长爪沙鼠脑缺血模型近交系的培育及其发病机制研究进展

长爪沙鼠具有脑血管变异缺失的特性,是脑缺血研究良好的模型动物。普通长爪沙鼠群体中模型成功率低,影响研究结果稳定性,不符合实验动物福利要求。我们团队在证实脑血管Willis环(circle of Willis,COW)变异缺失具有遗传性的基础上,首先通过定向选育建立了脑缺血高发群体,进而通过全同胞近亲繁殖的方式,建立了脑缺血模型近交系,其COW缺失率达76.62%,模型成功率达到88.89%。此外,建立了近交系微卫星DNA和生化位点遗传检测方法,分析了长爪沙鼠脑缺血模型近交系动物的生长发育和血液生理生化等指标,为该模型的推广应用奠定了基础。我们还发现,VEGFA基因、AKT/PI3K和Notch信号通路在长爪沙鼠脑血管发育中发挥重要作用。通过抑制消减杂交方法筛选获得4个与长爪沙鼠脑血管发育相关的基因。长爪沙鼠脑缺血模型近交系的培育成功解决了模型发生率低的问题,减少了动物使用量,提高了研究结果可信度和稳定性,促进了相关机制研究。     

长爪沙鼠脑底动脉Willis环变异缺失遗传特性分析及脑缺血模型高发群体的初步培育

目的研究长爪沙鼠脑底动脉Willis环遗传特性,并定向培育脑缺血高发种群。方法通过对5代定向培育的长爪沙鼠高发群动物共398只动物的右侧颈总动脉结扎模型进行观察,比较长爪沙鼠亲代与子代间脑底动脉Willis环的变异缺失类型,探求其遗传特性,并根据该遗传特性将Willis环后交通支缺失且前交通支缺失或细小的同类型的长爪沙鼠父母所生的子代雌雄个体配对繁殖,定向培育长爪沙鼠半脑缺血模型高发生率种群。结果当双亲的Willis环类型一致时,其子代大部分与其父母一致;而当双亲的Willis环类型不一致时,Willis环前交通支与母亲一致率为60.4%,前交通支与父亲的一致率为48.2%,两者的差异有显著性意义（P=0.015）。长爪沙鼠半脑缺血模型高发生率种群定向培育5代后,行单侧颈总动脉结扎时,一侧脑缺血造模成功率由F1代的40%提高到F5代的75%。结论长爪沙鼠脑底动脉Willis环变异有明显的遗传性,初步培育出了长爪沙鼠半脑缺血模型高发生率种群。     

长爪沙鼠资源开发利用进展

长爪沙鼠是源于我国的＂多功能＂实验动物资源,在某些研究领域发挥重要作用。随着研究深入,越来越多的长爪沙鼠生物学特性将被发现,这些将使长爪沙鼠资源利用更加多元化。本文对长爪沙鼠的开发研究历程及在分类学、寄生虫学、脑缺血、脂质代谢、神经性疾病和肿瘤学等研究中的应用作简要概述。     

西比灵干预对沙鼠脑缺血再灌注后核因子-κB、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1表达的影响

目的：研究西比灵对沙鼠脑缺血再灌注后核因子-κB、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1表达的影响。方法：52只健康蒙古沙鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、脑缺血再灌注（I/R）组、西比灵干预组,I/R组及西比灵干预组再分为6h、1d、3d、7d四个亚组。通过夹闭双侧颈总动脉10 min后松夹,建立沙鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型。采用免疫组化的实验方法检测各组脑组织中NF-κBp65、MCP-1的表达。结果：缺血再灌注后各时间点I/R组及西比灵干预组,NF-κBp65的表达量显著高于正常对照组及假手术组（均P〈0.01）,且出现MCP-1阳性表达。与I/R组比较,西比灵干预组在I/R后6h、1d,NF-κBp65、MCP-1表达下调（均P〈0.05）。结论：在脑缺血再灌注早期,西比灵能够下调NF-κBp65、MCP-1的表达,减轻局部炎症反应及脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

