野生酸枣光合及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

为探究鲁中地区自然条件下野生酸枣光合生理参数对土壤逐渐干旱的响应机制,明确其与土壤水分的定量关系。该研究以2年生野生酸枣盆栽苗为实验材料,采用人工给水和自然耗水相结合法模拟自然条件下土壤干旱过程,分析野生酸枣叶片光合作用和荧光参数对土壤水分含量(RWC)的响应过程及其机制。结果表明:(1)野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用效率(WUE)均随着土壤含水量的增加表现出先升高后降低的趋势。当RWC38.5%时,P_n下降,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)上升,气孔限制值(L_s)下降,叶片光合速率下降主要是非气孔限制因素所致;当RWC在38.5%~65.1%范围内,野生酸枣P_n下降,伴随C_i、气孔导度(G_s)均降低,野生酸枣叶片光合速率下降处于气孔限制阶段。(2)通过P_n和WUE对土壤水分的阈值模拟,发现维持野生酸枣叶片具有较高光合生产力的土壤水分范围为46.0%~0.5%,维持其较高水分利用效率的水分范围为56.3%~73.9%。(3)在土壤逐渐干旱过程中(RWC范围为29.9%~86.5%),野生酸枣最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)逐渐降低,初始荧光(Fo)显著升高,光化学猝灭(qP)先升高再降低,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在过高(RWC83.7%)或过低(RWC38.5%)的土壤水分下呈现较高值,表现出热耗散增加。研究认为,野生酸枣叶片气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数对土壤水分均具有明显的阈值响应,阈值点的土壤相对含水量大约为38.5%,低于阈值时叶片光合速率由气孔限制转向非气孔限制,PSⅡ受到损伤,电子传递受阻,光合机构受到破坏。     

干旱胁迫对吉首蒲儿根光合机构的影响

为了探讨干旱胁迫对吉首蒲儿根光合机构的影响,通过大棚盆栽实验于7月测量了阴生环境中吉首蒲儿根的叶片相对含水量(RWC)、净光合速率(Pn)等光合作用气体交换参数及初始荧光(F0)等叶绿素荧光参数在土壤自然干旱过程中的变化。结果显示:(1)随着干旱处理时间的延长,吉首蒲儿根叶片相对含水量持续下降;于干旱处理第12天时,叶片相对含水量低于15%,且吉首蒲儿根植株已经死亡。(2)自然干旱处理下,吉首蒲儿根叶片Pn、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)大幅降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)增加或与对照接近;非气孔因素是导致其Pn下降的主要原因。(3)停止灌水第9~12天时,吉首蒲儿根叶片PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光量子效率[Y(Ⅱ)]显著降低,PSⅡ非调节性能量耗散[Y(NO)]显著增加,PSⅡ已损伤严重,叶片吸收的光能逐渐向非光化学途径分配增加。研究表明,在夏秋高温季节,吉首蒲儿根对土壤干旱较为敏感,其PSⅡ受到了一定的伤害,光能分配发生改变,严重影响其光合作用和生长发育,这可能是其分布受到限制的重要原因。     

珙桐苗木叶片光合特性对土壤干旱胁迫的响应

通过控制土壤含水量,研究了土壤干旱胁迫对2年生珙桐(Davidia involucrata Baill.)幼苗叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探讨珙桐光合作用对土壤干旱胁迫的响应机理.结果表明,干旱胁迫后,珙桐叶片失水脱落,各干旱胁迫处理叶面积比对照显著降低23%～98%,但单位面积的叶绿素含量却无显著变化;干旱处理的珙桐幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)显著低于对照(P<0.05);干旱胁迫对珙桐幼苗叶片的初始荧光产量(F0)及最大荧光产量(Fm)没有产生显著影响,却显著降低了PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)及光化学淬灭系数(qP),使非光化学淬灭系数(qN)显著升高(P<0.05).研究发现,土壤水分亏缺对珙桐叶片的光合系统造成了不可逆的伤害,严重抑制了其正常的光合作用和生长发育;珙桐幼苗对土壤干旱胁迫极为敏感.     

