小麦21条染色体RFLP作图位点遗传多样性分析

对来自世界11个国家的15个小麦品种(系)(Triticum aestivum L.AABBDD,2n = 42)472个RFLP位点的遗传多样性进行了检测,并进行了逐条染色体分析,结果发现:(ⅰ) 15个品种在各条染色体上的聚类各不相同.根据472个遗传位点遗传多样性数据,15个品种可聚类为4类,Synthetic,Hope, Timgalen各为一类,其余品种为一类,遗传距离远近恰与其所携带的小麦亲缘种染色体数目有关.(ⅱ)普通小麦遗传多样性非常贫乏,不同国家来源的品种相似系数高达0.8以上,多数品种间的大多数位点无遗传多样性,有53%的位点在供试的栽培品种中完全无多样性.(ⅲ)以四倍体小麦(AABB)和粗山羊草(DD)为亲本的品种(系)中,其对应的染色体上有较高的遗传多样性,其中有49.4%的等位变异在供试栽培种中没有发现,说明小麦的原始供体种是丰富现代栽培小麦遗传多样性的重要资源.(ⅳ) 根据遗传多样性位点及其作图位置, 可以检测到小麦栽培品种与其亲缘种杂交后代中亲缘种的染色体(片段).(ⅴ)在小麦的A,B,D3个基因组中, B基因组的遗传多样性最高,D基因组最差(尤以1D最甚),A基因组居中.(ⅵ)中国古老栽培品种中国春(CS)与国外栽培品种主要差异表现在染色体1B,3B和5A上,并发现了12个中国春的特异等位变异.认为现代栽培小麦遗传多样性狭窄是目前小麦育种难以取得突破的关键问题之一,并对如何丰富小麦的遗传多样性提出了建议.     

利用SSR标记分析云南、西藏和新疆小麦的遗传多样性

用185对SSR引物对52份中国西部特有小麦的遗传多样性进行了研究分析。在31份云南小麦材料中,共检测到488个等位变异,每一个SSR引物可检测到1至9个等位变异,平均为2.64个;平均PIC值为0.2764。在15份西藏小麦材料中,共检测到472个等位变异,每个引物可扩增出1到8个等位变异,平均为2.55个;平均PIC值为0.3082。在6份新疆小麦材料中,共检测到308个等位变异,每一个SSR引物可检测1到5个等位变异,平均为1.66个;平均PIC值为0.1944。185对SSR引物在云南、西藏和新疆小麦的21条染色体、7个部分同源群和3个染色体组上检测到的等位位点的多态性存在明显差异。云南、西藏和新疆小麦均以3B染色体较高,而1D染色体最低;在7个部分同源群中,均以第三部分同源群最高,第六部分同源群最低;在A、B和D染色体组上,均以B染色体组最高,D染色体组最低,A染色体组居中。利用185对SSR引物计算了云南、西藏和新疆小麦群体内及其群体间的遗传距离(GD)和平均遗传距离,结果显示,西藏小麦和云南小麦群体内的平均遗传距离要高于新疆小麦,而云南小麦和西藏小麦间的平均遗传距离低于两者与新疆小麦的平均遗传距离。聚类分析结果也表明,云南小麦和西藏小麦的亲缘关系较近,但两者与新疆小麦的亲缘关系相对较远。     

我国育成小麦品种的遗传多样性演变

对我国小麦育成品种初选核心种质(1680份)的78个微卫星标记(SSR)位点进行了扫描,并就此对50年来育成品种的遗传多样性进行了评价和分析,得到以下结果和结论:(ⅰ)74对SSR荧光引物共检测到1336个等位变异,其中1253个等位变异可以定位在71个位点上.这71个位点上检测到的每个位点等位变异数为4~44个,平均17.6个;多态性信息指数(PIC)为0.19~0.89,平均为0.69.(ⅱ)三个基因组的平均等位变异丰富度为B>A>D,遗传多样性指数为B>D>A.(ⅲ)7个部分同源群的平均等位变异丰富度为2=7>3>4>6>5>1,遗传多样性指数为7>3>2>4>6>5>1.结合两个指标分析,第7部分同源群具有最高的多样性,而1,5群多样性最低.(ⅳ)21条染色体中,7A,3B和2D三条染色体遗传多样性较高,而2A,1B,4D,5D和1D的遗传多样性偏低.(ⅴ)育成品种遗传多样性指数以50年代的最高,以后越来越低,但年代间变化较平缓;品种间平均遗传距离以50年代最高(0.731),以后逐渐减小,各年代依次为0.711,0.706,0.696和0.695.品种遗传基础狭窄化问题日趋突出,应引起有关部门和育种家的关注.     