大沙鼠,子午沙鼠,长爪沙鼠腰带骨的研究

主要研究大沙鼠(Rhombomys opimus)、子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)、长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiulatus)腰带骨的比较,研究材料共30只骨骼标本均为成体。从测量中发现,它们之间差异比较突出,其主要特点: 1.腰带骨指数大沙鼠小于50,而子午沙鼠和长爪沙鼠都大于50。 2.大沙鼠坐骨弓指数在100以上,长爪沙鼠90以下,子午沙鼠80以下。说明大沙鼠坐骨弓较深。子午沙鼠和长爪沙鼠骨盆联合指数都小于大沙鼠。     

长爪沙鼠脑底前后交通动脉变异类型分析

目的解剖观察成年长爪沙鼠脑底动脉前后交通支的缺失变异类型。方法选用128只成年长爪沙鼠,脑缺血死亡或乙醚麻醉处死后,解剖后在镜下对其脑底表面的动脉及前后交通支进行了观察。结果所解剖的长爪沙鼠存在7种前交通支的变异类型和5种后交通支变异类型。其中,前交通支缺失的类型占总数的46·1%,后交通支的缺失类型占总数的85·2%,两者同时缺失的概率为39·27%,与单侧结扎的方法制备脑缺血模型的成模率相近。结论长爪沙鼠的脑底动脉前后交通支存在多种变异,尤其是某些个体存在完整的后交通支。     

半胱氨酰白三烯受体拮抗剂通过下调自噬减轻长爪沙鼠的全脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的 探讨半胱氨酰白三烯受体拮抗剂(普鲁司特、HAMI 3379)对长爪沙鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。方法 采用结扎双侧颈总动脉缺血10 min再灌注24 h,建立长爪沙鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,随机分为假手术组、模型组、普鲁司特、HAMI 3379组,每组20只,术前3 d开始腹腔注射给药,1次/日,术前30 min给药1次。观察再灌注24 h神经症状及功能;尼氏染色法观察皮层及海马区神经元;免疫印迹法检测皮层、海马中自噬相关蛋白beclin-1及LC3的表达情况;电镜观察海马区自噬小体。结果与模型组比较,普鲁司特、HAMI 3379组可提高神经症状评分,减少神经功能损伤,减轻皮层及海马区神经元损伤及丢失,减少自噬相关蛋白beclin-1及LC3的表达及海马区自噬小体的数量。结论 半胱氨酰白三烯受体拮抗剂通过下调大脑皮层、海马区的自噬减轻长爪沙鼠全脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

大沙鼠和子午沙鼠的种群生态位

大沙鼠(Ｒｈｏｍｂｏｍｙｓｏｐｉｍｕｓ)和子午沙鼠(Ｍｅｒｉｏｎｅｓｍｅｒｉｄｉａｎｕｓ)均为荒漠、半荒漠的典型鼠种,为群栖性鼠类,只是子午沙鼠不像大沙鼠那样形成很大的集群。在沙质荒漠生境,大沙鼠和子午沙鼠常混居于沙丘坡地上部,成为这些地区自然群落中的优势种。对于大沙鼠和子午沙鼠种群之间的关系,在空间分布格局方面的研究已有报道[1]。作者于1995年9～10月、1996年4～5月、9～10月和1999年10月在内蒙古包头市达尔罕茂名安联合旗北部的腾格淖尔地区,对大沙鼠和子午沙鼠种群生态位进行了研究,并就它们对资源的利用和分配以及两…     

长爪沙鼠实验室生长繁殖的初步观察

长爪沙鼠是一种野生啮齿动物。近年来,国外利用它作为实验动物,特别在丝虫病的研究方面,它是目前比较理想的淋巴寄居性丝虫的模型动物。我组为建立我国人体寄生丝虫的小型动物模型,于1973年8月开始在实验室内进行饲养,现将长爪沙鼠在人工饲养条件下,生长和繁殖的观察记录整理报道如下。     