干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞幼苗光合特性的影响

以当年生黑果枸杞幼苗为试验材料,通过称重控水的方法设置对照(土壤含水量为32.96%~35.35%)、轻度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为21.18%~22.32%)、中度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为12.20%~13.82%)和重度干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为7.89%~8.73%)4个水分梯度,研究了干旱胁迫对黑果枸杞叶片光合色素、光合特性、叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以揭示黑果枸杞对干旱胁迫的适应能力和适应机制。结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,黑果枸杞幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量均呈显著下降趋势。(2)黑果枸杞幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)在中度和重度干旱胁迫下显著下降;其胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、水分利用效率(WUE)随干旱胁迫强度的增加而逐渐增加,而气孔限制值(L_s)随干旱胁迫强度的增加而逐渐降低。(3)随着土壤含水量的降低,黑果枸杞幼苗叶片初始荧光(F_0)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)逐渐增加,而其最大荧光(F_m)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Ф_(PSⅡ))和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均逐渐降低。研究表明,在干旱胁迫条件下,黑果枸杞叶片过多的能量以热的形式被耗散,反应中心开放程度降低,从而避免PSⅡ反应中心受到损伤,表现出一定的耐旱性;黑果枸杞生长所允许的最大土壤水分亏缺为7.89%,维持黑果枸杞具有较高的WUE和P_n的土壤水分阈值为12.20%~13.82%。     

干旱胁迫对丹参叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

研究了干旱处理15d后,大叶型丹参和小叶型丹参2个品种幼苗气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明:在干旱胁迫15d后,大叶型丹参叶片净光合速率(Pn)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)分别下降了66.42%和10.98%,而小叶型丹参的Pn和Fv/Fm分别下降了29.32%和5.47%,干旱胁迫对大叶型丹参Pn和Fv/Fm的影响明显大于小叶型丹参.小叶型丹参Pn下降主要由气孔因素造成,而大叶型则主要由非气孔因素所致.干旱胁迫使丹参叶片的气孔导度(Gs)下降,但明显诱导了水分利用效率(WUE)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)和光呼吸速率与净光合速率比率(Pr/Pn)的增加,以提高干旱胁迫抗性.其中小叶型丹参的增幅明显大于大叶型丹参.表明小叶型丹参的抗干旱胁迫能力更强.     

土壤极端干旱对金银花光合生理生化特性的影响

为探索金银花(Lonicera japonica Thunb.)光合作用对土壤逐渐干旱的响应过程及其与土壤水分的定量关系,以沂蒙山区3年生金银花苗木为试验材料,测定分析其叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光及抗氧化酶活性等对土壤水分的响应特征,为进一步研究金银花光合效率响应"极端干旱水分阈值-阈值持续-复水恢复"的机制提供依据。结果显示:(1)当29.7%≤土壤相对含水量(RSWC)≤79.6%时,随着RSWC的降低,叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)逐渐减小,Pn降低的主要原因是气孔限制;而其非光化学猝灭(NPQ)及抗氧化酶活性逐渐增大,表明金银花叶片主要通过热耗散消除掉PSⅡ过多激发能,同时抗氧化酶活性提高,清除了细胞内过多的活性氧。(2)当11.4%≤RSWC≤29.7%时,金银花叶片Pn降低伴随着Ci增大和Ls减小,Pn降低的主要限制因素转变为非气孔因素,同时其PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递效率(ETR)、光化学猝灭(qP)及NPQ显著降低,初始荧光(Fo)显著增大,表明此水分范围内PSⅡ遭到破坏,光合电子传递受到抑制;且叶片抗氧化酶活性显著降低,而丙二醛含量显著增大,导致活性氧过量积累,膜系统受到严重破坏。(3)当RSWC为11.4%时,叶片Pn接近0,植物发生萎蔫,光合机构受损伤程度最大。研究表明,金银花光合作用由气孔因素限制向非气孔因素限制转折的水分点(RSWCSL-NSL)、Pn≈0的水分点(RSWCPn≈0)以及植物叶片萎蔫水分点(RSWCwilting)分别为29.7%、11.4%和11.4%。     

