NaCl胁迫对5个树种幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用温室盆栽方法,研究了不同质量浓度(1、2和3 g·L-1)NaCl胁迫对香椿[Toona sinensis (A. Juss. ) Roem. ]、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L. )、楸树(Catalpa bungei C. A. Mey. )、北美红栎(Quercus rubra L. )和常绿白蜡(Fraxinus griffithii Clarke)1年生实生苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明,5个树种的PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、稳态荧光参数(Fs)、PSⅡ有效光化学量子效率(F′ v/F′ m)、PSⅡ非循环光合电子传递速率(ETR)和PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)总体上均随NaCl质量浓度的提高而逐渐减小,不同处理间及不同树种间各参数均有极显著差异(P<0.01).常绿白蜡的Fv/Fm值在2或3 g·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下显著小于对照,刺槐、香椿和楸树的Fv/Fm值仅在3 g·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下显著小于对照,而北美红栎各处理组的Fv/Fm值均显著小于对照.随NaCl质量浓度的提高,刺槐的Fs值呈先减小后增大的趋势,且在3 g·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下高于对照,但差异不显著;其他4个树种各处理组的Fs值均小于对照.5个树种幼苗叶片的F′ v/F′ m值和ΦPSⅡ值的变化趋势与Fv/Fm值的变化趋势基本一致.随NaCl质量浓度的提高,香椿幼苗叶片的ETR值呈先减小后增大的趋势,且在3 g·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下高于对照;其他4个树种各处理组的ETR值均小于对照.不同树种的Fv/Fm值、Fs值、F′ v/F′ m值、ETR值和ΦPSⅡ值与NaCl质量浓度均呈极显著的负相关关系.研究结果显示,5个树种对NaCl胁迫的适应能力存在差异,刺槐、香椿和楸树对NaCl胁迫的耐性较强,常绿白蜡的耐性较弱,北美红栎对NaCl胁迫最敏感.     

NaCl胁迫对美国白蜡幼苗部分生理指标的影响

美国白蜡(Fraxinus americana Linn.)为木犀科(Oleaceae)白蜡树属(Fraxinus Linn.)落叶乔木,原产加拿大南部和美国,其干形通直、树形美观,是水土保持和庭院绿化的优良树种[1],具有较为突出的耐干旱和耐盐碱能力[2]。目前对美国白蜡耐盐能力的研究主要集中于引种试验和树种对比方面[2-4]。郝明灼等[5]的研究结果显示:在NaCl胁迫条件下美国白蜡叶肉细胞超微结构无明显损伤,显示出较强的耐盐能力。为进一步探讨美国白蜡耐盐的生理机制,作者以美国白     

NaCl胁迫对宁夏枸杞叶和幼根显微及超微结构的影响

以宁夏枸杞为材料,采用超薄切片技术制备样品,应用光学显微镜和透射电镜分析了不同浓度NaCl胁迫条件下宁夏枸杞叶和幼根显微及超微结构的变化。结果表明：随着NaCl胁迫的加重,(1)叶片上表皮细胞增厚,栅栏组织细胞出现缩短现象,排列疏松且紊乱;幼根的初生结构无明显变化。(2)叶片栅栏组织中叶绿体不再紧靠在细胞膜上,叶绿体双层膜破坏,基粒片层松散排列,杂乱无章,出现膨胀和空泡现象,淀粉粒和嗜锇颗粒增多,叶肉细胞中线粒体发生轻微变化;幼根中皮层薄壁细胞线粒体形状发生改变,结构破坏,内膜和外膜模糊甚至破裂,大多数嵴模糊,出现空泡现象;细胞核解体,基质外溢。研究表明, 不同浓度的NaCl胁迫对宁夏枸杞叶片和幼根细胞的显微及超微结构影响不同,NaCl浓度大于200 mmol/L时,宁夏枸杞叶片和幼根细胞的显微及超微结构发生了明显变化,且叶肉细胞中线粒体的变化没有叶绿体的变化显著,推测叶肉细胞中线粒体的耐盐性比叶绿体强。     