三种沙鼠躯干骨及四肢骨的比较

大沙鼠(Rhombomys opimus)与子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)、长爪沙鼠(M.ungui-culatus)为我国广泛分布的沙鼠亚科(Gerbillinae)的3个种类。对它们的研究,前人多偏重于外部形态及生态学的观察,而解剖学方面的报道不多。1988年,作者研究了这3种沙鼠躯干骨和四肢骨,为阐明它们的形态结构特点积累资料,供读者参考。     

心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤治疗理念及相关动物模型研究进展

心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤是一个复杂的病理生理变化过程,由多种损伤机制共同参与。自心肺复苏后系统性综合治疗和亚低温治疗在临床上广泛应用后,目前已有多种治疗理念在不同的动物实验和动物模型基础上被提出,包括缺血预处理、药物预处理、缺血后处理、和药物后处理,而后吸入麻醉药对心肺复苏后脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用受到了人们的重视,而七氟烷后处理已经成为目前研究的热点之一。为了指导临床上的心肺复苏,人们一直在利用不同动物模型,探究不同保护方法,寻找有效的脑保护药物。而各种治疗理念的提出均是建立在动物实验和动物模型的基础上,窒息性心肺复苏模型模拟围术期气道梗阻,能较贴切的复制临床上由窒息引起的心肺复苏后脑损伤,对将来指导临床复苏具有重大意义。     

微创技术：药理动物模型的新选择

传统药理学动物模型存在创伤过大、精确度低等一系列问题,严重制约着药理学的发展。而医学微创技术的进步为解决这一问题提供了新的选择。已有学者利用微创技术成功地建立了局灶脑梗塞、脊髓缺血及损伤、可复梗阻性黄疸模型、急性心肌梗死模型、慢性心力衰竭等系列动物疾病模型,虽然微创药理学作为一个新兴学科还有待完善,但它的发展必将促进药理学研究达到新的高度.本文通过查阅近年来有关微创技术的国内外文献,对微创技术在药理学中的应用和探索等方面进行了探讨。     

多因素复合制作气虚血瘀证脑缺血动物模型的实验研究

目的通过复制气虚血瘀证型大鼠脑缺血动物模型,探索病证结合动物模型制作方法.方法选用老年Wistar大鼠,采用饥饿、疲劳、寒湿、惊恐、高脂饮食等多因素复合方法复制气虚血瘀证动物模型,采用双侧颈总动脉结扎复制脑缺血动物模型.结果通过对一般体征和微观指标的观测,发现模型大鼠基本符合中医气虚血瘀证候特点和现代医学脑缺血病理变化规律.[HTH〗结论多因素复合作用可成功复制病证结合动物模型,本动物模型有可能成为将来中医药防治脑缺血科研工作的实验基础.     

Determination of zinc contents in rabbits with cerebral ischemia by NAA and ICP-AES

Cerebral ischemia is an important cerebral vascular disease, and zinc is a necessary trace element for humans. In this work, a cerebral ischemia model of rabbit was established by operation. The samples of brain and serum in the animal models were collected. The Zn contents in the samples were determined by neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The results show the Zn contents in brain decreased 2 mo after cerebral ischemia, and Zn contents in serum decreased even more obviously. In addition, a positive correlation of Zn contents between left and right cerebral hemispheres was observed, and the positive correlation between brain and serum was also observed. A test of Chinese medicine was also carried out in the work. Two Chinese medicines were fed to rabbits with cerebral ischemia in the experiments. The results showed they probably can prevent the decrease of Zn contents in serum.     

