不同碳源对悬浮培养玫瑰茄细胞呼吸强度及产生辅酶Q的影响

以蔗糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉为３种不同碳源,以Ｂ５培养基为基础,研究在不同碳源情况下,悬浮培养玫瑰茄细胞的生长,以及培养过程中细胞的氧消耗速率,同时也考察了在整个细胞生长过程中,辅酶Ｑ的含量变化。结果表明,蔗糖和葡萄糖能有效支持玫瑰茄细胞的生长,其细胞活力也高,表现在呼吸强度较高;可溶性淀粉不能被植物细胞利用,不仅表现在细胞生物量低,而且细胞活力差,呼吸水平也较低     

不同碳源对甘薯(Ipomoea batatas L.Lam.)块根愈伤组织的形成和生长的影响

甘薯块根愈伤组织的形成中,蔗糖,可溶性淀粉和葡萄糖作为碳源效果最好,麦芽糖和果糖次之,木糖仅形成少量的愈伤组织,而半乳糖不能被利用。在愈伤组织的生长上,葡萄糖和蔗糖效果最好,果糖和淀粉次之,木糖和半乳糖均不能被利用。愈伤组织最适生长的蔗糖和葡萄糖浓度为2％左右,浓度增加到8％时,生长几乎全部被抑制。无碳源时,仅形成少量的愈伤组织,但不能促进生长。 愈伤组织中过氧化物酶的同工酶的谱带与块根组织的谱带相同,但前者酶活性较强。不同碳源培养的愈伤组织的酶谱也相同。 以蔗糖和葡萄糖培养时,愈伤组织中可溶性糖含量较高,而其他碳源培养的组织则含量较低。淀粉在麦芽糖和果糖培养的愈伤组织中含量较高,而以其他碳源培养的组织含量较低。     

共代谢条件下光合细菌对2-氯苯酚的生物降解

光合细菌PSB-1D不能利用2-氯苯酚(2-CP)作为唯一的碳源和能源.选用苹果酸、丙酸钠、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠、苯酚、葡萄糖和可溶性淀粉等7种不同碳源作为光合细菌PSB-1D降解2-CP的共代谢基质,考察了在黑暗好氧培养条件下,不同共代谢基质对PSB-1D生长及降解2-CP效果的影响.结果表明:葡萄糖能够很好地促进PSB-1D的大量繁殖,提高降解效果,缩短降解周期,为最佳共代谢基质.对葡萄糖的投加浓度进行了优化,当葡萄糖的投加浓度为3 g·L-1时,菌株PSB-1D培养168 h后的菌体生长浓度△D560为1.749,2-CP的半衰期为3.9 d,降解速率常数为0.00864 h-1.采用SDS-PAGE对微生物全细胞蛋白质进行分析发现,在共代谢过程中当菌株PSB-1D利用葡萄糖作为底物提供能源和碳源时,可诱导产生2-CP特异性降解酶.     

悬浮培养玫瑰茄细胞的生长行为及动力学方程的建立

以培养多年的玫瑰茄（Hibiscus sabdariffaL.)白色细胞株为材料,在以3％蔗糖为碳源,植物生长调节剂为4．5μmol/L2,4-D（2,4－二氯苯氧乙酸）,2．3μmol/L Kt（Kinetin,细胞激动素）的悬浮培养条件下,研究了玫瑰茄细胞的生长及泛醌积累动态、培养液PH值的变化以及培养过程中玫瑰茄细胞对碳源、氮源、磷源的消耗动态,并以此数据建立了悬浮培养玫瑰茄细胞的生长、蔗糖消耗、泛醌形成的非结构动力学模型,经验证表明,模型与实际情况有较高的拟合度。     

碳源和氮源对黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响

研究了四种碳源(蔗糖、乳糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉)和九种氮源(玉米面、麸皮、马铃薯、大豆粉、酵母粉、蛋白胨、硝酸钾、硝酸铵、尿素)对黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响。从不同代数的菌丝体中提取多糖,并测定多糖含量、分子量分布范围及单糖组成。结果表明:黑盖木层孔菌菌丝生长的最佳碳源为可溶性淀粉,最佳氮源为玉米面,最优碳氮组合为蔗糖和玉米面的组合。不同代数的菌丝体多糖性状基本稳定。     

