多胚苗水稻APIV不同颖花的多卵和多胚苗频率研究

APIV的多卵和多胚苗频率与其颖花和种子的发育季节以及颖花的着生部位有一定关系。在夏季条件下抽穗开花,其多卵频率和多胚苗频率均比较低,而在秋季条件下抽穗开花则比较高。在同一稻穗中的多卵和多胚苗频率,强势颖花要明显地高于弱势颖花。在同—季节抽穗开花的主穗和分蘖穗之间,其颖花内的多卵频率不存在明显差异,多胚苗频率的差异也不明显。     

被子植物多胚苗的研究进展

本文综述了被子植物多胚苗的研究进展。在被子植物中多胚苗材料的种类很多,而只有特定起源的多胚苗材料在作物杂种优势固定中才具有比较大的实用价值。关于被子植物多胚苗的发生机理目前还没形成统一的定论。单倍性、二倍性和多倍性多胚苗在作物育种上具有各自不同的意义。     

被子植物多胚苗的研究进展

本文综述了被子植物多胚苗的研究进展。在被子植物中多胚苗材料的种类很多,而只有特定起源的多胚苗材料在作物杂种优势固定中才具有比较大的实用价值。关于被子植物多胚苗的发生机理目前还没形成统一的定论。单倍性、二倍性和多倍性多胚苗在作物育种上具有各自不同的意义。     

几个芒果品种的胚性及多胚苗遗传分析

通过目测,筛选出芒果多胚种子,观察其多胚形态;将多胚种子培育成多胚苗,观察其生长发育状况;取多胚苗和母树叶片进行体细胞染色体数目鉴定及同工酶的分析.结果表明,多胚类群的品种中有单胚现象出现,土芒、吕宋、象牙单胚出现的频率分别为1.04%、3.85%和5.44%;土芒和象牙胚数出现的范围分别为2-6和2-8.多胚种子子叶形态和胚轴的着生位置各异.种子多胚的萌发率、成活率及多胚苗的生长状况均与多胚种子的胚数、子叶发育大小等因素相关.多胚苗体细胞染色体数目是2n=40,未发现染色体的数目变异.POD同工酶分析表明,同一种子的多胚苗间酶谱上存在着差异.     

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术观察同源四倍体双胚苗水稻的胚胎学特征

利用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术对同源四倍体双胚苗水稻的受精过程、胚胎发育过程和双胚来源进行观察鉴定。研究结果表明,同源四倍体水稻和二倍体水稻在发生受精作用的时间上不存在很大的差异。双胚苗水稻的受精作用和胚胎发育表现出明显的特异性,其双胚苗性状有其胚胎学根源,双胚可能有4种来源,即来源于由双套胚囊形成的双胚、由多卵卵器中的卵细胞和类卵细胞分别通过受精作用形成双胚、由特异性的反足细胞通过异常发育后形成额外的幼胚、由胚乳细胞通过异常发育后形成胚乳型幼胚。通过对试验材料的受精频率及其结实率进行比较后发现,双胚苗水稻具有更弱的有性生殖能力,其遗传可塑性更强,这为离子束介导技术的研究找到了比较好的受体材料。     

麦类作物多胚的研究 Ⅰ.麦类作物多胚的自然发生

用青海高原自然条件下种植的小麦不同种、杂种、幼胚培养后代,大麦、黑麦和小黑麦的种子作发芽试验,从普通小麦及其杂种、幼胚离体培养后代和大麦中,出现了多胚苗。５９个小麦品种中只有高原６０２及２９０个普通小麦品种间杂种吸８个、１８个幼胚培养后代中有２个出现了双胚苗,出现频率虽低,但能遗传。     

水稻“多胚苗”的形态学观察

“无融合多胚苗”水稻Ｃ１００１Ｂ和它的杂种Ｃ１００１Ｂ×Ｃ１００１Ａ 的未成熟颖果１５００ 粒;田间和人工萌发的单苗、双苗和三苗实生苗共２７０２ 株进行了形态解剖观察,结果如下：１．Ｃ１００１Ｂ和它的杂交颖果中只含一个胚;２． 由单个胚萌发的双苗和三苗幼苗是多苗实生苗。双苗实生苗的侧苗１ 和三苗实生苗的侧苗１ 是由主苗基部胚芽鞘的腋芽所形成,侧苗２由侧苗１ 基生叶的腋部发育而来。因此,多苗实生苗系同一个胚发育的主苗及其腋芽系统所组成;３． 颖果中胚的位置和朝向的变化和侧苗生长的两种类型,导致主苗与侧苗位置上的不同。至于已报道的水稻“多胚苗”形成的无融合生殖类型和推测尚有待提出胚胎学的论据。     

