs体外培养生长状况良好,呈均一的成纤维细胞样,表达波形蛋白(Vimentin)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA),不表达层粘连蛋白(Laminin)、CD34、VIII因子相关抗原(VIII)。经体外诱导后具有多向分化潜能。结论贴壁培养法能有效分离纯化大鼠MSCs,用此方法培养的细胞生长稳定,增殖能力活跃,具有MSCs的一般生物学特性,为其成为血管组织工程理想的种子细胞提供了进一步的支持。     

人脐带间充质干细胞对肿瘤细胞生长及软琼脂克隆形成的影响

目的研究人脐带间充质干细胞(h UCMSC)体外共培养对肿瘤细胞增殖的影响以及在软琼脂中形成克隆的可能性,从而评价其体外促瘤性和致瘤性,为其体内致瘤性研究及临床应用提供安全性数据。方法剥取脐带华通氏胶,剪碎,组织块贴壁法获得贴壁细胞,培养传代,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态,流式细胞仪测定细胞表型,检测诱导成脂肪和成骨及成软骨分化的能力,鉴定是否为h UCMSC。然后,通过体外软琼脂克隆形成实验观察h UCMSC形成集落的能力;h UCMSC分别与人白血病细胞株K562和人结肠癌细胞株Colo-205体外共培养,MTT法测定细胞增殖,并以肿瘤细胞的增殖指数(PI)值来判定h UCMSC是否对肿瘤细胞体外增殖有影响。结果人脐带华通氏胶分离培养的细胞具有成纤维细胞样的细胞形态,具有向成脂肪和成骨及成软骨方向分化的能力,表达间充质干细胞指标CD73、CD90、CD105,低表达CD34、CD45、CD19,符合间充质干细胞特点。软琼脂克隆形成实验显示h UCMSC未表现出在阻力介质中的克隆生长能力。h UCMSC分别与人白血病细胞K562和人结肠癌Colo-205细胞共培养,PI值显示h UCMSC对肿瘤细胞增殖没有影响。结论 h UCMSC体外培养不具有致瘤性,同时对肿瘤细胞增殖无影响。     

猪骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养与鉴定

目的:建立猪骨髓间充质干细胞(pMSCs)体外分离培养、纯化和鉴定的方法,为下一步实验研究奠定基础.方法:采用密度梯度离心法获得骨髓单核细胞,接种后形成单层贴壁的成纤维样细胞.免疫荧光及PCR检测细胞表面标志及多能性基因的表达,并鉴定分离细胞的多向诱导分化潜能.结果:体外培养的原代细胞10天达到融合,传代后仍具有成纤维样的形态;免疫荧光结果见波形蛋白(Vimention)和Oct4标记阳性,CD45阴性;PCR分子检测见多能性基因OCT-4,nanog的表达;细胞具有分化为成骨细胞和成脂细胞的能力.结论:采用密度梯度离心法获得的pMSCs体外增殖能力强,纯度高,具有间充质干细胞的特性,pMSCs分离培养体系的成功建立为下一步实验研究奠定基础.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离纯化与初步鉴定

目的：探讨体外分离、纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)的方法,分析其部分表型特点。方法：用密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法分离纯化大鼠骨髓MSCs,传代扩增,测定生长曲线,形态学观察,免疫细胞化学及图像分析测定细胞表面抗原和细胞外基质蛋白表达情况。结果：MSCs属骨髓中单个核细胞,密度梯度离心结合贴壁培养法能有效分离纯化大鼠骨髓MSCs,MSCs在含10％小牛血清的L-DMEM中生长性状相对稳定,1、3、5代细胞生长曲线基本一致,增殖速度快。细胞呈均一的成纤维细胞样,均一表达CD44、CD54、纤维粘连蛋白(Fibronectin,FN)、Ⅰ型胶原(CollagenⅠ)。结论：本实验建立了一种体外分离纯化、培养扩增大鼠骨髓MSCs的方法,MSCs稳定表达CD44、CD54、FN、CollagenⅠ。     

牛脂肪间充质干细胞的分离、培养与鉴定

为了给组织工程提供种子细胞,对牛间充质干细胞(Adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)进行体外分离培养。首先应用胶原酶消化法分离牛ADSCs,进行体外培养、连续传代,并观察细胞的形态变化,通过细胞计数绘制生长曲线,细胞压片进行染色体分析,采用细胞免疫荧光化学方法检测细胞表面标记,利用成骨分化和成脂分化检测其分化能力。结果显示牛ADSCs体外培养时细胞形态呈成纤维细胞样,增殖稳定;Vimentin、CD49d、CD13表达呈阳性,CD34表达呈阴性;成骨诱导条件下的细胞碱性磷酸酶活性高,茜素红染色呈阳性;成脂诱导条件下细胞周围脂滴明显,油红-O染色呈阳性。结果证明牛ADSCs体外生长稳定、增殖速度快、定向分化能力强,简易的体外分离培养及诱导方法为其在组织工程中的应用奠定了基础。     