水杨酸对霍山石斛类原球茎细胞生长及多糖合成的影响

本研究考察了水杨酸对霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养细胞生长、多糖合成、碳代谢的影响,并研究了细胞生长、多糖合成以及蔗糖消耗的动力学。结果表明,水杨酸对霍山石斛类原球茎细胞生长有轻微的抑制作用,但能够显著改善类原球茎对碳源的利用,提高胞内可溶性糖的含量,从而促进多糖的合成,其中以添加100μmol/L浓度的水杨酸效果最好,培养18d时,多糖产量达到3.129g/L,为对照的1.63倍。建立的培养动力学模型能较好地反映水杨酸调控霍山石斛类原球茎悬浮培养过程中细胞生长、多糖合成和蔗糖消耗特性。     

簇生沿丝伞的生物学特性

文中以对采自山东省的子实体进行组织分离获取的菌株作为试验材料,对其生物学特性进行研究,对温度、pH、碳源、氮源4个因素进行单因素试验。温度组选取15,20,25,30,35℃5个梯度,pH组选取pH5,6,7,8这4个梯度,碳源组选取葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、乳糖、果糖6种,氮源组选取酵母膏、蛋白胨、硫酸铵、牛肉膏、黄豆粉、亚硝酸钠6种,进行单因素试验。根据菌丝在培养皿中的日均生长速度和生长势综合比较,分别选取4个因素中最优的3个,温度组选取20,25,30℃;pH组选取pH 5,6,7;碳源组选取葡萄糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖;氮源组选取蛋白胨、牛肉膏、硫酸铵。然后通过4因素3水平的正交试验,结果表明:4种因子对簇生沿丝伞的影响程度为温度>氮源>碳源>pH,各因素之间呈极显著差异,最终得出该菌菌丝生长的最佳培养条件为温度20℃,pH 5,碳源为蔗糖,氮源为牛肉膏。     

九连小檗悬浮培养细胞生理生化特性的研究——Ⅲ.药根碱累积与细胞生长的关系

本文叙述了九连小檗植物细胞悬浮培养过程中,药根碱的累积和细胞生长与培养液中可溶性糖转化的关系。实验表明细胞培养过程中培养液的可溶性糖逐渐消耗,细胞生物量和药根碱量都逐渐增加,且细胞生长与药根碱累积的曲线几乎是平行的。然细胞生长速度较快,其生长速率曲线的峰形较尖陡。药根碱累积速度较慢,延续时间较长,其累积速率曲线的峰形较平缓。根据糖的消耗与细胞生物量增长和药根碱累积的关系,计算出蔗糖——细胞转化率为59%,蔗糖——药根碱转化率为3.3%。     

葡萄糖对小球藻(Chloralla sp. HN08)光合作用和生长的影响

【目的】探讨葡萄糖作为外加碳源对热带海洋小球藻(Chloralla sp.HN08)生物质生产和脂、光合色素、碳水化合物及可溶性蛋白等细胞主要成份含量的影响。【方法】分析比较小球藻HN08在光合自养和兼养(添加10 g/L葡萄糖)2种营养方式下的生长速率、细胞密度、光合放氧速率、油脂相对含量,以及可溶性总糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白的含量。【结果】结果表明,在光照条件下葡萄糖(10 g/L)能促进小球藻(Chloralla sp.HN08)生长,提高细胞终密度,而异养条件下藻细胞逐渐衰亡。兼养条件下,细胞相对生长速率及细胞终密度分别是自养条件下的6.8倍和1.3倍。兼养藻细胞中可溶性糖、淀粉、油脂含量显著高于(P0.05)光合自养细胞,然而可溶性蛋白质和光合色素含量显著低于(P0.05)光合自养细胞。添加葡萄糖的小球藻液的光饱和点和呼吸速率均高于光自养条件下的细胞,但2种培养条件下藻液的净光合速率无显著差异(P0.05)。【结论】光照条件下,添加葡萄糖可显著提高小球藻HN08相对生长速率和细胞终密度,促进油脂与淀粉的积累。     

不同培养条件对半夏悬浮培养细胞生长及总生物碱形成的影响

研究了半夏悬浮培养过程中细胞鲜重的变化和MS培养基组分中碳源、钙盐、Fe盐及肌醇变化对半夏悬浮培养细胞生长及总生物碱合成的影响。结果表明 ,半夏细胞的生长曲线呈“S”型 ,细胞的最佳收获时间为 2 1d。在两种碳源中 ,葡萄糖比蔗糖利于细胞的生长和总生物碱的合成 ,最适浓度为 2 0g L。最适合细胞生长和总生物碱形成的钙盐浓度为 1 8mmol L、Fe盐浓度为 0 0 6mmol L和肌醇浓度为 10 0mg L。     