多胚水稻ApⅢ（双13）的胚胎学观察

对多胚水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）ＡｐⅢ的大量成熟颖果、人工萌发的幼苗和开花后３～５ ｄ 的幼嫩颖果进行的整体解剖和显微制片观察表明：ＡｐⅢ的５０００粒成熟颖果中,８９．０％ 含单胚单苗,８．９％ 和１．２％分别含双胚双苗和三胚三苗;７００多粒幼嫩颖果中,９０．０％ ～９５．０％ 含单胚,５．０％ ～７．０％ 含双胚。因制片的数目有限,未见到含三胚的;在含单胚和多胚颖果中,胚均位于同一胚囊的珠孔端,未见到胚囊以外存在不定胚。根据上述结果,似可以认为ＡｐⅢ单粒颖果的双胚和三胚是由同一胚囊内的卵细胞和１或２个助细胞受精或不受精发育而来的     

几种具无融合生殖特性的植物多胚和多苗现象的观察

报道6种具无融合生殖特性的植物种子的胚数和萌发实生苗数的观察结果。金桔(Fortunellamargarita (Lour.)Swingle)、蜜桔(Citrus unshiu Marcoritch)和花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.)具珠心胚,含多胚种子频率分别为97.50％、100％和45.00％;多胚种子的胚数范围分别为2～49,3～54和2～6。草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)、滨草(Elymus rectisetus)和湖北海棠(Malus hupehensis(pampon.)Rehd.)具非减数配子体无融合生殖特性,含多胚种子频率依次为34.25％、8.11％和37.50％;前两种的多胚种子中胚数范围为2～3,后者为2～15。蜜桔、草地早熟禾和湖北海棠种子萌发多苗的频率分别为22.00％、6.14％和2.22％。描述了多胚种子中胚的形态、位置和分布。对6种植物含单胚种子的胚的来源进行了分析。初步结论:1.具无融合生殖现象的植物种子含多胚和萌发多苗的特性可作为寻找具无融合生殖特性的植物的形态学指标;2.对其筛选的材料进行大孢子发生、胚囊形成和早期胚胎发育的研究,以期阐明多胚来源和生殖类型。     

麦类作物多胚的研究：Ⅱ.二棱大麦多胚苗的赝象

在麦类作物多胚的研究中,我们在２４个二棱大麦品系中,发现品系ＨＤ－２１的侧生小穗发育,且因位置偏移与中间小穗合生或粘连造成多胚的赝象。合生或粘连有６种形式,是可遗传的,遗传给后代植株的出现频率平均为１５．３８％,穗部出现合生或粘连的小穗一般为２％左右,最高达５０％。     

Sodium and potassium uptake of rice panicles as affected by salinity and season in relation to yield and yield components

Salinity is a major yield-reducing stress in many arid and/or coastal irrigation systems for rice. Past studies on salt stress have mainly addressed the vegetative growth stage of rice, and little is known on salt effects on the reproductive organs. Sodium and potassium uptake of panicles was studied for eight rice cultivars in field trials under irrigation with saline and fresh water in the hot dry season and the wet season 1994 at WARDA in Ndiaye, Senegal. Sodium and potassium content was determined at four different stages of panicle development and related to salt treatment effects on yield, yield components and panicle transpiration. Yield and yield components were strongly affected by salinity, the effects being stronger in the HDS than in the WS. The cultivars differed in the amount of salt taken up by the panicle. Tolerant cultivars had lower panicle sodium content at all panicle development stages than susceptible ones. Panicle potassium concentration decreased with panicle development under both treatments in all cultivars, but to a lesser extent in salt treated susceptible cultivars. Grain weight reduction in the early panicle development stages and spikelet sterility increase in the later PDS were highly correlated (p < 0.01) with an increase in panicle sodium concentration in both seasons, whereas reduction in spikelet number was not. The magnitude of salt-induced yield loss could not be explained with increases in sodium uptake to the panicle alone. It is argued that the amount of sodium taken up by the panicle may be determined by two different factors. One factor (before flowering) being the overall control mechanism of sodium uptake through root properties and the subsequent distribution of sodium in the vegetative plant, whereas the other (from flowering onwards) is probably linked to panicle transpiration. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Spikelet Sterility and Flowering Response of Rice to Water Stress at Anthesis

