三种观赏植物对土壤中镉的富集特征研究

以3种观赏植物海芋、肾蕨和蟛蜞菊为试材进行盆栽试验,研究其对土壤重金属镉的富集特征。结果表明：3种观赏植物对镉有不同的富集能力,其地上部和地下部富集的镉与土壤的镉含量呈显著正相关（r＞0.9）。蟛蜞菊地上部吸收富集能力最大,其次是海芋,肾蕨最弱;而海芋地下部镉含量最高,其次是肾蕨,蟛蜞菊最少。当土壤镉含量在0～120 mg/kg范围内,三种观赏植物根的富集系数都大于1,说明3种观赏植物根系对镉具有富集能力。3种植物中只有蟛蜞菊地上部和地下部的富集系数都大于1,说明其具有超积累植物的富集系数特征。因此,蟛蜞菊对重金属镉污染的土壤修复有一定的应用潜力。     

商陆对锰污染土壤的修复实验研究

商陆是在中国境内发现的多年生、草本型锰超积累植物。通过室内土培试验,评价商陆对土壤中锰的去除潜力,确定最佳收获时间,以期达到最佳的重金属污染土壤植物修复效果。结果表明:商陆能将土壤中的锰转运到地上部位,叶片中Mn含量最高,平均值为17 043 mg/kg DW,远远大于茎和根的锰含量均值;单株的平均富集量在浓度为500 mg/kg DW时达最高,一棵商陆可富集平均13 mg的Mn;动态修复中确定的最佳收获时间为60 d,不同时间收获的商陆地下部分生物量差异不明显(P0.05),地上部分则差异较大。连续收获不改变其锰生物富集能力。这表明商陆对锰有较强的富集能力,是一种优良的修复锰污染土壤的物种,对土壤重金属污染的治理及植物修复领域数据库的完善具有重要意义。     

曼陀罗和苍耳对污染土壤中镉的吸收与富集

目的:研究曼陀罗和苍耳对重金属镉的吸收与富集特征.方法:室外盆栽试验和室内原子吸收测定曼陀罗和苍耳体内的镉含量.结果:土壤中的镉刺激了植物的生长,曼陀罗和苍耳的生物量都比对照有所增加;曼陀罗和苍耳体内的镉含量随土壤中镉浓度的增加而增加;当土壤中镉浓度为100mg·kg-1时,曼陀罗地上部分富集系数为1.15,大于1,而在其它测试浓度下均小于1;苍耳地上部分的富集系数在所有测试浓度下都小于1.结论:曼陀罗和苍耳都不属于镉的超富集植物.     

强化龙葵富集镉根际促生菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

【背景】植物-微生物联合修复土壤重金属污染日渐兴起,获取与超富集植物高效互作的微生物是实现联合修复技术进步的关键。龙葵在镉农田污染修复中广泛应用。【目的】筛选可促进龙葵生长及富集镉的耐镉根际促生菌。【方法】从龙葵根际土分离耐镉菌株,筛选具有良好促生特性的菌株,水培试验考察镉胁迫下菌株对植物生长及镉富集能力的影响,确定可促进龙葵生长及富集镉的微生物菌株,通过生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行菌株的初步鉴定。【结果】分离得到NT1、AXY1、AW2和AW1四株强化龙葵富集镉促生菌,经鉴定分别为Lysinibacillus sp.、Beijerinckia fluminensis、Achromobacter animicus和Herbaspirillum huttiense。上述菌株均可有效促进龙葵生长,增加其株高和干物质积累,提高地上部镉富集量。其中,NT1可使株高、地上部干重分别增加31.33%和62.65%,AW2可使地上部镉富集量增加37.29%。【结论】筛选所得菌株可为提高植物修复效率提供实践依据,为研制田间施用生态功能菌剂做铺垫,用于农田镉污染的微生物-龙葵联合原位修复。     

植物吸收、转运和积累镉的机理研究进展

重金属镉(Cd)虽然不是植物生长的必需矿质元素,但依然能被植物吸收。且部分植物具有富集镉的特点,从而导致农产品镉含量超标,并通过食物链危害人类健康。研究植物吸收、转运和积累Cd的机理,对于培育低镉作物品种、降低农产品镉含量,以及选育超富集镉植物,修复镉污染土壤具有重要意义。从影响植物吸收Cd的因子,植物吸收、转运和积累Cd的机理以及植物拒Cd和富集Cd的分子机制等方面进行综述,以期为低镉作物的研究以及Cd污染土壤的综合治理提供一些参考。     

