保健饮料新秀——银杏茶

银杏叶中含有多种药效成分,银杏叶提取物(也称为浸膏)以及从银杏叶成分中分离出来的某些化合物,除了用作药物外,还广泛用于化妆品中。本文简要介绍银杏叶提取物在护发、生发、护肤及减肥化妆品中的应用。 护发生发化妆品 银杏叶提取物具有促进毛发生长的效果。日本学者曾用小鼠进行了促进毛发生长的试验:剃去小鼠背部的鼠毛,每天用含银杏叶提取物的药液涂抹一次,观察并求出毛发再生率。结果证明,用含银杏叶提取物的药液涂抹,其毛发再生的速度明显快于不含提取物的药液。日本研究人员还对50名志愿者试验了五种护发     

动物毛发石蜡切片的制作

目的:探讨哺乳动物针毛横断面的快速简易的制作方法,从毛发横断面上观察毛发微观结构。方法:取新疆部分哺乳动物(马鹿塔里木亚种Cervus elaphus yarkandensis,藏羚羊Pantholops hodgsoni,野双峰驼Camelus bactrianus,狍子Capreolus capreolus)的毛发,先将其清洗然后经浸蜡、包埋、切片、染色、封片等一系列过程的研究,得发毛横断面。结果:各动物毛发微观结构差异显著:马鹿塔里木亚种,毛皮质极薄,毛髓质占大多数;藏羚羊,由若干多边行空囊组成,内部中空;野双峰驼,毛皮质与毛髓质所占比例相当;狍子,毛皮质约占2/3,毛髓质约占1/3。结论:为利用哺乳动物毛发进行种属鉴定奠定一定科学理论基础。     

化妆品用的天然植物

化妆品用的天然植物邵建章（安徽师范大学生物系,芜湖２４１０００）随着人们生活和文化水平提高,美容护肤护发越来越受大家重视,选用纯天然植物成分作化妆品添加物来营养护发,滋颜润肤,延缓衰老已不是少数人的事了。这类化妆品必须有润泽、保护、营养皮肤和毛发,增...     

技术转让

技术转让蚕丝蛋白生产工艺内容简介：蚕丝一向是名贵的衣料。它是由蛋白质构成。然而它的降解产物丝肽及氨基酸,已被广泛用于保健食品。高级化妆品。饲料和医药。应用于化妆品时,性能优良,兼具营养、医疗、美容之功效。它用在膏、霜、乳液类化妆品和洗发、护发美发及沐...     

电镜之下话毛发

说到毛发,人们首先想到东方女性秀美的乌发,欧洲女郎漂亮的金发,以及人年过花甲的银发。毛发是哺乳动物的一大特征,色彩缤纷,形态各异。它的功能主要用于防寒隔热,抵御外伤。人们对于毛发的研究和使用虽源远流长,但探索其微观结构和新的妙用,不过是     

灵芝营养香波、灵芝雪花膏试制成功

福建省亚热带植物研究所在开展珍贵药用真菌灵芝的液体发酵培养工艺研究基础上,以灵芝原液添加上等香波原料试制成功洗发护发灵芝营养香波,以灵芝原液添加优质脂肪醇等原料试制成功灵芝雪花膏。两项产品分别具有营养毛发、滋润护肤的作用,     

浅析护发品与头发的化学关系

综述护发品与头发之间的关系,通过分析头发的组成将护发产品中的有效成分和作用机理进行概括阐述。蛋白质及其衍生物对头发的二硫键的影响,使产品具有更好的亲和性、调理性以及顺滑性。预测植物蛋白衍生物将广泛应用于护发产品中。     

马鹿东北亚种被毛形态结构的季节性差异

被毛作为哺乳动物特有的组织,具有保护和保温功能,一些季节性换毛动物需要通过更换被毛以适应冬季和夏季的不同环境（王泽长,1963;景松岩和张伟,1993）。因此,研究动物被毛结构与功能的季节性特征,对揭示被毛在物种生存和进化过程中的作用具有重要意义（张伟和徐艳春,2003）。对毛的结构多态性和功能多样性研究是国际毛发形态学研究中的前沿领域（Yalden,1985;Gaudette,1985;syred,1991;甘雅玲和郭中伟,2003;张伟和徐艳春,2003）。以往的毛发形态学研究多限于反映物种的特异性,并应用于分类鉴别方面（朱小曼,1987;张伟,1994;金煜,1995）。在强调毛发结构物种特异性的同时,忽略或淡化了其变异性,更缺少对结构和功能关系的研究。马鹿东北亚种（Cervus elaphus xanthopygus）为季节性换毛动物,绒毛退化,其被毛主要由上毛构成。本选择马鹿东北亚种的冬季和夏季上毛作为研究对象,初步测量了冬季和夏季其臀部、后肢上部、后肢下部及蹄部上毛的形态和微观结构数据,比较其季节性差异和部位差异。     