Water deficits at the anthesis stage of rice (Oryza sativa L.)induce a high percentage of spikelet sterility and reduce grainyield. This study attempted to elucidate the direct effectsof water stress on panicle exsertion, spikelet opening, andspikelet desiccation leading to spikelet sterility. A well-wateredtreatment and two water stress levels were imposed in pot-grownplants of IRAT 13 (upland cultivar) and IR20 (lowland cultivar)at the time of flowering under greenhouse conditions A cultivar difference was observed in the flowering responseto water stress with a high sensitivity in IR20. The time courseof panicle exsertion showed an inhibitory effect due to thelow panicle water status. Low panicle water potentials significantlyreduced the number of opened spikelets. Spikelet opening wascompletely inhibited at panicle water potentials below –1·8MPa and –2·3 MPa in IR20 and IRAT 13, respectively.However, the peak spikelet opening time in a day was not influencedby the stress treatment. Spikelets in stressed panicles wereobserved to remain open for a longer period than in the well-wateredpanicles. The role of turgor in spikelet opening is also discussedin the study. At low panicle water potentials, severe desiccationof spikelets and anthers was noted. The deleterious effectsof water deficits on spikelet opening and spikelet water losscontributed to reduced spikelet fertility Oryza sativa L., rice, spikelet sterility, flowering, water stress, panicle water potentials, turgor potentials, desiccation     

近地层臭氧浓度升高对杂交稻颖花形成的影响

依托全球唯一的稻田开放式空气中臭氧浓度增高系统平台,以汕优63和两优培九为供试材料,设置大气背景臭氧浓度和高臭氧浓度（比大气背景臭氧浓度高50%）两个浓度水平,研究FACE条件下高O₃浓度对杂交稻颖花形成的影响.结果表明：高O₃浓度使汕优63和两优培九每穗颖花数分别减少28朵和34朵,下降幅度分别为15%和13%.从稻穗构成看,高O₃浓度胁迫下杂交稻每穗颖花数减少主要与每穗2次枝梗颖花数明显减少有关,对每穗1次枝梗颖花数的影响较小,因此高O₃浓度胁迫下水稻每穗1次枝梗颖花数占全穗的比率增加,每穗2次枝梗颖花数占全穗的比率降低.从颖花形成看,高O₃浓度胁迫下杂交稻每穗颖花数下降主要是颖花（特别是2次颖花）的分化受到抑制所致,而颖花的退化数不增反降.上述结果表明,采取相应措施削弱高O₃浓度胁迫对颖花分化的抑制作用可能是近地层高O₃浓度条件下减少杂交稻产量损失的关键.     

Panicle Differentiation and Spikelet Number Related to Size of Panicle in Pennisetum americanum

The size of the developing panicle of pearl millet (Pennisetumamericanum (L.) Leeke) was studied during panicle differentiation(from panicle initiation to the completion of spikelet production)in plants grown in pots or in the field and supplied with varyinglevels of nitrogen. The duration of panicle differentiationrequired a constant thermal time (day degrees) under all nitrogensupplies. However, the rate of growth of the developing panicleduring this phase was retarded by low nitrogen supply. Duringpanicle differentiation, it appeared that the developing paniclehad to reach a critical size before developmental events suchas the initiation of spikelet primordia commenced; timing ofdevelopmental events was related to the size of the developingpanicle. The number of spikelets produced depended on the rate of growthof the differentiating panicle and the duration of the phaseof spikelet initiation (from appearance of the first spikeletprimordium to completion of spikelet differentiation). Low nitrogensupply reduced the number of spikelets produced, by retardingthe rate of growth of the differentiating panicle; this delayedthe time to initiation of spikelets and thereby reduced theduration of spikelet initiation. All spikelets (irrespectiveof nitrogen supply on the mainstem and on tillers) occupiedthe same area of panicle surface at the completion of differentiationof the panicle and at anthesis. Key words: Millet, Panicle differentiation, Spikelet number     

Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Nitrogen Fertilizer Increases Spikelet Number per Panicle in Rice by Repressing Protein Degradation and 14-3-3 Proteins

The spikelet number per panicle is established in the early stages of panicle development. Nitrogen fertilizer application before panicle initiation is known to increase spikelet number, which is one of the most important traits in rice productivity determination. However, the basic proteomic mechanism remains poorly understood. The present study shows that nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased spikelet number and grain yield in rice. Proteomic variations were further analyzed in young panicles at the secondary panicle branch initiation and spikelet meristem initiation under nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Proteomic analysis identified 63 proteins with significant differential accumulation in young panicles under nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Proteolysis represents the largest functional category, which suggests that protein degradation is an important pathway in the response to nitrogen fertilizer. Importantly, nitrogen fertilizer significantly reduced 14-3-3 proteins, which interact with key enzymes associated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and the rice FT homologue Hd3a. Real-time PCR revealed that Hd3a signaling is also repressed by nitrogen fertilizer in leaves. This study contributes to a better understanding of the regulation of nitrogen fertilizers in the flowering pathway leading to panicle development. The identification of novel genes provides new insight into the profound impacts of nitrogen fertilizer on panicle development in rice.     