Animal models of focal and global cerebral ischemia

The use of appropriate animal models is essential to predict the value and effect of therapeutic approaches in human subjects. Focal (stroke) and global (cardiac arrest) cerebral ischemia represents diseases that are common in the human population. Stroke and cardiac arrest, which are major causes of death and disability, affect millions of individuals around the world and are responsible for the leading health care costs of all diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of injury and neuroprotection in these diseases is critical if we are ever to learn new target sites to treat ischemia. There are many animal models available to investigate injury mechanisms and neuroprotective strategies. This review summarizes many (but not all) small and large animal models of focal and global cerebral ischemia and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.     

gamma-Aminobutyric acid(A) neurotransmission and cerebral ischemia

In this review, we present evidence for the role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission in cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. While glutamate neurotransmission has received widespread attention in this area of study, relatively few investigators have focused on the ischemia-induced alterations in inhibitory neurotransmission. We present a review of the effects of cerebral ischemia on pre and postsynaptic targets within the GABAergic synapse. Both in vitro and in vivo models of ischemia have been used to measure changes in GABA synthesis, release, reuptake, GABA(A) receptor expression and activity. Cellular events generated by ischemia that have been shown to alter GABA neurotransmission include changes in the Cl(-) gradient, reduction in ATP, increase in intracellular Ca(2+), generation of reactive oxygen species, and accumulation of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids. Neuroprotective strategies to increase GABA neurotransmission target both sides of the synapse as well, by preventing GABA reuptake and metabolism and increasing GABA(A) receptor activity with agonists and allosteric modulators. Some of these strategies are quite efficacious in animal models of cerebral ischemia, with sedation as the only unwanted side-effect. Based on promising animal data, clinical trials with GABAergic drugs are in progress for specific types of stroke. This review attempts to provide an understanding of the mechanisms by which GABA neurotransmission is sensitive to cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, we discuss how dysfunction of GABA neurotransmission may contribute to neuronal death and how neuronal death can be prevented by GABAergic drugs.     

Polyphenols in cerebral ischemia

Plant polyphenols are dietary components that exert a variety of biochemical and pharmacological effects. Recently, considerable interest has been focused on polyphenols because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities. Oxidative stress is thought to be a key event in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species during ischemia/reperfusion could cause an imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative processes. Reactive oxygen species can damage lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, thereby inducing apoptosis or necrosis. There is increasing evidence supporting the hypothesis that plant polyphenols can provide protection against neurodegenerative changes associated with cerebral ischemia. This article reviews the neuroprotective effects of plant extracts and their constituents that have been used in animal models of cerebral ischemia. The use of polyphenols as therapeutic agents in stroke has been suggested.     

缺血性中风动物模型研究现状

利用实验动物或细胞模型完全模拟人类的中风十分困难,动物模型与临床的拟合具有重要意义。本文对目前缺血性中风动物模型研究中的实验动物选择、模型评价标准及造模方法 ,以及主要局灶缺血模型的优缺点进行述评,为缺血性中风的基础和应用研究选择合适的实验动物模型提供参考。     

Pre-ischemic treadmill training affects glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid levels in the striatal dialysate of a rat model of cerebral ischemia

AimsTreadmill training has been shown to improve function in animal models and patients with cerebral ischemia. However, the neurochemical effects of this intervention on the ischemic brain have not been well studied. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of pre-ischemic treadmill training on the release of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the striatum in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model.Main methodsRats were divided into five groups: sham control without MCAO, and 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks pre-ischemic treadmill training. After training, cerebral ischemia was induced by MCAO for 120 min, followed by reperfusion. Microdialysis was used to collect dialysates from the striatum immediately before ischemia, and at 40, 80 and 120 min after ischemia, as well as at 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 min after reperfusion.Key findingsPre-ischemic treadmill training decreased glutamate release and increased GABA release during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Treadmill training for at least 2 weeks produced statistically significant changes in GABA/glutamate release.SignificanceThe present study suggests that treadmill training inhibits the excessive release of glutamate, by stimulating GABA release during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia. This may be one of the important mechanisms to protect the striatal neurons from ischemic damage.