新疆甘家湖自然保护区啮齿动物群落结构与时间动态分析

2002年4月—2003年10月对精河甘家湖荒漠梭梭林国家级自然保护区的啮齿动物进行了调查。采用铗捕法,设置30个样地,共布铗30hm^2,捕获啮齿动物579只,分属3科5属6种。用种类(S)、相对密度、多样性指数(H′)、均匀性指数(E)、优势度(D)5个指标对年间、季节间的鼠类群落结构进行了对比分析。结果表明,2002—2003年鼠总密度上升,子午沙鼠的优势更加突出;群落由传统的以大沙鼠为优势种变为以子午沙鼠为优势种,群落结构也由大沙鼠—子午沙鼠—三趾跳鼠向子午沙鼠—大沙鼠—三趾跳鼠演替;2002—2003年群落多样性、均匀性降低,优势度增加;从春至秋鼠总密度呈上升趋势,多样性增加;均匀性以夏季最高,优势度则春季最高。     

基于结构方程模型分析荒漠啮齿动物优势种对不同放牧干扰的响应

放牧被认为是草地生态系统的主要干扰之一。许多研究表明,放牧影响了啮齿动物的个体条件、繁殖、种群动态、群落组成及群落多样性等多个方面。由于受传统统计学方法的限制,这些研究只是单独的对放牧作用进行假设检验,而没有将多个假设放在同一个框架内进行验证。2006—2011年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区不同放牧生境中啮齿动物优势种的数量进行研究并使用结构方程建模的方法将可能影响荒漠啮齿动物优势种的环境因子(气候条件、土壤硬度、植物隐蔽、植物生物量等19个指标)与啮齿动物优势种种群动态结合后进行多假设检验,旨在找出不同放牧干扰下制约优势啮齿动物环境因子的发生途径。结果表明:气候条件对五趾跳鼠和三趾跳鼠有直接不利影响,隐蔽对于两足活动的五趾跳鼠有负效应,而对四足活动的子午沙鼠有正效应。植物生物量对五趾跳鼠有正效应,但对子午沙鼠有负效应。土壤硬度的增加间接的有利于五趾跳鼠,对子午沙鼠有直接的正效应。因此荒漠啮齿动物优势种种群动态是多个过程共同作用的结果,气候条件是驱动啮齿动物种群动态的根本原因,而放牧会因为改变植物隐蔽而影响啮齿动物在群落中的组成。     

黑河流域中游地区荒漠-绿洲景观区啮齿动物群落结构

2005年4–5月和9月对黑河流域中游地区荒漠-绿洲景观区不同生境中啮齿动物群落结构进行了研究。在甘肃省张掖市高台县黑泉乡选择流动沙丘、含砾沙漠、固定沙地、荒漠灌丛、防护林带、灌耕草地、灌耕农田和河岸草地等8种代表性生境,采用活捕法(4,800铗日)共捕获啮齿动物254只,隶属于3科8属9种。利用捕获记录计算了群落结构特征指数,进一步利用Pearson相关系数考察了不同生境啮齿动物群落的相似性,并在此基础上对不同生境的啮齿动物群落作了聚类分析。群落结构特征指数表明,啮齿动物物种多样性(用Shannon-Wiener指数测度)在灌耕草地中最低(0.6859),在固定沙地中最高(1.7036);物种均匀度(用Pielou均匀度指数测度)在流动沙丘中最低(0.6531),在河岸草地中最高(1.0000)。聚类分析结果显示,研究区啮齿动物群落可以分成荒漠型群落和绿洲型群落两大类。三趾跳鼠(Dipussagitta)在荒漠型生境中密度较高,总体上具有优势地位,尤其是在流动沙丘生境中占据绝对优势;黑线仓鼠(Cricetulusbarabensis)在植被较好的绿洲型生境中占据优势地位,但在流动沙丘外的其他荒漠型生境中也有发现。除五趾跳鼠(Allactagasibirica)外,其他种类的跳鼠只在荒漠型生境中发现。本次调查没有在防护林内部生境中捕获啮齿动物,但在林缘区域仍有捕获记录。啮齿动物群落物种多样性指数与捕获率间无显著关联(r=0.240,P=0.566)。本研究提示人为干扰可能对维持研究区域的啮齿动物多样性有积极意义。     

阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物优势种觅食活动对不同放牧方式的响应

阿拉善荒漠脆弱生态系统对人为干扰反应较敏感，不同放牧方式导致该生态系统的植被资源类型、密度、分布、盖度、基质以及动物感知捕食风险等各不相同。同域分布的荒漠啮齿动物在不同干扰下的觅食差异性对于荒漠地区生物多样性的维持具有重要意义。本文于2020年通过红外相机陷阱技术对阿拉善荒漠区同域共存的三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)、五趾跳鼠(Orientallactaga sibirica)和子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus) 3种优势鼠种在3种不同放牧方式下的摄食行为进行观测，结果显示：(1)不同放牧方式下3种啮齿动物优势种的种群密度与摄食行为成正比，放牧增加了五趾跳鼠种群密度，其摄食行为也在放牧强度大的生境中占比更多；子午沙鼠在放牧强度较小且植被盖度较高的生境中种群密度较高，摄食行为也多集中于此；三趾跳鼠在不同放牧方式下种群密度差异不大，相对来说在放牧强度更大的生境中花费的觅食努力更大；(2)相同放牧方式下，子午沙鼠面对食物会采取“觅食+取食+贮食”相结合的摄食策略，而三趾跳鼠和五趾跳鼠更倾向于“觅食+原地取食”的摄食策略。由此表明，尽管不同鼠种具有差异化的摄食策略，但是...     

莫索湾垦区啮齿动物群落结构与物种多样性分析

2004年6～8月对莫索湾垦区啮齿动物调查,按不同生境共抽取18个样地,采用铗日法进行鼠类密度调查,共置10400个铗日,捕获啮齿动物446只,分属3科9属11种。经聚类分析,该垦区鼠类群落可划分为6种群落类型：（1）以大沙鼠（Rhombomys opimus）＋子午沙鼠（Meriones meridianus）为主的荒漠型;（2）以红尾沙鼠（Meriones erythrourus）＋小五趾跳鼠（Allactaga elater）为主的半荒漠灌丛型;（3）以柽柳沙鼠（Meriones tamariscinus）＋小林姬鼠（Apodemus sylvaticus）为主的林地型;（4）以小家鼠（Mus musculus）＋小林姬鼠为主的农田型;（5）以灰仓鼠（Cricetulus migratorius）＋子午沙鼠为主的弃耕地型;（6）以褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus）为主的城镇型。从原始荒漠到城镇居民区的环境梯度变化中,鼠类群落多样性指数呈上升趋势（1．1053～1．2744）,到农田达到最大,农田到居民区则略有下降;均匀性随各群落生境类型不同,变化无规律性（0．6423≤J≤0．9207）;优势度则呈下降趋势（0．4176～0．3368）。生境差异、植被盖度和人为干扰强度对鼠类群落多样性均有一定影响。     

不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物生态位特征

2002和2003年的4、7、10月份在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区设开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区4个不同类型的干扰区,每个干扰区布设4个固定样方,对荒漠啮齿动物的空间生态位及其季节特征进行了研究。结果表明:五趾跳鼠和子午沙鼠的空间生态位宽度指数最高,分别为0.925和0.908;短尾仓鼠、小毛足鼠和草原黄鼠的次之,分别为0.789、0.782和0.711;五趾心颅跳鼠的最低,为0.003。草原黄鼠与小毛足鼠等6个种对的空间生态位重叠指数最高,均大于0.9,接近于1,生态位几乎完全重叠。长爪沙鼠与五趾心颅跳鼠、三趾心颅跳鼠的空间生态位重叠指数均为0,不存在资源利用竞争。在荒漠生境中,啮齿动物不仅对不同干扰条件的适应性较强,而且对资源利用存在较大程度的趋同性。在不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物的生态位宽度会随着不同季节的变化出现明显的改变。同样,生态位重叠和生态位分化随着不同生态季节的变化也会发生明显的改变,春、秋季的生态位重叠程度低,分化程度高,秋季较春季略强;夏季的生态位重叠程度高,而分化程度低。     