异季条件下稻穗枝梗和颖花分化、退化及其形成的差异性研究

以19个水稻杂交组合为试验材料,通过大田条件下的分期播种,于抽穗期调查了稻穗枝梗、颖花分化、退化及形成有关性状,分析了各性状不同季节的变异及其相互关系。结果表明,单穗一次枝梗分化数、二次枝梗分化数、颖花分化数、一次枝梗退化数、二次枝梗退化数、颖花退化数、一次枝梗退化率、二次枝梗退化率、颖花退化率、一次枝梗形成数、二次枝梗形成数、一次枝梗颖花形成数、二次枝梗颖花形成数和单穗颖花总形成数等性状均存在较大的组合间差异和季节间变异,其中19个组合单穗颖花总形成数异季差异率变幅为5.12%~93.59%,平均变异率为34.19%;总体上,不同季节下二次枝梗各性状的变异性强,颖花性状其次,一次枝梗各性状变异性最小;根据异季条件下稻穗枝梗和颖花分化、退化及其形成性状的变异性,从大穗角度讨论了杂交稻新组合育种资源选择与利用问题。     

不同生育阶段夜温升高对双季水稻产量的影响

利用两间玻璃温室内夜间不同的温度条件,研究了水稻不同生育阶段的夜温升高对双季早、晚稻产量的影响.结果表明：播种-幼穗分化（一次枝梗分化期）期间夜温升高,有利于双季水稻的分蘖,植株有效穗数显著增加,平均夜间最低温度每升高1 ℃,双季早、晚稻的产量分别提高10.02%～13.18%和6.52%～7.78%（P＜0.01）;幼穗分化-抽穗（10%稻穗抽出剑叶鞘）期间夜温升高,导致颖花退化,使每穗发育颖花数减少,平均夜间最低温度每升高1 ℃,双季早、晚稻的产量分别下降3.76%～6.67%和3.66%～6.94%（P＜0.01）;灌浆结实期（抽穗-成熟）夜温升高,双季早稻的结实率和产量显著下降,而双季晚稻的结实率和产量显著提高,平均夜间最低温度每升高1 ℃,双季早稻的产量下降2.07%～5.61%（P＜0.05）,双季晚稻的产量提高1.63%～2.28%（P＜0.05）.表明不同生育阶段的夜温升高对双季水稻产量的影响存在明显差异.     

谷子窄颖花突变体sins1的表型分析和突变基因定位

利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS,ethyl methyl sulfonate)诱变剂处理野生型Yugu1(豫谷1号),在后代中发现了一个可以稳定遗传的颖花明显变窄的突变体,将其命名为sins1。与Yugu1相比,突变体sins1的株高显著降低了3.89%,穗长和穗粗分别显著降低了17.42%和21.62%,旗叶叶长和叶宽分别显著降低了15.09%和25.78%,千粒重显著降低了40.96%,谷码数显著降低了25%,均达到显著水平(P0.05)。利用突变体sins1为母本、SSR41为父本构建F_2定位群体,F_2正常颖花与窄颖花植株数目的分离比例为3∶1,表明该突变性状由隐性单基因控制。利用F_2群体隐性单株,最终将突变基因定位在3号染色体上SSR标记3-2658与CAAS3031间约7.709 Mb的距离内,为下一步精细定位提供了基础,同时也为促进禾本科作物颖花的研究提供了方向。     

Direct development of plantlets from immature panicles of rice in vitro

Cultured immature panicles of rice formed plantlets from spikelets without callus or embryoid formation on MS and HE media containing 2 mg/l each of NAA and kinetin. Developmental stage, ploidy of explant and plant growth regulators in the medium are the major factors affecting the frequency of spikelet budding in young panicle culture. It is suggested that spikelet budding occurs by the reversion of floral primordia to vegetative stage or by the formation of adventitious buds from epidermal cells.