小鼠间充质干细胞诱导分化成脂肪细胞miRNA表达的变化

目的：探讨小鼠间充质干细胞（MSCs）定向诱导分化成脂肪细胞微小RNA（miRNA）表达的变化,为进一步研究miRNA调控MSCs向脂肪细胞分化的分子机制奠定基础。方法：采用全骨髓体外分离结合差速贴壁法纯化扩增C57BL／6小鼠MSCs,形态学观察细胞生长情况,并用免疫组化方法鉴定细胞表面抗原CD29、CIM4和CD34的表达。脂肪细胞分化诱导剂诱导MSCs分化为脂肪细胞,利用油红O染色,判断MSCs成脂分化情况。运用rrfiRNA芯片技术检测MSC8和脂肪细胞中差异表达的miRNA。结果：①倒置显微镜下观察,传5代后可获得均一性较高的MSCs;免疫组化显示90％以上的骨髓间质干细胞CD29、CD44阳性,CD34阴性。MSCs经脂肪诱导剂诱导后,胞内大量脂滴形成,油红O染色阳性;②基因微阵列分析表明,小鼠MSCs分化成脂肪细胞差异表达的miRNA共75个,其中20个表达上调、55个表达下调。结论：MSCs分化成脂肪细胞存在miRNA表达的变化,某些miRNA很可能具有重要的调控MSCs成脂分化的作用。     

再生障碍性贫血患者骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性的初步研究

目的:研究再生障碍性贫血(aplasticanemia,从)患者骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymalstemcells,MSCs)的生物学特性和初步探讨其异常和AA发生的可能关系。方法:取AA患者骨髓间充质干细胞,测定其生长曲线和倍增时间;流式细胞仪检测其细胞周期和免疫表型;体外定向诱导其向脂肪、成骨、内皮和神经细胞分化;用real-timePCR及油红O染色法比较AA和正常对照组MSCs的成脂分化的不同。结果:AA患者和正常成人的MSCs均呈梭形贴壁生长;AA组细胞倍增时间长于对照组;CD105、CD44、CD29、CD106、FlK-1均阳性;96．51％的细胞处在G0／G1期;AA患者的MSCs保持了多向分化潜能,体外诱导形成脂滴较对照组早,诱导早期的脂蛋白脂酶表达增高。结论:再生障碍性贫血患者的骨髓间充质干细胞增殖能力较正常成人弱,骨髓间充质干细胞的易成脂性可能参与了再障的发病环节。     

阿尔巴斯绒山羊骨髓间充质干细胞体外分离培养及鉴定

探讨阿尔巴斯绒山羊骨髓间充质干细胞(Arbas cashmere goat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells,g BMMSCs)体外分离培养,并对其生物学特性进行系统的鉴定,进一步深入分析体外诱导时多向分化相关基因动态表达情况。结果显示,原代培养的g BM-MSCs呈梭形或纺锤形、放射状排列的细胞集落,能够连续稳定传代至15代以上;免疫荧光及流式细胞术检测显示,g BM-MSCs表达间质系特异性表面标志物,如:CD13、CD29、CD44、CD106、CD90及CD166,不表达造血干细胞表面标志物CD45及CD34;体外诱导实验证实该细胞具有多向分化潜能,能够向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞和软骨细胞分化;荧光定量PCR实验结果显示,g BM-MSCs多向分化相关基因的表达水平随着诱导天数的增加呈上升趋势。实验结果证实阿尔巴斯绒山羊骨髓中分离培养的细胞具备g BM-MSCs的生物学特性。     

磁珠分选HepG2细胞系中CD44~+及其生物学特性

背景:肝癌肿瘤干细胞被认为肝癌增值、侵袭、浸润的关键细胞。目的:研究人肝癌Hep G2细胞系CD44+细胞的分化、增值及小鼠模型致瘤性等生物学特性。方法:磁珠分选Hep G2细胞系中的CD44+和CD44-细胞亚群;微球形成实验检测两亚群细胞的干细胞特性及增殖能力;移植种瘤实验检测两亚群细胞致瘤性和恶性程度的差异。结果及结论:微球形成实验表明CD44+细胞具有干细胞特性;移植瘤致瘤性实验表明CD44+的致瘤率高,恶性程度高。提示HEPG2细胞系中存在具有增殖、多向分化与体内致瘤能力的CD44+细胞,CD44+细胞是符合肿瘤干细胞定义的细胞亚群。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor