遗产旅游地居民对生态移民影响感知的历时性研究——以武陵源风景名胜区为例

安置区居民的生态移民感知状况对于把握生态移民实施效果、实现遗产旅游地可持续发展意义重大.以湖南武陵源3个不同移民安置方式的社区居民为调研对象,通过对比分析2010和2016年两次系统性调研数据,分析不同时段安置区居民对生态移民影响感知的历时性变化和促成感知差异的主要影响因素.结果表明: 2010、2016年,研究区居民对“就业机会增多”、“科教培训机会增多”、“景区环境卫生得到改善”和“认同移民后的‘农转非’身份”等指标反应消极;强烈赞同“传统价值观受到冲击”、“政策实施过程中缺乏监督”等指标选项. 2016年,不同性别、年龄、月均收入水平的安置区居民对生态移民经济和心理影响感知差异较为显著;不同文化程度和收入水平的居民对移民政策的感知分异明显;投资兴业安置方式的居民对生态移民经济影响感知相对积极.经济影响感知和移民政策感知成为影响居民对生态移民整体感知的主要因素;就业问题、子女教育问题和移民保障体系等问题是居民持续关注的重点.     

近20年来生态补偿绩效测评方法研究综述

生态补偿绩效测评, 作为生态补偿“后研究”的重要内容, 对其测评方法的研究逐渐成为学术界关注的重点。以近20年来国内外生态补偿绩效测评研究文献为基础, 对生态补偿绩效测评方法进行了归纳总结。同时, 从优缺点、适用性等方面对各方法进行了对比。最后, 对生态补偿绩效测评方法研究的发展趋势进行了展望。总体而言, 在生态补偿绩效测评方法的未来研究中, 需进一步突出时空动态性、系统综合性及实践应用性。      

太子河流域河流生态功能评价及其管理策略

在河段尺度下,采用指标评价法对太子河流域的水生生物多样性维持、生境维持、水环境支持和水文支持4项生态功能进行评价,排序求和得到河流的主导功能和综合功能评分. 结果表明：全部河段可评定为4个综合生态功能等级,整体上呈现由山区向平原区递减的趋势. 结合综合生态功能和主导生态功能评价结果,提出了6项河流生态管理策略.其中,对于水生生物多样性维持功能和生境维持功能的河段,管理策略以生态管理为主,即“生态保护”、“生态维持”和“生态修复”;对于水环境支持功能和水文支持功能的河段,管理策略则以开发管理为主,即“限制开发”、“优化开发”和“开发利用”.     

海口市建设用地生态适宜性研究

选取海口市建设用地作为研究对象, 基于2010 年Alos 遥感影像数据, 利用层次分析法和GIS 空间叠加分析法对研究区建设用地生态适宜性进行评价。结果显示: 研究区生态适宜性评价等级为“最适宜”和“适宜”用地仅占全区总面积的14.06%, 所占比例较小, 主要分布在城镇建成区及周边临近区域;“基本适宜”用地占全区总面积的19.77%, 面积较大分布不集中且范围较广;“不适宜”和“很不适宜”两者总比例占整个研究区总面积的44.64%, 所占比例较大, 主要分布在偏远郊区及植被茂密的区域; “不可用地”为21.54%, 主要分布在红树林自然保护区、基本农田保护区、高速公路沿线、海岸带、特殊用地及风景名胜区。研究区建设用地生态适宜性整体比较低, 总体分布规律呈现为南低北高; 依照生态适宜性分析结果, 提议在不同区域合理开发土地资源; 建议加强对区域生态环境的保护并严格控制“禁建区”和“限建区”的开发行为。     

新疆阿克苏河流域土地生态安全预警演变与时空格局分析

基于改进的NES—PSR模型建立预警指标体系, 并结合GIS技术平台, 分析了阿克苏河流域1999—2018年土地生态安全警情格局变化和区域差异特征, 最后运用障碍度模型探索其障碍因子。结果表明: (1)生态安全状况总体呈变好趋势。土地生态安全级别由“较不安全”提高至“较安全”, 警度亦由“重警”降至“轻警”。(2)生态安全格局差异明显。研究期间流域生态安全高水平区呈东部—西部—南部—北部顺序变化的空间演变特征。(3)生态环境改善是一个循序渐进的过程。流域依然处于“轻警”和“较安全”状态, 流域内生态环境改善任重道远。(4)影响阿克苏河流域土地生态安全的障碍因子是多方面的。工业废水排放达标率、造林面积占地区面积比重、环境污染治理投资占新疆GDP比重、水利环境和公共管理设施业投资是影响流域生态安全改善的主要障碍因子。研究结果可能为阿克苏河流域土地生态安全改善及资源可持续利用提供科学参考。     

基于CiteSpace的生态系统服务供需关系研究进展与热点分析

生态系统服务供需关系影响生态系统的可持续发展, 探究生态系统服务供需关系对保障生态系统安全、提升人类福祉具有重要意义。利用CiteSpace知识图谱分析工具, 以CNKI数据库中的284篇中文文献和Web of Science数据库中的907篇外文文献为数据源, 从发文量、作者、关键词共现等角度进行可视化分析, 梳理国内外生态系统服务供需相关研究进展与热点。研究结果表明: ①国内外生态系统服务供需研究都在2017年左右开始激增。②国外研究作者之间的合作呈现“大集聚, 小分散”的特征, 国内相关作者之间的合作则呈现“小集聚, 大分散”的特征, 国内作者之间的合作交流有待进一步加强。③“生态系统服务”和“供需关系”是贯穿整个生态系统服务供需研究阶段的关键词, “空间流动”“生态足迹”“生态系统服务需求”和“生态系统服务文化”等关键词体现了生态系统服务供需领域研究的前沿和热点。     

广东省生态学会五届九次常务理事扩大会议纪要

广东省生态学会于2003年5月15在被誉为“龙洞琪林”、“万国奇树博览会”的华南植物园召开了五届九次常务理事会(扩大).学会理事长彭少麟主持了会议并讲了话.副理事长兼秘书长张社尧传达和学习了广东省科协六届二次全委会和胡锦涛总书记视察广东的重要讲话精神,并就筹备广东省生态学会“六大”暨“生态学与全面建设小康社会学术研讨会”的有关问题作了发言.     

普及生态文化 推进文化大省建设——代表省生态学会参加省十届人大二次会议旁听座谈会发言(提纲)

党十六大提出建设小康社会,广东省政府的《工作报告》提出建设经济强省和文化大省,与时俱进地反映了人类社会发展的要求。在政府《工作报告》中,多次提到生态方面的内容,如:我省“生态保护得到加强”,“建设生态文明城市”,“加快生态建设步伐”,“充分发挥山区和农村环境的生态屏障功能”,“统筹人与自然和谐发展,增强可持续发展能力”等等。可见,省委、省政府已把生态与环境的建设提到了重要议事日程。我认为,普及生态文化是和建设小康社会以及建设经济强省、文化大省分不开的。     

喀斯特山区“三生”功能时空演变及驱动机制——以贵州省为例

“三生”功能是指生产、生活和生态功能所提供的产品或服务, 其功能分异可为国土空间规划提供科学指导。以贵州省88个县域单元为研究对象, 运用数理统计、ArcGIS空间分析和地理探测器系统探究喀斯特山区“三生”功能时空演变特征与内在驱动机制。结果表明: ①2000—2018年各县域“三生”功能综合指数均呈现不同程度的下降趋势, 其中生产、生活、生态功能指数分别下降18%、38%、6%; ②生产、生活、生态功能高值区分别主要位于西部和北部、中西部、东部地区, “三生”功能空间分异格局主要源于生产和生态功能变化; ③“三生”功能时空演变的主导因子是第三产业生产总值、交通运输用地和人均可支配收入。研究成果可为喀斯特山区乡村振兴、区域高质量发展提供科学依据和决策参考。     

“拉开档次”法的改进及其在河流生态健康评价中的应用

针对“拉开档次”法在进行综合评价过程中不能较好反映评价者主观信息的缺点,并考虑到影响河流生态系统健康的因素具有多层次、不确定和属性复杂等特点,对”拉开档次”法进行改进,并运用改进的”拉开档次”法对流经北京和天津的北运河上、中、下游各区段进行生态健康综合评价.结果表明,北运河上、中、下游各区段生态系统健康评价值分别为0.539、0.521、0.546,生态状况均处于亚健康状态;河流水环境状况对北运河生态系统健康影响程度最大.运用改进后的“拉开档次”法进行河流生态系统健康评价,既兼顾了评价者的主观判断,又包含了数据本身的客观信息,评价过程透明,评价结果科学、合理、客观、可靠,可为河流综合治理提供技术支持和基础依据.     

"波特假说" ——生态创新与环境管制的关系研究述评

环境管制通常被视为生态创新的重要影响因素,两者之间的关系存在著名的波特假说,即环境管制可以激励企业进行生态创新,并进而建立竞争优势.从波特假说的起源和内涵阐释出发,从理论和实证两个方面对波特假说相关研究进行了文献梳理与评述,指出大部分实证研究证实了弱的波特假说,即环境管制会刺激生态创新的发生;对于强的波特假说,现有研究结论不尽统一,其矛盾的核心在于生态创新能否带来环境绩效与竞争绩效的统一.总之,环境政策对于生态创新的确具有正向或负向的作用,影响的作用方向和强度取决于环境政策的类型、生态创新的类型、生态创新的不同阶段以及管制对象本身的一些特性等.提出了环境管制与生态创新的研究展望,包括:进一步的理论深化研究,研究尺度的拓展,加强环境政策累积效应和叠加效应的研究和针对中国的实证研究与应用等.     

企业生态创新的研究脉络、内涵澄清与测量

生态创新因具有"双重正外部性"而得到实践界和理论界的双重青睐,与此形成鲜明对照的是,现有研究对生态创新概念的适用层次、理论定位、内涵与测量等基本理论问题的理解模糊而缺乏一致性。回顾了企业社会责任、环境管理和创新管理三大领域的相关研究成果,辨析了企业生态创新的内涵特征与外延,进一步梳理了企业生态创新的维度划分与测量,对企业生态创新的未来研究给出了展望。     

生态创新系统功能、过程和可持续评估

不同国家生态创新水平有高低,生态创新系统有差异。生态创新系统是由一系列参与者通过相互作用形成的网络,目的是推动有助于生态环境和社会经济协调发展的知识和技术的生产、传播和应用。为比较不同国家生态创新系统的发展状况和可持续性,分析不同国家生态创新系统的优势和不足,提出生态创新系统两步评估法和整体分析框架。把生态创新系统的功能和过程结合起来,对生态创新系统的发展水平进行评价。重点关注系统的长期发展,即系统可持续性。基于资本的角度,包括知识、经济、人力和社会资本,建立生态创新系统可持续评估模型,考察相关资本存量、流量和风险因素。根据创新系统理论、文献回顾和国际研究比较,遴选出30个关键指标,构建涵盖2个指标矩阵的综合评价指标体系。采用主成分分析和综合评价方法,对不同国家生态创新系统的功能-过程和可持续性分别进行评价。研究表明,法国、德国、韩国、西班牙和挪威生态创新系统的功能-过程表现最强,韩国、德国、奥地利、挪威、捷克生态创新系统的可持续性表现最强。根据生态创新系统的现状和可持续性,主要生态创新国家可以分为四种类型,据此采用不同发展策略。如韩国系统现状水平和可持续性都较高,属于生态创新先进国。...     

行业异质性视角下我国工业生态创新效率评价

随着资源紧缺、环境污染日益严峻,生态创新成为各国追逐的政治目标,研究我国不同工业行业的生态创新效率对我国的创新发展和可持续发展具有重要意义。从生态创新内涵出发,构建包括环境效益和经济效益在内的生态创新效率评价指标体系。以2009—2015年我国34个工业行业面板数据为样本,利用生产要素密集度将选取的34个工业行业归类为资源密集型行业、劳动密集型行业和资本密集型行业。运用基于实数编码加速遗传算法的投影寻踪分类模型进行综合评价,该方法可以依据最佳投影方向来判断各评价指标对综合评价目标的贡献大小和方向,利用投影指标值实现对34个行业的统一分类和评价。结果表明:不同要素密集度行业的生态创新效率存在显著差异,资本密集型行业的生态创新效率最高,资源密集型行业和劳动密集型行业的生态创新效率较为接近,但都低于行业整体平均水平,其中尤以劳动密集型行业中的有色金属矿采选业的生态创新效率最低;生态创新研发人力、财力的投入以及创新活动所带来的经济效益对生态创新效率的提升影响较大,而仪器和设备等物质投入对生态创新效率影响较小。     