吉林省部分玉米种质资源抗玉米弯孢菌叶斑病鉴定研究

玉米弯孢菌叶斑病主要是由弯孢菌（Curvularia lunata）引起的侵染性病害。近年来,该病害在我国玉米主产区发生面积逐年扩大,已成为玉米重要病害之一。本文研究了吉林省主要玉米杂交种和自交系抗病性差异,结果表明：玉米杂交种间以及自交系间抗病性差异明显;吉63、黄早4、自330、丹9046、丹9041、铁7922、掖478、沈5003、丹340和E28等一批应用多年的种质资源均为感病类型（MS-HS）;而新选育的各类群一些种质和具有热带、亚热带血缘的78599等一些外来种质资源均为抗病类型（R～HR）。杂交种的抗病性与双亲的抗病性有密切关系;玉米杂交种苗期较抗病,抽丝期极为感病,这表明杂交种抗性随植株生长而递减。     

几种重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu)的超富集植物种类及增强植物修复措施研究进展

近年来土壤重金属污染问题越来越严重, 植物修复技术以其安全、廉价的特点正成为研究和开发的热点, 国内外对利用超富集植物来修复土壤重金属污染的研究已有大量报道。对超富集植物概念的提出及超富集植物吸收富集重金属的机理进行了归纳总结, 主要就铅、锌、镉和铜四种重金属超富集植物的相关研究进展进行了分类、归纳与总结, 同时还对增强植物修复效果的措施进行了探讨, 以期为进一步合理有效利用植物修复土壤主要重金属污染提供一定的参考依据。     

不同杂种优势群玉米子粒脱水速率分析

采用烘干法测定170份玉米自交系的子粒的脱水速率及其相关性状,利用覆盖玉米全基因组的210对SSR标记对试验材料进行全基因组扫描,通过Structure V2.3.4软件揭示其群体结构。对不同杂种优势群平均子粒脱水速率进行方差分析,并筛选出各个类群中子粒脱水速率快的自交系。结果表明:子粒脱水速率在不同自交系间存在显著差异,与穗轴和子粒的含水率等性状间存在显著相关性。试验共筛选到子粒脱水速率大于1%的自交系20个;授粉后40 d子粒含水率低于21%的自交系10个。参试自交系分成P、旅大红骨、瑞德、兰卡斯特和唐四平头5个杂种优势群;授粉后40 d子粒脱水速率依次是瑞德群0.92%、兰卡斯特群0.85%、旅大红骨群0.82%、混合群0.80%、P群0.76%、唐四平头群0.56%。本文旨在通过研究不同杂种优势群玉米自交系子粒脱水速率的特性,筛选子粒脱水速率快的自交系,为选育适应机械化作业的玉米杂交种提供借鉴。     

镉在水生植物中的富集与亚细胞分布及其化学形态特征

以7种水生植物(长苞香蒲、水生美人蕉、黑藻、粉绿狐尾藻、花叶芦竹、香根鸢尾、水葫芦)为研究材料,构建生物塘系统,通过差速离心法和五步提取法,提取植物各亚细胞组分和不同化学形态的镉,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定镉含量,分析镉在水生植物体中富集特征,揭示植物对镉的耐性机制。结果表明:(1)水生植物根中镉富集量大于茎和叶;3种类型水生植物富集镉能力表现为沉水植物(粉绿狐尾藻、黑藻)浮水植物(水葫芦)挺水植物(长苞香蒲、水生美人蕉、花叶芦竹、香根鸢尾)。(2)镉在黑藻、水葫芦和花叶芦竹中的亚细胞分布量均呈现为细胞壁可溶组分原生质体线粒体,所占比例分别为37.16%~50.86%、20.69%~31.21%、10.81%~23.83%、8.15%~19.83%。(3)赋存化学形态表现为以氯化钠提取态、醋酸提取态为主,所占比例分别为29.37%~56.27%和15.06%~36.19%。研究发现,粉绿狐尾藻、水葫芦、水生美人蕉和花叶芦竹4种植物为富集镉较好的植物,而黑藻、香根鸢尾和长苞香蒲3种植物的镉富集能力相对较弱;镉主要以果胶酸盐、蛋白质结合态或吸附态存在于植物根的细胞壁和液泡中,以减弱镉对根细胞器和植物地上部分的毒害。     