利用SSR标记技术研究棉属A、D染色体组的进化

利用SSR分子标记技术,对棉属A、D染色体二倍体及四倍体代表棉种进行了遗传多样性分析。供试的10个二倍体代表棉种间遗传多态性丰富,分子聚类结果与Fryxell棉属分类结果相同。分子水平上进一步揭示出属于D染色体组的拟似棉与其他D染色体组棉种的相似系数最低,A,D染色体组间相似系数很高,该结果支持拟全民族似棉是D染色体组最原始棉种,棉属不同染色体组是共同起源,单元进化的理论,利用栽培的异源四倍体棉种不太适于研究棉属A、D染色体组的进化。     

中国35个苦荞审定品种EST-SSR指纹图谱构建与遗传多样性分析

核心引物对种质资源遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定、指纹图谱构建等研究具有重要价值。本研究以35个苦荞（Fagopyrum tataricum（L.） Gaertn）审定品种为材料,从91对苦荞EST-SSR引物中筛选出50对多态性引物。综合考虑引物多态性信息量（PIC）大小、鉴别力（DP）,筛选出等位变异位点数在2~4,PIC值在0.60~0.78之间的6对引物（SSR9007、SSR6873、SSR7642、SSR2234、SSR6789、SSR68216）构建了供试品种的分子指纹图谱。遗传多样性聚类分析结果表明,供试品种的相似系数为0.50~0.99。当遗传相似系数为0.60时,可将供试品种分为4大类群,其中54.3%的供试品种被聚为一类,表明苦荞审定品种遗传组成差异较小,遗传基础狭窄。聚类结果表明各类群间没有明显的地域分布趋势,但能较好的反映供试品种间的亲缘关系。     

用AFLP分析广东省鲜食橄榄品种资源遗传多样性

从64对引物组合中筛选出6对谱带清晰、多态性高的引物组合,对63个橄榄品种扩增,共扩增出417条多态性电泳谱带,多态性比率达100%,揭示了橄榄品种的遗传多样性。利用UPGMA对供试橄榄品种聚类,建立AFLP聚类图。结果表明:63份材料之间的遗传相似性系数为0.0606~0.7619,相似系数为0.312时,可将供试材料分为7个品种群,其中第1群包括45个品种,以‘潮阳甜榄’为代表,还可细分成3个组;第2群包括5个品种,以‘大纳甜’为代表;第3群包括4个品种,以‘潮阳三棱’为代表;第4群包括‘土甜’、‘文祠三棱’和‘早花三棱’3个品种;第5群包括‘铁条’和‘细粒’两个品种;第6群包括‘广太甜种’、‘西土’、‘鸡心’和‘车酸1号’4个品种;第7群只有‘凤湖橄榄’1个品种,与其他品种群亲缘关系较远,可能发生变异。     

河北省小麦品种基于农艺性状的遗传多样性分析

为明确河北省小麦品种遗传多样性的基础和历史演变,本研究以所收集的该省近60年来审(认)定的125个小麦品种为研究材料,以8个农艺性状为基础进行了遗传多样性分析.结果表明:河北省小麦品种农艺性状变异比较丰富,以每穗不孕小穗数的变异系数最高(52.63%),其次为单株粒重和有效分蘖数,每穗小穗数的变异最小;多样性指数从20世纪70年代的1.62增加到目前的1.89,平均值为1.76,但略低于其他省份.在上述分析基础上,用最长距离法可将125份材料聚为3大类,其中80.8%(101个)的品种归入第3大类,主要为20世纪90年代以后的品种.这说明该省小麦品种遗传多样性在逐步提高的同时,其遗传基础仍需进一步拓宽.     

利用SRAP标记分析河南小麦栽培品种的遗传多样性

利用小麦SRAP标记对22个河南省小麦品种进行了遗传多样性分析,10对引物组合扩增获得169个条带,其中70个条带具有多态性,多态条带百分率为41．42％,每对引物平均产生7个多态性条带。22个供试材料的带型按照条带的有、无分别记录为1、0后,采用Nei72方法计算不同品种的遗传距离,利用NTSYS软件进行非加权组法（UPGMA）聚类分析。结果表明SRAP标记技术能较真实地反映小麦品种间的亲缘关系,可以用于小麦品种遗传多样性研究。     