不同干扰下阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物优势种对气候变化的响应

气候变化已对物种分布范围和丰富度产生了极大的影响。荒漠生态系统对气候变化的反应可能更加敏感。作为荒漠生态系统的重要组成者,了解荒漠啮齿动物特别是优势鼠种将对气候变化如何响应,对于荒漠地区生物多样性的维持将具有重要意义。2002—2010年,采用标志重捕法对阿拉善荒漠4种不同生境下啮齿动物优势种群进行了研究,分别利用Spearman相关分析以及典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence analysis,CCA)对啮齿动物优势种群动态与年平均温度和年降水量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,不同啮齿动物优势种对温度和降雨的响应不同,尤其以子午沙鼠表现最为显著。跳鼠对温度的适宜性要高于仓鼠科的子午沙鼠和黑线仓鼠,而仓鼠科啮齿动物对降雨的适宜性高于跳鼠。较小尺度上的人为干扰更可能从改变食性和生境的途径上加剧或缓冲降雨对荒漠啮齿动物优势种的影响,而不是改变温度对啮齿动物的作用。     

额济纳旗和肃北马鬃山北部边境地区啮齿动物调查

1979—1980年作者等人对内蒙古额济纳旗及肃北马鬃山北部边境地区的啮齿动物进行了调查。调查地区在动物地理区划上归属古北界,蒙新区,西部荒漠亚区。其生态地理动物群为温带荒漠、半荒漠动物群。共发现啮齿动物14种,其中沙鼠亚科和跳鼠科的种类构成该地区啮齿动物区系的主体。子午沙鼠为当地的优势种,其它为常见种,它们分布广、数量多。另外,三趾心颅跳鼠、肥尾心颅眺鼠和短耳沙鼠等数量少、分布范围窄,为当地特有种。     

内蒙古半荒漠区啮齿动物群落分类及其多样性研究

自1988～1993年在内蒙古半荒漠区约11万km2的调查区域内共设置259个样方,布放有效夹日131109个,捕获啮齿动物19种。在此基础上,用其捕获率作为分类量纲,以样方-种的捕获率组成259×19的原始数据矩阵,应用快速聚类法进行鼠类群落划分,根据分类结果,并结合调查区域内各种地带性植被的特点将该地区啮齿动物划分为9个不同的鼠类群落。即群落:戈壁五趾跳鼠 五趾跳鼠 长爪沙鼠群落,群落生境为半荒漠区内典型的高平原、丘陵荒漠草原;群落:三趾跳鼠 子午沙鼠 小毛足鼠群落,群落生境为沙地,主要分布于阴山北麓的覆沙地带;群落;草原黄鼠 五趾跳鼠 长爪鼠群落,群落生境为半荒漠区内平原丘陵典型草原和山地典型草原;群落:赤颊黄鼠 黑线毛足鼠 五趾跳鼠群落,群落生境为戈壁针茅-隐子草草原;群落:戈壁五趾跳鼠 三趾跳鼠 蒙古羽尾跳鼠群落,群落生境为草原化荒漠,主要以强旱生灌木和半灌木组成;群落:黑线仓鼠 长爪沙鼠 小毛足鼠群落,群落生境为人工草地及阴山北麓山顶种植荞麦和莜麦的农田;群落:小毛足鼠 三趾跳鼠 长爪沙鼠群落,群落生境为典型荒漠草原重度退化的短花针茅冷蒿草场;群落:长尾仓鼠 大林姬鼠 棕背群落,群落生境为阴山山脉中段的次生林地如五当召、大桦背及蛮汉山;群落:五趾跳鼠 草原黄鼠 黑线毛足鼠群落     

新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区啮齿动物群落多样性及其与环境因子的关系

啮齿动物的群落结构受生态环境特征影响,并能反映环境变化规律。为探讨啮齿动物群落多样性及其与环境因子间的关系,利用铗捕法获得了新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类野生动物自然保护区9种生境类型的环境因子及啮齿动物群落结构数据。2019-2020年春、夏季,共布设样地291块,有效铗日55269个,调查总面积176.875 km²,记录了啮齿类分布的12个环境因子。捕获啮齿动物419只,分属1目4科10属12种,优势种为三趾跳鼠（Dipus sagitta）和五趾跳鼠（Allactaga sibirica）,分别占捕获总个体数的34.13%和27.68%。分析结果显示,卡山自然保护区啮齿类捕获率最高的生境类型为沙漠（2.18%）;捕获鼠种的主要分布型为耐旱型（98.09%）。12个环境因子在9个生境类型中均呈极显著差异（P<0.01）,说明该保护区啮齿动物分布的生境异质性高。冗余分析表明,海拔高度、植被种类、灌木盖度和灌木高度是决定啮齿动物群落结构最主要的4个环境因子,其中植被种数与啮齿类群落多样性呈正相关,随着植被种数数值的增加,除优势度指数外,其它多样性指数随之增加。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.