糯玉米SW70和SW22是一类新的淀粉合成酶基因功能缺失多突变体

糯玉米是一类相对于粮食玉米的重要天然突变体,其淀粉合成的遗传机制复杂而又多样。以糯玉米自交系5形22、普通玉米自交系5003、SW22（♀）和5003（♂）的杂种定向选育的糯玉米自交系SW70（自交4代）为材料,研究了自交系授粉后1、2、4周时,SW22、SW70和5003籽粒中ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、淀粉合酶（SS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）和淀粉去分支酶（DBE）共4个家族21个成员编码基因表达水平的变化。结果表明：1）SW22中多个淀粉合成酶编码基因的表达动态与SW70及5003中有显著差异。差异主要存在于淀粉合酶SS和淀粉去分支酶DBE基因家族：2）SW22及SW70籽粒中有明显的阢转录产物累积,但累积水平均显著低于5003籽粒中：3）SW22及SW70中颗粒结合淀粉合成酶编码基因Gbssm和异淀粉酶型去分支酶编码基因Iso2完全不表达．意味着SW22胚乳中GbssIIb基因和Iso2基因的功能完全缺失。目前,有关玉米籽粒中GbSSIIb和异淀粉酶型DBEIso2同时突变或单个基因突变均未见报道。推测淀粉合成酶基因GbssIIb和异淀粉酶型DBEIso2功能缺失以及耽功能部分缺失．共同导致了SW22和SW70籽粒中直链淀粉合成部分缺陷。     

巨大芽孢杆菌对伴矿景天修复镉污染农田土壤的强化作用

伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizincicola)是一种Cd/Zn超积累植物,常用于Cd污染土壤的植物修复。巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)是一种溶磷型细菌,既可以促进植物生长,也可以提高土壤重金属生物有效性,对重金属污染土壤植物修复具有强化作用。本研究采用盆栽试验方法,分析了巨大芽孢杆菌不同接种量(10～60 mL)对伴矿景天修复Cd污染农田土壤效率的影响。结果表明: 在Cd污染农田土壤中接种巨大芽孢杆菌可以提高土壤中Cd的活性,土壤有效态Cd含量较对照(CK)增加15.0%～45.0%。与CK相比,巨大芽孢杆菌提高了伴矿景天地上和地下部的生物量,增幅分别为8.7%～66.7%和13.6%～81.8%,并显著增加了伴矿景天地上部的Cd含量,增幅在29.2%～60.4%。在种植伴矿景天并接种巨大芽孢杆菌条件下,土壤Cd去除率在26.7%～42.9%。这说明接种巨大芽孢杆菌可以促进伴矿景天的生长,增加其Cd含量,从而提高Cd污染农田土壤的修复效率。     

Physiological responses to cadmium stress in strawberry treated with pomegranate peel-activated carbon

Many reports have already been published regarding the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon. However, the biosorbents' effect on the plant response still needs further investigation. In this study, activated carbon derived from the pomegranate peel [pomegranate activated carbons (PAC)] was used to see the effects of the addition of PAC on growing strawberry in Cd-contaminated sand. Cd accumulation and toxicity to strawberry was investigated by measuring the concentration of Cd in plant tissues and various biochemical activities of plant. Our results suggested that PAC had a high sorption capacity for Cd. Strawberry plant tried to deal with the Cd-induced oxidative stress by strengthening its antioxidant competences and decreasing Cd absorption. In comparison with the control, PAC applied to the sand decreased the level of lipid peroxidation and enhanced the carotenoid content. The greater tolerance of strawberry toward the level of Cd due to the application of PAC was associated with improving the physical conditions of the soil, increasing the amounts of some essential elements and decreasing the level of Cd absorption. Gaviota strawberry cultivar exposed to 5 or 10 mg kg^?1 Cd was able to adopt a new metabolic equilibrium, allowing the plant to cope with this metal.     