茭草和芦苇叶片光合与荧光特性对土壤持续干旱的响应

对茭草Zizania latifolia和芦苇Phragmites australi进行自然持续干旱处理,测定植物叶片光合作用特征参数和叶绿素荧光参数及相应的土壤水分含量,探讨茭草、芦苇叶片对土壤持续干旱胁迫的光合生理响应。随着土壤水分逐渐减少,茭草叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均先增大后减小,芦苇叶片的Pn、Tr、Gs均逐渐减小;茭草和芦苇叶片的胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、光化学最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、水分利用率(WUE)、有效荧光产量(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)变化趋势一致,其中Ci逐渐增大,Fv/Fm、NPQ、WUE先增大后减小,Yield、ETR、qP逐渐减小。分析表明,当茭草和芦苇遭遇较严重干旱时,叶片Pn下降主要是非气孔限制因素导致;当生长基质(沙土)的田间持水量为19%,速效氮、磷、钾分别为28.14、2.25、25.76 mg·kg-1,pH 7.2时,茭草的干旱胁迫阈值在土壤含水量(2.17 ± 0.18)%和(1.66 ± 0.23)%之间,芦苇的干旱胁迫阈值在土壤含水量(1.84 ± 0.17)%和(0.25 ± 0.07)%之间。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子光合生理特性影响的研究

采用PVC管种植模拟土壤干旱的方法,研究了牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)在水分胁迫下光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶绿素荧光的变化规律及不同生育期适应性表现。结果表明：土壤水分胁迫对牛心朴子叶片光合生理的影响与其胁迫时间及其胁迫程度都有关系,胁迫前中期Pn下降的原因主要是气孔限制,而到后期则以非气孔因素限制为主。中度土壤水分胁迫在短期内对牛心朴子叶片光合作用具有促进作用,而且有利于WUE的提高。而重度胁迫对牛心朴子Pn的影响较显著,而且非气孔因素的出现早于中度胁迫的处理。牛心朴子的光合生理对土壤水分胁迫具有一定的适应时期和适应范围。     

干旱胁迫下转ClNAC9基因露地菊品种‘纽9717’叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的比较

对干旱胁迫0~15 d露地菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种‘纽9717’(‘Niu 9717’)野生型和3个转ClNAC9基因株系(ClNAC9-5、ClNAC9-6和ClNAC9-13株系)叶片的叶绿素含量、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数进行了比较和分析。结果表明:干旱胁迫0~15 d,野生型和3个转ClNAC9基因株系叶片中叶绿素含量总体上呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。与干旱胁迫0 d相比较,除初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学淬灭系数(qN)外,干旱胁迫15 d时3个转ClNAC9基因株系叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、最大荧光(F_m)、可变荧光(F_v)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(F_v/F_o)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)的降幅均小于野生型。总体上看,干旱胁迫15 d,3个转ClNAC9基因株系叶片的叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs、Tr、WUE、F_m、F_v、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、qP和qN值显著高于野生型,而F_o值显著低于野生型。研究结果显示:将ClNAC9基因转入露地菊品种‘纽9717’可以增强该品种对干旱胁迫的耐受性,其中,ClNAC9-5和ClNAC9-6株系对干旱胁迫的耐受性较强,ClNAC9-13株系对干旱胁迫的耐受性较弱,但均强于野生型。     