Carbohydrate partitioning, photosynthesis and growth in Lemna gibba G3. II. Effects of phosphorus limitation

The relationship between CO₂ assimilation rate, growth and partitioning of carbon among starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose were studied in phosphorus (P_i)-limited Lemna gibba L. G3. Two experimental models were used: 1) Cultures were grown at various stable, suboptimal rates regulated by the supply of P_i; 2) cultures growing at optimal rates were transferred to P_i-free medium. The response to a P_i deficiency can be divided into two phases. Phase I is characterized by hyperactivity of the sucrose synthesis pathway, leading to high levels of glucose and fructose. Phase II is characterized by starch accumulation associated with a decrease in the cytoplasmic pools of soluble sugars owing to inhibition of carbon export from the chloroplast. A strong negative correlation was found between the CO₂ assimilation rate and starch levels. No significant correlation was found between assimilation and ATP levels and decrease in relative growth rate did not significantly affect the adenylate energy charge (EC). The regulatory aspects of the partitioning of carbon among soluble sugars and starch as well as the negative correlation between carbohydrate levels and CO₂ assimilation at P_i-limited growth are discussed.     

绿僵菌产海藻糖水解酶培养条件研究

丝状真菌绿僵菌能产生一系列二糖水解酶,其中包括海藻糖水解酶。这些酶在绿僵菌对昆虫的致病过程中起着重要的作用。本文研究了不同碳源、氮源对金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum菌株CQMa102产生与分解昆虫血淋巴中海藻糖等二糖相关的海藻糖水解酶活性的影响。结果表明:分别以葡萄糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖、山梨醇和可溶性淀粉为碳源,金龟子绿僵菌均可产生海藻糖水解酶,但最佳碳源是可溶性淀粉,因为由其诱导产生的海藻糖水解酶具有最高的总活性和比活性以及更多的同工酶,山梨醇次之。硝态氮(NaNO₃)作为唯一氮源时,几乎检测不出海藻糖水解酶活性,而铵态氮((NH₄)₂SO₄)或NaNO₃和有机氮(蛋白胨和酵母浸膏)混合氮源作氮源时,海藻糖水解酶活性都很高。在绿僵菌菌丝提取液和滤液的海藻糖水解酶活性比较中发现:CQMa102在多数碳源的培养基中产生的海藻糖水解酶主要分泌到培养基中,仅有少数结合在细胞壁上。     

Determination of optimal carbon source and pH value for sclerotial formation of Polyporus umbellatus under artificial conditions

Polyporus umbellatus is one of the precious medicinal fungi, with sclerotia used as a diuretic agent and antidote in China for many years. This has led to the present interest in producing sclerotia of P. umbellatus in the laboratory due to a decreased abundance in natural sources. Here, we investigated the determining factors for sclerotial formation in P. umbellatus. Five carbon sources, namely, maltose, fructose, glucose, sucrose and soluble starch with different initial pH values were evaluated for their effects on mycelial growth and sclerotial development of P. umbellatus. Maltose, fructose and glucose could induce sclerotial formation of P. umbellatus. Sucrose and soluble starch could stimulate growth of the fungus but had no effect on sclerotial formation. The most efficient sclerotial production occurred with maltose followed by fructose and a pH of 5. In addition, different macroscopically evident characteristics of sclerotial development of P. umbellatus induced by different carbon sources were also observed. Our findings could provide new insights into further research on sclerotial production in P. umbellatus under artificial cultivation.     

Physiological properties and fatty acid composition in Mucor circinelloides f. circinelloides

Sporangiospores of Mucor circinelloides f. circinelloides CBS108.16 could germinate and grow on a wide variety of carbon sources in synthetic liquid media. Growth was supported by aldoses which have the same configuration at carbon atom number two as glucose. Di- and trisaccharides consisting of D-glucopyranosyl moieties were assimilated, while polysaccharides like inuline and starch were also utilised. Various alcohols and organic acids could be assimilated, while the phenolic compounds tested could not support aerobic growth. The fungus was able to ferment carbohydrates consisting of D-glucopyranosyl moieties, grow in the absence of vitamins and in the presence of cycloheximide. It also liquefied gelatin and produced lipases and cellulolytic enzymes. It was found that the highest percentages polyunsaturated fatty acids were produced when acetic acid, glucose, mannitol, soluble starch or trehalose was used as carbon source. The absence of vitamins in the medium lowered the percentage of these fatty acids.     