Does it pay to be science-based green? The impact of science-based emission-reduction targets on corporate financial performance

The number of companies with highly ambitious carbon emission targets is increasing rapidly. So-called science-based emission-reduction targets (SBTs) are aligned with the aim of the Paris Climate Agreement to limit global warming to below 2°C and preferably to 1.5°C. These voluntary corporate emission targets are substantially more challenging than companies’ prevailing reduction objectives, because climate science guides the target setting. By 2021, more than 2200 companies had publicly engaged in SBTs, covering more than a third of the global market capitalization. The number of participating firms has essentially doubled every year since the first SBTs in 2015. Despite this increased empirical relevance, the impact of SBTs on firm outcomes remains unclear. Notably, their effect on corporate financial performance (CFP) is unknown. The present study addresses this research gap by empirically examining the relationship between corporate carbon emission performance (CCP) and CFP of firms with SBTs from 2015 to 2020. The cross-country panel comprises 2014 observations of 465 firms. Our findings indicate a positive association between CCP and CFP for firms engaging in SBTs, implying a positive relation between decarbonization efforts and financial results. We thereby advance research on the important question of when it pays to be green. On a practical level, we provide transparency on the effects of SBTs for managers and climate-change advocates.     

Corporate Carbon and Financial Performance: A Meta‐analysis

We use meta‐analytical techniques to address the question“When does it pay to be green?” Existing meta‐studies in this research field cover a range of ecological issues and synthesize a variety of environmental performance measurements. This precludes a detailed examination of how differences in measurement approaches account for variations in empirical results. In order to conduct such an examination, we focus on only one ecological issue, climate change, and one particular operational performance dimension: corporate carbon performance as expressed by a firm's level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission equivalents. Our sample comprises 68 estimations from 32 empirical studies, covering a total of 101,775 observations. In addition to our examination of the causal relationship, we analyze whether differences in operationalizations of carbon performance and financial performance predetermine empirical outcomes. The meta‐analytic findings indicate that carbon emissions vary inversely with financial performance, indicating that good carbon performance is generally positively related to superior financial performance. The results show that relative emissions are more likely to produce statistically significant results than absolute emissions. Furthermore, market‐based measures of financial performance are more positively related to carbon performance than accounting‐based measures. We conclude that measurement characteristics, which were not analyzed in detail by previous meta‐studies, may present a great source of cross‐study variability.     

From SLCA to Positive Sustainability Performance Measurement: A Two‐Tier Delphi Study

Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) currently has a preoccupation with capturing and repairing negative dysfunctions and pathologies instead of fostering positive features that make a human life sustainable and worth living. With the intention to overcome this imbalance, this paper aims at transferring the shift to a positive sustainability performance measurement (PSPM) perspective in industrial ecology. We argue that positive performance is likely to develop from the lens of social life cycle assessment (SLCA), because sustainability is an anthropocentric concept that puts positive benefits to human well‐being (i.e., the social dimension of sustainability) at the center of the analysis. However, the field of SLCA is highly fragmented, without a coherent theoretical understanding and without a clear prioritization of problems and future research directions. Therefore, we engage in an extensive Delphi study with experts from academia and practice to foster a discussion of lessons learned from SLCA for PSPM. In this way, the paper contributes to a more coherent and deeper understanding of both connected fields. The results emphasize that SLCA has become a defensive risk management instrument against reputational damages, whereas PSPM offers the potential to proactively measure and manage positive contributions to sustainable development. We identify three main challenges (definitional, methodological, and managerial) and two main areas of benefits (organizational and societal) and use them to consolidate the debate on SLCA and PSPM and to provide a roadmap for future research.     

Eco‐efficiency Based on Social Performance and its Relationship with Financial Performance

As corporate responsibility for environmental management has gained attention, eco‐efficiency has become recognized as an important concept for improving the social performance of the business sector as well as that of the public sector. Improving eco‐efficiency is widely accepted not only as a means of increasing economic value, but also as a means of reducing environmental effects. However, managing for eco‐efficiency should take into consideration the differences among industries, because the impact of eco‐efficiency on financial and social performance varies among industries. To explore this variation, we conducted a cross‐industry analysis of eco‐efficiency based on social performance using data envelopment analysis (DEA). DEA measures relative efficiency and is a useful tool for taking into account the relative importance of industry‐specific characteristics. Using DEA, eco‐efficiency scores were derived based on the ratio of two factors of social performance: (1) value‐added inducing and production‐inducing economic spillover effects and (2) the amount of greenhouse gases emitted and energy used. Then, we identified the relationships between our eco‐efficiency score and financial performance, which is a measure of the firm's stability. The case study is based on 272 firms in 16 industries in South Korea. Results show that firms in product manufacturing and service‐intensive industries tend to have higher eco‐efficiency scores than those in raw material or chemical‐intensive industries. In addition, most of the industries reveal no relationship between traditional financial performance metrics and eco‐efficiency scores. A handful of industries had significant relationships with one or more financial performance metrics; in some cases, these relationships were negative, whereas in others they were positive. Surprisingly, almost all industries have no significant relationships between eco‐efficiency and financial performance. This result implies that government support for policies that reward firms that attempt to be eco‐efficient are needed, or that other nonfinancial metrics that influence eco‐efficiency, such as employment and brand reputation, should be considered. This article is expected to support policy makers as they formulate industry‐specific environmental strategies.     

The Effect of Life Cycle Cost Information on Consumer Investment Decisions Regarding Eco-Innovation

Life cycle cost (LCC) computations are a well-established instrument for the evaluation of intertemporal choices in organizations, but they have not been widely adopted by private consumers yet. Consumer investment decisions for products and services with higher initial costs and lower operating costs are potentially subject to numerous cognitive biases, such as present-biased preferences or framing effects. This article suggests a classification for categorizing different cost profiles for eco-innovation and a conceptual model for the influence of LCC information on consumer decisions regarding eco-innovation. It derives hypotheses on the decision-making process for eco-innovation from a theoretical perspective. To verify the hypotheses, the publication reviews empirical studies evaluating the effects of LCC information on consumer investment decisions. It can be concluded that rather than finding ways to make customers pay more for environmentally sound products, the marketing challenge for eco-innovation should be reconceptualized as one of lowering customers' perceived initial cost and increasing awareness of LCC. Most existing studies report a positive effect of LCC information on the purchase likelihood of eco-innovations. Disclosing LCC information provides an important base for long-term thinking on the individual, corporate, and policy levels.     

Economic Development Matters: A Meta‐Regression Analysis on the Relation between Environmental Management and Financial Performance

Although the existing body of empirical literature on the relation between corporate environmental performance (CEP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) is continuously growing, results are still inconclusive about this fundamental question in industrial ecology. Comparisons are difficult because of various estimation methods as well as the overall heterogeneous and complex interaction between the two constructs, but especially because of country‐specific data sets. Consequently, we raise the question of whether regional differences are the driving force buried underneath the inconclusiveness. Therefore, the aim of this article is to explore this heterogeneity by aggregating 893 existing results from 142 empirical primary studies that are based on more than 750,000 firm‐year observations. Our findings suggest a convex impact of a country's economic development on the magnitude of the CEP‐CFP effect (i.e., the effect is positive in developing countries, disappears in emerging countries, and is again positive in highly developed countries). We also find that the overall positive relation strengthens for market‐based CFP measures and diminishes for countries with civil law systems, firms from the service sector, reactive environmental activities, and process‐based CEP measures. Further, several aspects of the examined data sample and the inclusion of relevant control variables explain heterogeneity in previous research results.