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)对干旱胁迫的光合生理响应

紫花苜蓿是重要的豆科牧草,具有较强的抗旱性,然而干旱仍是制约紫花苜蓿生产的主要逆境因子。通过盆栽试验,以抗旱性强弱不同的两种紫花苜蓿为试验材料,对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿的光合生理进行较为系统的研究,结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率(E)、气孔导度(Gs)、叶绿素含量(Chl)都有不同幅度的下降;叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏。相对于抗旱性弱的苜蓿,抗旱性强的苜蓿随干旱胁迫程度的加深,净光合速率下降较慢,叶绿体的外形及基粒结构受到的影响较小。（2）轻度干旱胁迫下气孔限制是两种紫花苜蓿Pn降低的主要因素,中度和重度干旱胁迫下非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要因素。（3）对叶绿素荧光参数的研究表明：干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)降低。总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo下降幅度小,PSⅡ利用光能的能力及PSⅡ的潜在活性均较强。PSⅡ光化学淬灭系数（qP）、非光化学淬灭系数（qN）的变化表现为干旱胁迫下两种紫花苜蓿qP值降低、qN值升高,总体上抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿qP降低的幅度低且qN升高幅度大,表明抗旱性强的紫花苜蓿PSⅡ反应中心电子传递活性受到的影响小,光合机构的损伤程度低。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation

In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex

A phylogenetic analysis of Bambusa and allies based on the plastid DNA non-coding regions rps16-trnQ, trnC-rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnD-T, and a partial nuclear GBSSI gene, was carried out. This included representatives from all four Bambusa subgenera (including type species), a group of segregate Southeast Asian genera distinctive by their climbing–scrambling culms (Dinochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Maclurochloa, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos), and two other Bambusinae genera (Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa). The results do not support the present subgeneric classification of Bambusa. The climbing Southeast Asian genera, all of which include species previously placed in Bambusa, are distinct from the “core Bambusa group” (type species and alliance) and the Bambusa complex generally.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

The identification of microRNAs in the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver by Illumina sequencing

MicroRNAs are indispensable players in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. Here, we report the first deep sequencing of the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver. We mapped 91 miRNAs in the Callorhinchus milii genome that have previously been described in the Danio rerio, Fugu rubripes, Oryzias latipes, Xenopus laevis, Xenopus tropicalis, Homo sapiens, and Mus musculus. In addition, 156 new putative candidate (PC) C. plagiosum miRNAs were identified. From these 247 miRNAs, 39 miRNA clusters were identified, and the expression of these clustered miRNAs was observed to vary significantly. A total of 7 candidate miRNAs were selected for expression confirmation by stem-loop RT-PCR. This study resulted in the addition of a significant number of novel miRNA sequences to GenBank and laid the foundation for further understanding of the function of miRNAs in the regulation of C. plagiosum liver development.     

Gene polymorphism analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A family protein

Background

Yersinia enterocolitica outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is one of the major outer membrane proteins with high immunogenicity. We performed the polymorphism analysis for the outer membrane protein A and putative outer membrane protein A (p-ompA) family protein gene of 318 Y. enterocolitica strains.

Results

The data showed all the pathogenic strains and biotype 1A strains harboring ystB gene carried both ompA and p-ompA genes; parts of the biotype 1A strains not harboring ystB gene carried either ompA or p-ompA gene. In non-pathogenic strains (biotype 1A), distribution of the two genes and ystB were highly correlated, showing genetic polymorphism. The pathogenic and non-pathogenic, highly and weakly pathogenic strains were divided into different groups based on sequence analysis of two genes. Although the variations of the sequences, the translated proteins and predicted secondary or tertiary structures of OmpA and P-OmpA were similar.

Conclusions

OmpA and p-ompA gene were highly conserved for pathogenic Y. enterocolitica. The distributions of two genes were correlated with ystB for biotype 1A strains. The polymorphism analysis results of the two genes probably due to different bio-serotypes of the strains, and reflected the dissemination of different bio-serotype clones of Y. enterocolitica.