Cd胁迫下苎麻的生长响应与富集、转运特征研究

通过盆栽试验,分析了苎麻湘苎三号在Cd胁迫下生长响应及其富集、耐性和迁移特征.结果表明,低浓度Cd处理(≤100mgmg·kg^-1)能促进苎麻生长发育,株高、茎粗、有效分蘖数和生物量都有所增加,以50mg·kg^-1胁迫处理最佳;此后则随处理浓度增加抑制效应越明显,到500mg·kg^-1时,各营养生长指标较对照显著减少,但仍生长较好,表明苎麻对重金属Cd胁迫具有很强的耐性.地下部与地上部Cd含量随处理浓度提高而增加,至500 mg.k g-1浓度时达最高值,分别为221.95mg.kg-1和390.61mg·kg^-1.苎麻Cd富集系数和转运系数分别为0.47～1.10和0.57～0.94.因此,苎麻不属于Cd超富集植物,而只是Cd富集植物,鉴于其具有根系发达、保水固土能力强和地上部生物量大等特点,苎麻是目前重金属Cd污染修复较理想的植物.     

The Effect of Pollination on Cd Phytoextraction From Soil by Maize (Zea mays L.)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pollination on cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction from soil by mature maize plants. The results showed that the unpollinated maize plants accumulated 50% more Cd than that of the pollinated plants, even though the dry weight of the former plants was 15% less than that of the latter plants. The Cd accumulation in root and leaf of the unpollinated maize plant was 0.47 and 0.89 times higher than that of the pollinated plant, respectively. The Cd concentration in the cob was significantly decreased because of pollination. Preventing pollination is a promising approach for enhancing the effectiveness of phytoextraction in Cd-contaminated soils by maize. This study suggested that in low Cd-contaminated soil pollination should be encouraged because accumulation of Cd in maize grains is very little and maize seeds can bring farmers economic benefits, while in high Cd-contaminated soil, inhibition of pollination can be applied to enhance phytoextraction of Cd from soil by maize plant.     

猪粪和稻草对镉污染黄泥土生物活性的影响

通过培养试验研究了猪粪和稻草对Cd污染黄泥土生物活性的影响,结果表明,Cd污染土壤的生物活性下降,施用有机肥料后,土壤有效态Cd含量降低,降幅约为40％;微生物量C、N、P和脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶的活性增高,增幅为30％～100％,其中微生物量C、N与土壤有效态Cd之间有显著的负相关关系,可作为污染土壤的生物指标。     

微生物在镉污染土壤修复中的应用及其作用机理

土壤中镉（Cd）含量的超标导致了土壤生态系统的恶性发展,微生物作为土壤中的常见组分之一在缓解土壤镉污染中展现出巨大潜力。本文总结了微生物、微生物-植物和微生物-生物炭在镉污染土壤修复中的应用并阐述了相关的作用机理。芽孢杆菌（Bacillus）、不动杆菌（Acinetobacter）、荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescence）、丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）等微生物可以通过吸附、矿化、沉淀、溶解等方式改变镉的生物有效性,从而达到缓解镉污染的目的。pH值、温度、微生物生物量、镉初始浓度以及时间等对微生物降低镉的生物有效性方面有着显著的影响。假单胞菌、伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia）、黄杆菌（flavobacterium）等微生物可以通过促生、活化等作用促进超富集植物对Cd²⁺的吸收。生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂,其独有的理化性质可以作为微生物的庇护所。微生物-生物炭联合使用与单用生物炭相比可以进一步促进镉的残渣态的增加,降低土壤中有效态的比例。     

An improved understanding of soil Cd risk to humans and low cost methods to phytoextract Cd from contaminated soils to prevent soil Cd risks

We believe greater consideration should be given the agronomic and nutritional/bioavailability factors that influence risk from Cd-contaminated soils. We have argued that the ability of rice to accumulate soil Cd in grain while excluding Fe, Zn and Ca (even though the soil contains 100-times more Zn than Cd) was important in adverse effects of soil Cd is farm families in Asia. Further, polished rice grain is deficient in Fe, Zn and Ca for humans, which promotes Cd absorption into duodenal cells. New kinetic studies clarified that dietary Cd is absorbed into duodenum enterocytes; 109Cd from a single meal remained in the duodenum for up to 16 days; part of the turnover pool 109Cd moved to the liver and kidneys by the end of the 64-day 'chase' period. Thus malnutrition induced by subsistence rice diets caused a higher absorption of dietary Cd and much higher potential risk from soil Cd than other crops. Because rice-induced Fe-Zn-Ca-malnutrition is so important in soil Cd risk, it seems evident that providing nutritional supplements to populations of exposed subsistence rice farmers could protect them against soil Cd during a period of soil remediation. In the long term, high Cd rice soils need to be remediated. Remediation by removal and replacement of contaminated soil is very expensive (on the order of $3 million/ha); while phytoextraction using the high Cd accumulating ecotypes of the Zn-Cd hyperaccumulator, Thlaspi caerulescens, should provide low cost soil Cd remediation.     