NaCl胁迫对5个桂花品种叶片超微结构的影响

该研究以5个桂花品种为材料,以Hoagland培养液为对照,设计2个NaCl含量(70、100 mmol/L)处理10 d后利用透射电镜和扫描电镜观察各处理不同品种的叶片超微结构特征,以明确桂花品种对耐NaCl胁迫的解剖结构响应机制。结果显示：(1)透射电镜观察发现：随NaCl 胁迫程度的加强,5个桂花品种叶肉细胞中叶绿体结构受到不同程度地破坏;70 mmol/L NaCl处理后,5个品种的细胞核基本保持正常,而100 mmol/L NaCl处理后核内染色质发生降解;随着NaCl胁迫程度的加强,5个桂花品种的类囊体片层结构中嗜锇颗粒明显增多;在膜结构方面,大叶银桂的叶肉细胞被破坏程度最为严重,叶绿体膜被破坏,叶绿体形状基本不能辨认。(2)扫描电镜观察结果显示：随着NaCl浓度的增大,5个品种叶片表面的气孔密度不断增大,而张开气孔的密度却不断减小,且叶肉细胞体积均缩小;‘大叶银桂’、‘笑秋风’、‘晚籽银桂’的栅栏组织占叶厚的比重随NaCl胁迫浓度的增大而升高,‘潢川金桂’和‘紫梗籽银桂’的栅栏组织占叶厚的比重则随NaCl胁迫浓度的增大而呈先升高后降低的趋势。研究表明,NaCl胁迫对桂花叶片细胞叶绿体、细胞核等的超微结构会造成损伤,且NaCl胁迫浓度越高损伤越明显。该试验可初步判断‘大叶银桂’、‘笑秋风’、‘晚籽银桂’的耐盐性略高于‘潢川金桂’和‘紫梗籽银桂’。     

外源亚精胺对NaCl胁迫下毕氏海蓬子光合参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响

在0、100、300、500和700 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下比较了喷施0.1mmol·L-1亚精胺(Spd)对毕氏海蓬子(Salicomia bigelovii Torr.)幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明:毕氏海蓬子的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和气孔导度均呈低浓度条件下(0、100和300 mmol·L-1NaCl)升高、高浓度条件下(500和700 mmol·L-1NaCl)降低的趋势,在300 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下达到最高值:胞间CO2浓度则呈低浓度NaCl胁迫条件下降低、500 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下升高、700 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下略降低的趋势;在0～500 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫条件下叶绿素a/b值变化不明显,但在700 mmol·L-1NaCl条件下急剧降低.在低浓度NaCl胁迫条件下,叶绿体整体膨胀,类囊体片层结构松散,但叶绿体和类囊体结构仍保持完整;而经500和700mmol·L-1NaCl处理后,叶绿体超微结构被严重破坏,叶绿体膜结构破裂、类囊体结构松散呈放射状、有些叶绿体完全解体.而在相应的NaCl胁迫条件下喷施0.1 mmol·L-1Spd,毕氏海蓬子的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度虽然也呈现出相同的变化趋势,但其数值均显著高于对照(未喷施Spd);且叶绿体超微结构的损伤程度也轻于对照.研究结果说明:喷施外源Spd能够减缓NaCl胁迫对毕氏海蓬子的伤害作用.     

Na2CO3胁迫对星星草叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

利用透射电镜技术对Na2CO3胁迫下星星草叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明：未胁迫的叶肉细胞排列疏松,各种细胞器结构完整,叶绿体含少量淀粉粒和脂质球。轻度盐胁迫（2g/L,4g／LNa2CO3）对叶肉细胞超微结构影响较小。中度盐胁迫（6g／L,8g／L Na2CO3）引起叶肉细胞超微结构的变化,叶绿体类囊体肿胀,基粒紊乱,不含淀粉粒,脂质球数量增加,叶绿体由原来的梭形或椭球形变成圆球状;部分线粒体嵴消失,出现晶体结构;中央大液泡破裂;核逐渐降解。高度盐胁迫（10g／L,12g／LNa2CO3）下,叶绿体片层结构消失,脂质球数量增加,体积变大,被大量的膜片层所包围,叶绿体内、外膜消失,叶肉细胞中看不到叶绿体的存在;膜片层包围线粒体;叶肉细胞中可见大量的泡状结构和膜片层,叶肉细胞死亡。上述结果表明,细胞器特别是叶绿体膜结构的破坏与盐胁迫叶肉细胞最终死亡密切相关。     