利用SRAP标记分析河南小麦栽培品种的遗传多样性

利用小麦SRAP标记对22个河南省小麦品种进行了遗传多样性分析,10对引物组合扩增获得169个条带,其中70个条带具有多态性,多态条带百分率为41.42％,每对引物平均产生7个多态性条带。22个供试材料的带型按照条带的有,无分别记录为1,0后,采用Nei 72方法计算不同品种的遗传距离,利用NTSYS软件进行非加权成组法（UPGMA）进行了聚类分析。结果表明SRAP标记技术能较真实地反映小麦品种间的亲缘关系,可以用于小麦品种遗传多样性的研究。     

云南粳稻遗传多样性及群体结构分析

通过分析云南省不同育种单位粳稻选育品种的遗传多样性,阐明云南粳稻品种的遗传结构及其亲缘关系,为粳稻育种提供参考依据。利用30对SSR多态性引物,对7个育种单位的163份粳稻选育品种进行等位基因多样性、遗传结构和聚类分析。共检测等位基因207个,每个位点等位基因变幅为2-17,平均等位基因数为6.6;基因多样性指数变异范围为0.024 4-0.823 9,平均为0.479 8;多态信息含量(PIC)变异范围为0.024 1-0.802 5,平均为0.440 7。基于Nei’s遗传距离的系统聚类把供试材料分为4大类群,基于模型的群体结构分析,供试材料被分为2个亚群。来自大理州农科院和保山市农科院的品种全部分在第1亚群中,楚雄州农科院和云南省农业科学院的品种主要集中在第2亚群中。丽江市农科院、曲靖市农科院的品种平均分布在两个亚群中。云南省育成的粳稻品种遗传多样性不够丰富,同一单位选育的品种遗传相似度较高,品种间亲缘关系与地域性存在一定的相关性,云南省丰富的粳稻资源还没有被完全挖掘利用。     

Global diversity of durum wheat Triticum durum Desf. for alleles of gliadin-coding loci

Genetic diversity for the alleles of gliadin-coding loci was studied with 465 durum wheat accessions from 42 countries. A total of 108 alleles were identified for four loci; 60 alleles were described for the first time. Broad diversity of rare gliadin-coding alleles was observed. The highest genetic diversity was characteristic of durum wheat accessions from the Middle East, Trans-Caucasia, the Pyrenean Peninsula, and the Balkans. Two genetically isolated ancient branches of durum wheat were isolated. A “southern” branch included mostly accessions from the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and Trans-Caucasia. A “northern” branch included Russian and Ukrainian durum wheat accessions and varieties obtained on their basis. An additional group included durum wheat accessions that had been obtained in several past decades on the basis of the material of international breeding centers (CIMMYT and ICARDA) and had low genetic diversity.     

基于SRAP和TRAP标记的河北野生狗牙根种质遗传多样性分析

以SRAP和TRAP 2种标记技术对36份狗牙根材料的遗传多样性及亲缘关系进行了分析,其中包含34份河北省野生狗牙根种质资源。分别由238对SRAP和85对TRAP引物组合中筛选获得具有多态性的SRAP和TRAP引物组合各10对,PCR扩增总条带分别为186和161条,多态性条带156和132条,平均每对引物扩增出多态性条带各15.6和13.2条,多态性位点比率分别为83.4%和81.0%。2种标记合并进行聚类分析,所有供试的36份狗牙根材料遗传相似系数GS=0.519~0.983,平均为0.7。当GS=0.68时,可将36份供试材料分为4个类群。本研究结果表明河北野生狗牙根种质资源存在较丰富的遗传多样性,可为种质资源保护和选育优良狗牙根新品种提供科学依据。     

俄罗斯远东及黑龙江省春小麦种质资源的遗传多样性

利用31个SSR引物分析56份俄罗斯远东地区春小麦(Triticum aestivum)及56份黑龙江省2010生(区)试品系的遗传变异和群体结构。结果表明,黑龙江省春小麦和俄罗斯远东春小麦明显分化为两大类群,聚类结果同地理来源的划分基本一致;居群间和个体间都存在显著性差异;群体的遗传分化程度较高,但群体间的基因交流有限,血缘相对比较单一。鉴于部分黑龙江省同一育种单位的品种(系)间的遗传距离非常相近,目前亟需拓宽和创制新的小麦种质资源。实验结果证明种质资源遗传多样性与地理来源和人为选择压力密切相关。     

Genetic Diversity and Core Collection Evaluations in Common Wheat Germplasm from the Northwestern Spring Wheat Region in China