Effect of carbon sources upon the mycelial growth of Phytophthora citrophthora

In order to study the effect of carbon originating from different sources on the growth ofP. citrophthora, a modified Christie's formula was used as the basic nutrient medium. Carbon in various forms was then substituted for glucose in equivalent amounts. The fungus grew to a limited extent on glucose as the carbon source, but grew quite well on a maltose medium and less extensively on a sucrose medium. Fungus growth was most profuse on soluble starch, even more so than on potato dextrose and oatmeal medium. No sporangia were found in any of the media.     

Transgenic plants changed in carbon allocation pattern display a shift in diurnal growth pattern

Photosynthesis, partitioning of carbohydrates and growth have to be highly orchestrated to enable an efficient performance of plants. To study the diurnal relationships between carbon distribution and growth, we analysed transgenic potato plants with altered carbon allocation patterns. To modify carbohydrate supply of growing sinks, we used plants that accumulated starch as a consequence of inhibition in triose-phosphate export from chloroplasts and plants that were genetically inhibited in starch production. Carbon assimilation was analysed by gas exchange and single cell analysis of source leaves. Export was determined by microanalysis of phloem exudates and internodal growth rates were measured by displacement transducers. Gas exchange measurements showed similar assimilation rates in the wild-type and transgenic plants during the light period. Sugar analysis of phloem exudates and epidermal cells revealed a severe shift of sucrose concentrations in the individual plant lines. Moreover, epidermal cells turned out to be a potential storage site for carbohydrates in potato. Finally, we could demonstrate that changing the diurnal rhythm of carbon allocation results in a change in the diurnal growth pattern.     

Alteration of the Amount of the Chloroplast Phosphate Translocator in Transgenic Tobacco Affects the Distribution of Assimilate between Starch and Sugar

Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) transformed with sense and antisense constructs of a cDNA encoding the tobacco phosphate-triose phosphate-3-phosphoglycerate translocator (phosphate translocator) were shown to contain altered amounts of phosphate translocator mRNA and protein. Phosphate translocator activity in intact chloroplasts isolated from transformed plants showed a 15-fold variation, from 20% of the wild-type activity in antisense transformants to 300% of the wild-type activity in sense transformants. However, the maximal rates of photosynthesis and the rates of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in ambient CO2 showed no consistent differences between transformants. Starch content was decreased by 20% and total soluble sugars were increased by 20% in leaves of antisense transformants compared to sense transformants. The 40% decrease in the ratio of starch to total soluble sugars in antisense transformants relative to sense transformants indicates that distribution of assimilate between starch and sugar had been altered. However, the amount of sucrose in the leaves was unchanged. The changes in total soluble sugars were accounted for completely by changes in glucose and fructose, suggesting the existence of a homeostatic mechanism for maintaining sucrose concentrations in the leaves at the expense of glucose and fructose.     

Maltose adaptive mutant of heterotrophic marine bacterium, Alteromonas espejiana Bal-31: changes in the growth and the induction of extracellular alpha-amylase

Growth of the heterotrophic marine bacterium, Alteromonas espejiana Bal-31 was inhibited in the presence of sucrose, maltose and even glucose, but not with starch. Extracellular alpha-amylase was induced with a lag phase of 2 h in the presence of starch. In contrast, cell growth of the S2a mutant was not affected by the addition of maltose, and starch was ineffective in the induction of extracellular alpha-amylase in this mutant. Activity of extracellular alpha-amylase was induced from the S2a mutant with a 4-h lag phase in the presence of maltose, and the high level of enzyme activity was maintained for at least 24 h. Activity of alpha-amylase induced by both wild type starch and S2a mutant maltose cultures were mainly observed in extracellular locations. This activity could be stopped by tetracycline treatment, indicating that enzyme induction was dependant on gene expression and not on enzyme protein secretory mechanisms. Our results showed that the mutation in S2a changed the growth and the modulation of the specific alpha-amylase in response to carbon nutrients.