树鼩毛发的亚显微结构比较研究

本文用透射电镜和扫描电镜对树鼩毛发和食虫目鼩鼱、灵长目懒猴等动物毛发的亚显微结构进行了比较研究,发现树鼩毛发和食虫目鼩鼱毛发的毛小皮形态和髓部亚显微结构存在明显差异;与灵长目懒猴等动物毛发比较,其结构亦各具特点。因而作者认为在种属关系上,应将树鼩单列一目为宜。     

适应的分子机制

适者生存是生命活动的普遍规律。在生命适应环境的过程中,细胞内部的蛋白质和基因随着环境的变化不断调整自身的结构和功能,以趋于同环境的协调统一。环境、蛋白质、基因三者之间宏观与微观、微观与微观的联系过程可以概括为:环境决定蛋白质,蛋白质决定基因。基因将蛋白质适应环境的信息记录下来,并源源不断地输出,从而产生了各种适应环境的性状。     

Interpreting biological degradative processes acting on mammalian hair in the living and the dead: which ones are taphonomic?

Although the taphonomic (post-mortem) degradation processes relevant to teeth and bones have been well described, those taking place with regards to mammalian hairs have not been characterized to the same extent. This present article describes, in detail, microscopic changes resulting from the actions of biological agents that digest and degrade hairs. The most noteworthy and prevalent agents responsible for the destruction of hair structure are fungi, which use a range of strategies to invade and digest hairs. One of the most important finds to emerge from this study is that taphonomic structures and processes can easily be interpreted by the unwary as ‘real’, or as class characteristics for a particular animal taxon. Moreover, under certain conditions, ‘taphonomic’ processes normally associated with the dead are also present on the hairs of the living. This work will improve the reliability of hair examinations in forensic, archaeological and palaeontological applications—in addition, the finding has relevance in the protection of mammalian collections susceptible to infestation. This article also addresses the popular myth that ancient peoples were often red-haired and discusses phenomena responsible for this observation. Insights gained from detailed characterization of taphonomic processes in 95 hairs from a variety of species demonstrate the range and breadth of degradative effects on hair structure and colour. Lastly, the study demonstrates that hairs often tell a story and that there is value of extracting as much morphological data as possible from hairs, prior to destructive sampling for biomolecules.     

亚热带典型树种根毛特征及其与共生真菌的关系

根毛和共生真菌增加了吸收面积,提高了植物获取磷等土壤资源的能力。由于野外原位观测根表微观结构较为困难,吸收细根、根毛、共生真菌如何相互作用并适应土壤资源供应,缺乏相应的数据和理论。该研究以受磷限制的亚热带森林为对象,选取了21种典型树种,定量了根毛存在情况、属性变异,分析了根毛形态特征与共生真菌侵染率、吸收细根功能属性之间的关系,探讨了根表结构对低磷土壤的响应和适应格局。结果表明:1)在亚热带森林根毛不是普遍存在的, 21个树种中仅发现7个树种存有根毛, 4个为丛枝菌根(AM)树种, 3个为外生菌根(ECM)树种。其中,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)根毛出现率最高,为86%;2)菌根类型是理解根-根毛-共生真菌关系的关键,AM树种根毛密度与共生真菌侵染率正相关,但ECM树种根毛直径与共生真菌侵染率负相关; 3) AM树种根毛长度和根毛直径、ECM树种根毛出现率与土壤有效磷含量呈负相关关系。该研究揭示了不同菌根类型树种根毛-共生真菌-根属性的格局及相互作用,为精细理解养分获取策略奠定了基础。     

A note on the specific cuticle structure of wool hairs in otters (Lutrinae)

The cuticle structure of the wool hairs (secondary hairs) of six otter species was examined by scanning electron microscopy to clarify the specific function of this hair type in the Lutrinae. The species studied were chosen according to the different genera, climatic regions, and degrees of association to water of the Lutrinae. Independent of their preferred habitats, the cuticle of every wool hair examined exhibited in all animals a rather similar shape and arrangement of the scales. This specific adaptive feature allows a flexible interlocking of adjacent wool hairs, which also helps to form thin wool hair bundles that surround small oval shaped spaces. Thus, the trapping of an effective insulating air layer is facilitated and heat loss from the body is reduced.     

Common species affects the utility of non‐invasive genetic monitoring of a cryptic endangered mammal: The bridled nailtail wallaby