NaCl胁迫对萝卜幼苗叶片生理特征及根尖细胞核形态的影响

对0.00(对照)～0.50 mol·L-1NaCl处理48 h后萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率进行了测定,并观察了根尖细胞核形态变化和胁迫后幼苗生长的恢复状况.测定结果表明:经0.05 mol·L-1NaCl处理后,叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率均高于对照(0.00 mol·L-1 NaGl);而用0.10～0.50mol·L-1NaCl处理后,叶绿素含量和净光合速率均随NaCl浓度的提高逐渐降低且与对照差异显著,其中,经0.35 ～ 0.50 mol·L-1 NaCl胁迫处理后叶片净光合速率降至0.00μmol·m-2·s-1.随NaCl浓度的提高,MDA含量和相对电导率呈先快速上升而后逐渐下降的趋势,且均与对照差异显著;其中,经0.30 mol·L-1 NaCl处理后MDA含量最高,经0.40 mol·L-1NaCl处理后相对电导率最高.观察结果显示:经0.05～0.25 mol·L-1NaCl处理后根尖细胞核由规则的圆形向各种不规则形状转变,染色质出现不同程度的浓缩,表现出不同程度的程序性细胞死亡特征;经0.30 ～ 0.50 mol·L-1NaCl处理后则出现中空细胞与部分正常细胞并存的现象.经0.05和0.10 mol·L-1 NaCl处理后,萝卜幼苗可恢复正常生长,且株高与对照无明显差异;而经0.25 ～ 0.50 mol·L-1 NaCl处理后,幼苗均较难恢复正常生长,且随NaCl浓度的提高,幼苗出现枯萎、糜烂现象.研究结果显示:低浓度NaCl处理不仅对萝卜幼苗的生长、生理代谢及细胞核形态结构没有明显伤害反而有一定的促进作用,而高浓度NaCl胁迫可导致萝卜幼苗不可逆伤害.     

盐胁迫对玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫对玉米叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响. 结果表明：NaCl胁迫破坏了玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜的正常结构,50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,玉米叶肉细胞核膜,线粒体膜,细胞膜,叶绿体膜,液泡膜都受到不同程度的破坏,叶绿体基粒类囊体膨胀,间质片层空间增大,片层紊乱。100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,质膜,液泡膜,线粒体,叶绿体都受到严重的破坏。细胞质膜破坏,破损的叶绿体充斥在细胞间隙中;叶绿体外膜破坏,甚至解体消失,叶肉细胞中充满膜结构,基粒排列方向改变,垛叠层数减少,基粒和基质片层界限模糊不清,有的基粒解体消失,甚至叶绿体完全解体;核膜破坏、解体,核中的染色质高度凝缩;线粒体的数量增多,线粒体膜破坏,脊的数量减少,甚至整个线粒体破损解体;液泡膜破坏;由于各种生物膜的破坏,使细胞内充满许多囊状小泡、多泡体或斑层小体;叶肉细胞发生严重的质壁分离,严重时发生细胞壁断裂;甚至整个细胞溶解。     

长时间盐胁迫对苋菜叶片细胞结构的影响

生长40d的苋菜秧苗用300mmol·L-1的NaCl处理28 d后,生长受抑,叶面积变小,叶绿素含量降低;叶肉增厚、微管束变小,细胞内容物减少、叶绿体收缩、液泡扩大,细胞核染色程度变浅,形状拉长;细胞内淀粉含量增加.     

低温对桂花‘状元红’叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

为探讨北引桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)在低温胁迫下叶肉细胞超微结构的变化,揭示桂花于低温胁迫下细胞结构变化规律,该研究以3年生桂花品种‘状元红’(O.fragrans‘Zhuangyuan Hong’)为试材,分别于一系列低温下处理,经制样切片后,用透射电子显微镜观察叶肉细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明:常温(20~25°C)处理时,各细胞器超微结构正常;5°C低温处理时,叶绿体有轻微膨大现象,线粒体结构正常;0°C处理时叶绿体内嗜锇体增多,叶绿体肿胀加剧,线粒体数量增加,淀粉粒出现亮暗相间的轮纹;–10°C处理时,细胞器降解。在同一低温胁迫下不同细胞的叶绿体敏感程度不同,这为遭受低温后植株的恢复生长提供了细胞学基础。叶肉细胞中叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核的稳定性可作为桂花对低温响应的重要参考指标。     