Exogenous succinic acid mediates responses of Larix olgensis A. Henry to cadmium stress

Abstract

Trace metal contamination of soil is an increasing problem. Organic acid application can restore trace metal elements such as cadmium (Cd) in contaminated soil. Changbai larch (Larix olgensis A. Henry) is an economically important forestry species in northeast China; however, growth is inhibited by severe Cd contamination. We investigated the effects of different concentrations of exogenous succinic acid (SA) on Cd tolerance and physiological and morphological toxicity in L. olgensis seedlings. Seedlings were planted in pots containing Cd-contaminated or uncontaminated Haplic Cambisol. Seedlings in Cd-contaminated soil were treated daily with SA solution at 0, 0.04, 0.2, 1.0, and 2.0?mmol kg^?1 of soil for 10, 20 or 30?days. Cd treatment induced seedling damage and significantly increased the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content of the leaves, inhibiting soluble protein and proline contents, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, chlorophyl fluorescence and pigment content. Decreases in the length, surface area, volume of roots and leaves, and specific root length were also observed. Effects increased in control plants with time. SA treatment also reduced the Cd content of the fine roots and leaves and Mg, K, and Ca contents. Moreover, plant growth was significantly promoted and damage was reversed, especially at 5.0 and 10.0?mmol?L^?1 SA for 30?days. SA therefore alleviated Cd-induced injury, improving tolerance to Cd stress. SA application combined with afforestation could therefore help restore Cd-contaminated soil in northeast China. Further studies aimed at determining the detoxification mechanism of L. olgensis seedlings are now required.     

土壤水分变化对玉米苗期吸收积累镉的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验研究不同土壤水分含量对玉米苗期吸收积累 Cd的影响。试验结果表明 ,玉米生物量及其吸收 Cd量在玉米不同的生长时期差异较大。2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部和地下部生物量均随着田间持水量 (35 %～ 85 % )的增加而提高 ;而 16 d收获时 ,玉米生物量在田间持水量为 35 %和 85 %时比在其它水分时低许多。 16 d和 2 2 d收获时 ,玉米地上部 Cd含量在田间持水量 5 5 %时分别达到最大值 ,5 5 .4 1mg/ kg和 39.33mg/ kg;而在田间持水量 85 %时分别达最小值 ,2 7.97mg/ kg和 2 3.5 2 m g/kg。在玉米根系的影响下 ,土壤溶液 Cd含量基本上随着玉米的不断生长而降低。田间持水量为 6 5 %时的土壤溶液 Cd含量比田间持水量为 75 %和 85 %时大。玉米总吸 Cd量与水分蒸腾量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系     

Application of rhizosphere interaction of hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens to remediate cadmium-contaminated agricultural soil

There is an urgent requirement for selecting appropriate technologies to solve food safety problems due to soil contamination. In this study, the hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens and a high Cd accumulator pakchoi cultivar (Brassica rapa L. spp. Chinenesis cv.) were grown in a moderately Cd-contaminated soil with three planting systems (monocrop, inter-crop, and crop-rotation) and three growing durations (25, 50, and 75 days) to study the role of rhizosphere interaction of both species on the uptake of Cd. The Cd accumulations in the shoot of pakchoi were significantly reduced in the inter-crop treatment, also the decreased percentage increased with rhizosphere interaction between the two species. In the inter-crop systems of 75 days, the Cd concentration and amount in the shoot of pakchoi represented 54% and 83% reduction, respectively, while the total depletion of Cd decreased by approximate 19%. Although the Cd concentration and amount in the shoot of pakchoi were significantly reduced by 52% and 44%, respectively, in the crop-rotation treatment, the decreased percentage were markedly lower than in the inter-crop treatment. Therefore, the rhizosphere interaction of hyperaccumulator with non-hyperaccumulator may reduce the risk of vegetable contamination during making full use of or remediating the contaminated soil.