内蒙古半干旱区鼠类群落结构及鼠害危害类型的研究

自1988-1993年在内蒙古半干旱区约110000km² 的面积上设置样地251个,用夹日法对鼠类群落进行调查,用每个样地主要鼠种捕获率和样地构成分类量刚,应用SAS系统的快速聚类法进行分类;分类结果结合该地区地带性植被分布的特征和地貌、地形特征,将该地区的鼠类群落划分为9个地带性鼠类群落并研究其结构特征,同时根据地带性鼠类群落分布与结构特征及当地实际鼠害状况将内蒙古半干旱区鼠害划分为5大害区的7种危害类型：Ⅰ.荒漠草原鼠害危害区:①小毛足鼠、三趾跳鼠危害类型;②戈壁五趾跳鼠、赤颊黄鼠危害类型;Ⅱ.草原化荒漠鼠害鼠害危害区：③戈壁五趾跳鼠、三趾跳鼠危害类型;Ⅲ.沙地草场鼠害区：④小毛足鼠、三趾跳鼠、子午沙鼠危害类型;Ⅳ.阴山北麓旱作农田危害区：⑤长爪沙鼠、小毛足鼠危害类型;⑥长爪沙鼠、草原黄鼠危害类型;Ⅴ.阴山山脉中段次生林地和人工林地危害区：⑦棕背繙、大林姬鼠危害类型。     

不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物生态位特征

2002和2003年的4、7、10月份在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区设开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区4个不同类型的干扰区,每个干扰区布设4个固定样方,对荒漠啮齿动物的空间生态位及其季节特征进行了研究。结果表明:五趾跳鼠和子午沙鼠的空间生态位宽度指数最高,分别为0.925和0.908;短尾仓鼠、小毛足鼠和草原黄鼠的次之,分别为0.789、0.782和0.711;五趾心颅跳鼠的最低,为0.003。草原黄鼠与小毛足鼠等6个种对的空间生态位重叠指数最高,均大于0.9,接近于1,生态位几乎完全重叠。长爪沙鼠与五趾心颅跳鼠、三趾心颅跳鼠的空间生态位重叠指数均为0,不存在资源利用竞争。在荒漠生境中,啮齿动物不仅对不同干扰条件的适应性较强,而且对资源利用存在较大程度的趋同性。在不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物的生态位宽度会随着不同季节的变化出现明显的改变。同样,生态位重叠和生态位分化随着不同生态季节的变化也会发生明显的改变,春、秋季的生态位重叠程度低,分化程度高,秋季较春季略强;夏季的生态位重叠程度高,而分化程度低。     

内蒙古草原五种啮齿动物肾脏形态学特征比较

啮齿动物的水平衡能力对其适应干旱环境至关重要。为理解啮齿动物对水环境的适应性,本研究以分布于内蒙古草原的长爪沙鼠 (Meriones unguiculatus)、布氏田鼠 (Lasiopodomys brandtii)、小毛足鼠 (Phodopus roborovskii)、坎氏毛足鼠 (Phodopus campbelli) 和黑线仓鼠 (Cricetulus barabensis) 为研究对象,测定了肾脏形态学指标、肾单位密度指标和尿液渗透压等,比较分析了肾脏形态结构与栖息地环境之间的关系。结果发现：5种啮齿动物肾脏髓质厚度随动物分布区域的变化,呈现从典型草原地区、半荒漠地区至荒漠和沙漠地区逐渐增加的趋势,干旱地区动物的尿液渗透压较高。5种动物的皮质肾单位密度无显著差异。近髓肾单位密度统计显示,黑线仓鼠大于小毛足鼠与坎氏毛足鼠,布氏田鼠与长爪沙鼠居中。这些结果表明,啮齿动物的肾脏形态指数和组织学指数可以在一定程度上反映哺乳动物肾脏浓缩尿液的能力,肾脏的结构具有可塑性以应对环境的变化。     

长爪沙鼠鼠疫自然疫源地夜行鼠调查

宁夏盐池县长爪沙鼠疫源地地处鄂尔多斯台地向黄土高原过渡地带,1982—1989年我们对该地小型鼠类进行了初步调查,现将结果报告如下:八年共放出28760夹次,捕鼠1902只,捕获率6.6%。共捕鼠8种:小毛足鼠Rhodopus roborovskii数量最多(占49%),其次是子午沙鼠Meriones meridianus、三趾跳鼠Cardiocra-nius paradoxus和黑线仓鼠Cricetulus barabenisis,分别占18、12和11%,五趾跳鼠Allactaga sibirica和小家鼠Mus musculus,各占4和1%,灰仓鼠Cricetulus migratorius少见,仅占0.1%,还有该疫源地主要宿主长爪沙鼠Meriones unguiculatus占4%。捕获率…     

内蒙古库布齐沙地四种啮齿动物非颤拌性产热的季节变化

为了解非颤抖性产热在内陆荒漠小型哺乳动物适应性热能调节中的作用,1997年对库布齐荒漠沙地环境4种啮齿动物：三趾跳鼠（Dipus sagitta)、子午沙鼠（Meriones meridianus)、小毛足鼠（Phodopus roborovskii)和黑线仓鼠（Cricetulus barabensis)的非颤抖性产热季节变化进行了测定。4种动物的非颤抖性产热在秋季低温刺激下明显高于夏季,而且小毛足鼠和黑线仓鼠在秋季的最大非颤抖性产热分别高于春季14％和35％。典型荒漠种小毛足鼠的季节变化最明显,夏季最低。结果表明,生活在内陆干旱地区的动物生长期进化过程中,发展了良好的非颤抖性产热体温调节机制适应环境温度的季节变化。     