NaCl对齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)是古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮层中的优势物种,对荒漠生态系统的稳定性及功能多样性具有十分重要的意义。利用透射电镜技术对不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明:齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞在未胁迫(0 mmol/L)处理下排列疏松,各种细胞结构完整,叶绿体基质排列均匀且叶绿体内含少量淀粉粒和脂质球。在轻度盐Na Cl胁迫(100 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞结构依然保持完整,叶绿体基质均匀,叶肉细胞超微结构仅有较小变化。在中度盐Na Cl胁迫(200、300 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓叶肉细胞发生质壁分离,出现晶体结构,且中央大液泡发生破裂;叶绿体由梭形变成椭球形或圆球状,出现空泡化并伴随有轻微的解体;叶绿体类囊体肿胀,脂质球数量增加。在高度Na Cl胁迫(400、500 mmol/L)下,齿肋赤藓细胞的质壁分离加剧,叶肉细胞出现大量泡状结构和膜片层,叶肉细胞死亡;叶绿体片层结构消失,空泡化加重,脂质球数量增加且体积变大,叶绿体内外膜消失,叶绿体大部分解体,在叶肉细胞中几乎看不到叶绿体的存在。上述结果表明,叶绿体膜结构的损伤与盐胁迫下叶肉细胞死亡有密切关系。     

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF CHLOROPLASTS IN ATTACHED AND DETACHED,AGING PRIMARY WHEAT LEAVES

Degradation of chloroplasts is shown in mesophyll cells of primary leaves of wheat. The sequence of ultrastructural changes in chloroplasts of naturally senescing leaves is compared with that of detached, aging leaves. In chloroplasts of naturally senescing leaves, the first indications of aging are the appearance of osmiophilic globuli and reorientation of the thylakoidal system. The membranes of the grana and intergrana lamellae then become distended and later dissociate into distinct vesicles. Concurrent with these membrane changes, osmiophilic globuli increase in size and number, and the stroma breaks down. Finally, the chloroplast envelope ruptures and plastid contents disperse throughout the cell's interior. In chloroplasts of mesophyll cells in detached, aging leaves, initial changes also include appearance of osmiophilic globuli, but later stages of chloroplast degradation are different. The chloroplast envelope ruptures before the lamellae break down. Swelling of grana and intergrana lamellae is not pronounced and, additionally, the thylakoidal system degenerates without forming vesicles or numerous osmiophilic globuli. These differences in the sequence of chloroplast degradation indicate that naturally senescing leaves rather than detached, aging leaves should be used in studies of chloroplast senescence.     

苗期低温胁迫对不同棉花品种叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

以早熟、中熟、晚熟三种不同熟性的6个棉花品种幼苗为试材,分析4℃低温胁迫处理对叶肉细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明：4℃低温处理3 d后,中熟品种N177和N181及晚熟品种K-1和N203的细胞器均受到严重破坏,表现为叶绿体受损严重,部分类囊体解体,线粒体膜模糊,失去完整性,细胞核膜基本消失,染色质凝聚,淀粉粒的数量和体积增大,嗜锇颗粒增多;而早熟品种中50和N52受损较轻,叶绿体变化不明显,线粒体结构完整,细胞壁完整。说明早熟品种中50和N52具有与抗冷性相适应的结构特点,其抗冷性较强。     

喷施多效唑提高麻疯树幼苗耐盐性的生理机制

研究了600 mg?L-1 PP333喷施对200 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫处理下麻疯树幼苗干重、含水量、叶片细胞超微结构、光合作用、叶片渗透调节能力、叶片丙二醛含量和叶片抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：600 mg?L-1 PP333喷施处理能显著提高200 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫下植株的干重、根冠比和叶片含水量,同时显著降低叶片电解质外渗率（ELP）,降低叶片细胞超微结构的伤害程度,显著提高了其叶绿素含量、净光合速率、渗透调节能力、SOD酶活性和CAT酶活性,显著降低了MDA含量和POD酶活性。可见,PP333喷施能显著提高麻疯树幼苗对盐渍的适应,主要因为其提高了植株的抗氧化能力、光合作用、渗透调节能力。     

A Genetic Analysis of Chloroplast Division and Expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana

A nuclear recessive mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, arc5, has been isolated in which there is no significant increase in chloroplast number during leaf mesophyll cell expansion and in which there are only 13 chloroplasts per mesophyll cell compared with 121 in wild-type cells. Mature arc5 chloroplasts in fully expanded mesophyll cells are 6-fold larger than in wild-type cells. A large proportion of arc5 chloroplasts also show some degree of central constriction, suggesting that the mutation has prevented the completion of the chloroplast division process. To examine the interaction of arc loci, a double mutant was constructed between arc1, a mutant possessing many small chloroplasts, and arc5. A second double mutant was also constructed between arc3, a previously discovered mutant also possessing few large chloroplasts per cell, and arc1. Analysis of these double mutants shows that chloroplast number per mesophyll cell is greater when arc5 and arc3 mutations are expressed in the arc1 background than when expressed alone. The cell-specific nature of arc mutants was also analyzed. The phenotypic traits characteristic of arc3 and arc5 are a reduction in chloroplast number and an increase in chloroplast size in mesophyll cells: these changes are also observed in reduced form in the epidermal and guard cell chloroplasts of arc3 and arc5 plants. Analysis of parenchyma sheath cell chloroplasts suggests that in leaves of arc1 plants the normal developmental distinction between mesophyll and parenchyma sheath chloroplasts is perturbed. The relevance of these findings to the analysis of the control of chloroplast division in mesophyll cells is discussed.     