Non‐invasive methods of monitoring wild populations (such as genotyping faeces or hair) are now widely used and advocated. The potential advantages of such methods over traditional direct monitoring (such as live capture) are that accuracy improves because sampling of non‐trappable individuals may be possible, species in difficult and remote terrain can be surveyed more efficiently, and disturbance to animals is minimal. Few studies have assessed the effects of interactions between species on remote sampling success. We test the use of non‐invasive monitoring for the cryptic, forest‐dwelling, solitary and endangered bridled nailtail wallaby (Onychogalea fraenata) that is sympatric with the ecologically similar and more common black‐striped wallaby (Macropus dorsalis). Six types of hair traps were tested for 3668 trap days, and hairs were caught with about a 10% success rate. Camera traps showed that baited hair traps targeted both wallaby species. We microscopically identified hair as bridled nailtail wallaby or black‐striped wallaby. We compared these hairs and their genotypes (using seven microsatellite loci) with known bridled nailtail wallaby hairs and genotypes derived from animal trapping. Trapped bridled nailtail wallaby hairs had characteristics that could be mistaken for black‐stripe wallaby hairs; characteristics were not diagnostic. Genetic assignment tests consistently differentiated the known bridled nailtail wallaby samples from identified black‐striped wallaby samples, however genetic overlap between most of the microsatellite markers means that they are not suitable for species identification of single samples, with the possible exception of the microsatellite locus B151. With similar trapping effort and within the same area, live‐capture mark‐recapture techniques estimated 40–60 individuals and non‐invasive methods only detected 14 genotypes. A species‐specific genetic marker would allow more efficient targeting of bridled nailtail wallaby samples and increase capture rates.     

Mycorrhizal association and morphology in orchids

We investigated the mycorrhizal associations in 31 adult wild or cultivated green orchids (22 epiphytic, 8 terrestrial, and 1 species with both epiphytic and lithophytic life-forms) from different vegetation types of Western Ghats, southern India. All the orchids examined were mycorrhizal with the extent of colonization varying with species and life-forms. Mycorrhizal association has been reported for the first time in 25 orchids. The entry of mycorrhizal fungi into the roots was mostly through root hairs. In certain epiphytic species, the fungal entry was directly through the epidermis. The fungi formed highly coiled hyphal structures (pelotons) within the root cortex, and their size was related to the cell size. The fungal invasion of the cortical cells was through cell-to-cell penetration. The cortical cells contained intact and lysed pelotons, and their ratio varied with species and life-forms. No significant relationship existed between root hair characteristics and the extent of colonization. Chlamydospores and microsclerotia-like structure were frequently found within the cortical and root hair cells. The liberation of fungal reproductive structures was by spiral dehiscence of the root hairs.     

动物的毛与人发角蛋白组分的比较研究

本文用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对10科18种50份动物毛与人发进行了角蛋白组分分析。结果证实,动物的毛与人发角蛋白组分的主要差异在<18.500低分子量区域;不同种属的动物毛角蛋白组分也存在明显差异;大熊猫毛的角蛋白组分与小熊猫和黑熊的相比有显著不同。不同种属动物毛角蛋白组分的差异对动物分类学研究能提供有参考价值的实验依据。     

Are the trichomes in corollas of Mutisieae (Asteraceae) really twin hairs?

The corollas of three species of Onoseris , 13 species of Trichocline and one species of Uechtritzia (Asteraceae, Mutisieae) exhibit trichomes that are morphologically similar to the twin hairs which are traditionally considered exclusive of the cypselas in Asteraceae. Four types of trichomes were found: 1-celled, 2-celled, 3-celled, and 4-celled. The 3-celled and 4-celled corolla hairs are those which most resemble the typical cypsela twin hairs. The ontogeny of the corolla hairs was analysed and coincidences with the ontogeny of the cypsela twin hairs were found. (1) An anticlinal division of the epidermal mother cell originates two hair cells which, in turn, originate the basal cells (sometimes one of them is reduced or similar to the epidermal cells) by oblique or periclinal subdivision. (2) In some cases the basal cell(s) of the 3- or 4-celled corolla hair elongates and reaches the same length as the hair cells. The same kind of trichomes have been demonstrated in cypselas of Mutisieae. (3) The 1- and 2-celled corolla hairs have already been described as variants of the cypsela twin hairs. Based on this evidence we conclude that the corolla hairs of Onoseris , Trichocline and Uechtritzia are twin hairs. It is hypothesized that the 1–4 corolla hairs could be involved in water absorption, as occurs in the cypsela twin hairs.  © The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 140 , 427–433.     

How Did Domestication Change the Hair Morphology in Sheep and Goats?

We analysed macro-and microscopic features of dorsal guard hairs in 21 specimens of wild and domestic sheep and goats. We integrated and extended the available data on hair morphology of wild species and provide a first comparative analysis of hair structure of domestic forms. Domestic sheep and goats, probably due to a convergence process under artificial selection, show similar medullary features to each other and different medullary structures from their relative wild relatives. Different breeds show a diverse alteration of the medullary structure probably correlated to the duration of the domestication process. Domestic sheep have a cuticular structure different from the relative wild ancestor, while domestic goats do not show clear differences in the cuticle from the related wild species. The strong artificial selection for wool production may have transformed the hair structure of the sheep, but not that of the goat. We described the effects of age on the microscopic structure of hair, which have not yet been investigated. The medullary structure and the cuticular pattern in domestic forms do not change with age, as seen in wild species, because juveniles characters are retained in adults due to domestication.     

东北蕨类植物配子体发育的研究X.岩蕨科

在室内培养条件下,详尽地比较观察了我国东北产的岩蕨科２属４种的配子体发育过程,了解该科在配子体发育上的特征,来说明建立岩蕨科的合理性和种属间的区别。