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗啮齿动物区系分布

１９８２－１９９１年，在内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗调查了啮齿动物，共发现２３１种，隶属２目４科。高原丘陵草原分布９种，优势种为达乌尔鼠兔、蒙古旱獭；天然次生林山地分布１３种，平均捕获率３．４２％，优势鼠种有大林姬鼠、长尾仓鼠及大仓鼠，三种鼠分别占总捕量的７３．１７％、１７．０７％及４．８８％；丘陵灌丛草原分布亦有１３种，达乌尔黄鼠、黑线仓鼠及五趾跳鼠为优势种，平原区分布１２种，达乌尔黄鼠数量较高（３．７７     

内蒙古察哈尔丘陵啮齿动物种群数量的波动和演替

根据内蒙古自治区正镶白旗乌宁巴图苏木９７４－１９９３年随啮齿动物密度监测资料进行分析,得到如下结果。共捕啮齿动物１３种,其中达乌尔黄鼠为优势种（６７．８５％）、一趾鼠为次优势种（１０．１６％）,长爪沙鼠、布氏田鼠、达乌尔鼠兔为常见种,余为少见种。黄鼠密度与个体数呈正相关（Ｐ〈０．０００１）、五趾跳鼠与个体数、黄鼠密度呈负相关（Ｐ〈０．００１）。个体数与黄鼠、五趾跳鼠密度的回归模型为：（个体数）＝１     

不育剂EP - 1 对荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量的影响

2011 ～ 2012 年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区,利用复合不育剂EP - 1 (左炔诺孕酮- 炔雌醚),设试验区和对照区,采用春季试验区一次性投饵的方法,对子午沙鼠、小毛足鼠和三趾跳鼠3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群的不育控制进行研究。结果表明,不育剂EP - 1 显著降低了优势种群当年的幼体出生率,试验区5 ～ 6 月小毛足鼠幼体比例较对照区显著降低(P < 0. 05),5 ～ 8 月子午沙鼠和6 ～ 8 月三趾跳鼠成体比例分别较对照区显著增加(P < 0. 05),同时显著降低了优势鼠种当年的种群数量,试验区子午沙鼠和小毛足鼠种群在繁殖高峰期的数量均显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),4 ～ 5 月三趾跳鼠种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0. 05)。次年,试验区5 ～ 7 月子午沙鼠种群成体比例显著高于对照区(P < 0. 05),全年种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),而三趾跳鼠种群数量与对照区差异并不显著。因此,不育剂EP - 1 对3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量增长均具有控制作用,尤其对子午沙鼠种群的持续控制效果更加明显。可见,种群在繁殖期年龄结构的变化是影响其种群数量动态的重要因素。     

基于结构方程模型分析荒漠啮齿动物优势种对不同放牧干扰的响应

放牧被认为是草地生态系统的主要干扰之一。许多研究表明,放牧影响了啮齿动物的个体条件、繁殖、种群动态、群落组成及群落多样性等多个方面。由于受传统统计学方法的限制,这些研究只是单独的对放牧作用进行假设检验,而没有将多个假设放在同一个框架内进行验证。2006—2011年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区不同放牧生境中啮齿动物优势种的数量进行研究并使用结构方程建模的方法将可能影响荒漠啮齿动物优势种的环境因子(气候条件、土壤硬度、植物隐蔽、植物生物量等19个指标)与啮齿动物优势种种群动态结合后进行多假设检验,旨在找出不同放牧干扰下制约优势啮齿动物环境因子的发生途径。结果表明:气候条件对五趾跳鼠和三趾跳鼠有直接不利影响,隐蔽对于两足活动的五趾跳鼠有负效应,而对四足活动的子午沙鼠有正效应。植物生物量对五趾跳鼠有正效应,但对子午沙鼠有负效应。土壤硬度的增加间接的有利于五趾跳鼠,对子午沙鼠有直接的正效应。因此荒漠啮齿动物优势种种群动态是多个过程共同作用的结果,气候条件是驱动啮齿动物种群动态的根本原因,而放牧会因为改变植物隐蔽而影响啮齿动物在群落中的组成。     

新疆甘家湖自然保护区啮齿动物群落结构与时间动态分析

2002年4月—2003年10月对精河甘家湖荒漠梭梭林国家级自然保护区的啮齿动物进行了调查。采用铗捕法,设置30个样地,共布铗30hm^2,捕获啮齿动物579只,分属3科5属6种。用种类(S)、相对密度、多样性指数(H′)、均匀性指数(E)、优势度(D)5个指标对年间、季节间的鼠类群落结构进行了对比分析。结果表明,2002—2003年鼠总密度上升,子午沙鼠的优势更加突出;群落由传统的以大沙鼠为优势种变为以子午沙鼠为优势种,群落结构也由大沙鼠—子午沙鼠—三趾跳鼠向子午沙鼠—大沙鼠—三趾跳鼠演替;2002—2003年群落多样性、均匀性降低,优势度增加;从春至秋鼠总密度呈上升趋势,多样性增加;均匀性以夏季最高,优势度则春季最高。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.