Fluorescence and Delayed Light Emission from Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells in Leaves of Normal and Salt-Treated Panicum miliaceum

A modified fluorescence microscope system was used to measure chlorophyll fluorescence and delayed light emission from mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in situ in fresh-cut sections from leaves of Panicum miliaceum L. The fluorescence rise in 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea (DCMU)-treated leaves and the slow fluorescence kinetics in untreated leaves show that mesophyll chloroplasts have larger photosystem II unit sizes than do bundle sheath chloroplasts. The larger photosystem II units imply more efficient noncyclic electron transport in mesophyll chloroplasts. Quenching of slow fluorescence also differs between the cell types with mesophyll chloroplasts showing complex kinetics and bundle sheath chloroplasts showing a relatively simple decline. Properties of the photosynthetic system were also investigated in leaves from plants grown in soil containing elevated NaCl levels. As judged by changes in both fluorescence kinetics in DCMU-treated leaves and delayed light emission in leaves not exposed to DCMU, salinity altered photosystem II in bundle sheath cells but not in mesophyll cells. This result may indicate different ionic distributions in the two cell types or, alternatively, different responses of the two chloroplast types to environmental change.     

Control of starch granule numbers in Arabidopsis chloroplasts

The aim of this work was to investigate starch granule numbers in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Lack of quantitative information on the extent of genetic, temporal, developmental, and environmental variation in granule numbers is an important limitation in understanding control of starch degradation and the mechanism of granule initiation. Two methods were developed for reliable estimation of numbers of granules per chloroplast. First, direct measurements were made on large series of consecutive sections of mesophyll tissue obtained by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. Second, average numbers were calculated from the starch contents of leaves and chloroplasts and estimates of granule mass based on granule dimensions. Examination of wild-type plants and accumulation and regulation of chloroplast (arc) mutants with few, large chloroplasts provided the following new insights. There is wide variation in chloroplast volumes in cells of wild-type leaves. Granule numbers per chloroplast are correlated with chloroplast volume, i.e. large chloroplasts have more granules than small chloroplasts. Mature leaves of wild-type plants and arc mutants have approximately the same number of granules per unit volume of stroma, regardless of the size and number of chloroplasts per cell. Granule numbers per unit volume of stroma are also relatively constant in immature leaves but are greater than in mature leaves. Granule initiation occurs as chloroplasts divide in immature leaves, but relatively little initiation occurs in mature leaves. Changes in leaf starch content over the diurnal cycle are largely brought about by changes in the volume of a fixed number of granules.     

Shading-induced changes in the leaf mesophyll of plants of different functional types

Changes in the structural characteristics of mesophyll induced by shading were investigated in ten species of wild plants of diverse functional types. In all plant types, shading reduced leaf thickness and density by 30–50% and total surface of mesophyll, by 30–70%. The extent and mechanisms of mesophyll structural rearrangement depended on the plant functional type. In the ruderal plants, integral parameters of mesophyll, such as the surface of cells and chloroplasts and mesophyll resistance, changed threefold predominantly because of changes in the dimensions of the cells and chloroplasts. In these plants, shading reduced the volume of chloroplasts by 30%, and the chloroplast numbers per cell declined. The competitor plants showed a twofold increase in mesophyll resistance due to a decrease in the number of photosynthesizing cells per leaf area unit. Moreover, these plants maintained constant dimensions of mesophyll cells, ratios mesophyll surface/mesophyll volume and chloroplast surface/cell surface. In stress-tolerant plants, diffusion resistance of mesophyll remained the same irrespective of the growing conditions, and mesophyll rearrangement was associated with inversely proportional changes in the dimensions of the cells and cell volume per chloroplast. Noteworthy of these plants were relatively constant chloroplasts number per cell, per leaf area unit and total surface area of chloroplasts. The nature of relationship between the mesophyll diffusion resistance and structural parameters of leaf mesophyll differed in plants of diverse functional types.