Fluorescence microsatellite markers were employed to reveal genetic diversity of 340 wheat accessions consisting of 229 landraces and 111 modern varieties from the Northwest Spring Wheat Region in China. The 340 accessions were chosen as candidate core collections for wheat germplasm in this region. A core collection representing the genetic diversity of these accessions was identified based on a cluster dendrogram of 78 SSR loci. A total of 967 alleles were detected with a mean of 13.6 alleles (5–32) per locus. Mean PIC was 0.64, ranged from 0.05 to 0.91. All loci were distributed relatively evenly in the A, B and D wheat genomes. Mean genetic richness of A, B and D genomes for both landraces and modern varieties was B > A > D. However, mean genetic diversity indices of landraces changed to B > D > A. As a whole, genetic diversity of the landraces was considerably higher than that of the modern varieties. The big difference of genetic diversity indices in the three genomes suggested that breeding has exerted greater selection pressure in the D than the A or B genomes in this region. Changes of allelic proportions represented in the proposed core collection at different sampling scales suggested that the sampling percentage of the core collection in the Northwest Spring Wheat Region should be greater than 4% of the base collection to ensure that more than 70% of the variation is represented by the core collection. Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users.     

西南地区小麦抗条锈病种质的遗传多样性及群体结构分析

全面了解西南地区小麦抗条锈病种质遗传多样性和群体结构信息,能有效提高抗病品种的育种效率。在本研究中,我们利用基于基因分型测序（GBS）技术的DArT-seqTM方法对134份小麦材料开展了全基因组基因分型,共获得了6919个多态性的SNP（single nucleotide polymorphism）标记。它们的多态性指数（PIC,polymorphism information content）的范围在0.01到0.50之间,平均值为0.32。根据SNP标记在134份小麦品种中的基因分型数据,计算了品种间的遗传相似系数（GS）,其变异范围为 0.51～0.98,平均值0.61。非加权组平均法（UPGMA,unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean）聚类分析结果显示根据来源地和亲缘关系的不同,这批小麦品种（系）可划分为五个群。主坐标分析（PCoA）结果显示,小麦材料清晰地聚集形成了两个群。第一类群由不同来源的小麦材料组成,群体较大且分布更紧密。而第二类群几乎都由贵州小麦组成,品种数目较少但更加分散。在抗条锈病基因的分布上,大多数携带Yr9基因位点的小麦品系聚集在第一类群中,而绝大多数携带Yr26抗病基因位点的小麦品系则聚集在第二类群中。本研究从基因型多样性水平上阐释了西南地区小麦抗病种质遗传背景,为西南地区和我国小麦的抗条锈病育种的提供了理论依据。     

Strategy for exploiting exotic germplasm using genetic, morphological, and environmental diversity: the Aegilops tauschii Coss. example

Hexaploid bread wheat evolved from a rare hybridisation, which resulted in a loss of genetic diversity in the wheat D-genome with respect to the ancestral donor, Aegilops tauschii. Novel genetic variation can be introduced into modern wheat by recreating the above hybridisation; however, the information associated with the Ae. tauschii accessions in germplasm collections is limited, making rational selection of accessions into a re-synthesis programme difficult. We describe methodologies to identify novel diversity from Ae. tauschii accessions that combines Bayesian analysis of genotypic data, sub-species diversity and geographic information that summarises variation in climate and habitat at the collection point for each accession. Comparisons were made between diversity discovered amongst a panel of Ae. tauschii accessions, bread wheat varieties and lines from the CIMMYT synthetic hexaploid wheat programme. The selection of Ae. tauschii accessions based on differing approaches had significant effect on diversity within each set. Our results suggest that a strategy that combines several criteria will be most effective in maximising the sampled variation across multiple parameters. The analysis of multiple layers of variation in ex situ Ae. tauschii collections allows for an informed and rational approach to the inclusion of wild relatives into crop breeding programmes.     

部分耐盐小麦品种(系)SSR位点遗传多样性研究

选择有多态性的32对SSR引物对80个小麦耐盐品种(系)进行遗传差异研究,共检测出155个等位变异,平均每个位点上有4.75个等位变异;供试80份耐盐小麦品种(系)来源广泛,遗传基础丰富,表现出较高的遗传多样性,遗传相似系数范围在0.26～0.81;聚类分析结果显示,冬性小麦品种(系)聚为一大类;春性小麦品种(系)也聚为一大类;一些系谱相同或相近的品种(系)遗传相似系数较大;A、B、D基因组中SSR位点平均等位变异差异不大,以B基因组较高.     

Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Linkage Disequilibrium in Elite Chinese Winter Wheat Investigated with SSR Markers

To ascertain genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among a representative collection of Chinese winter wheat cultivars and lines, 90 winter wheat accessions were analyzed with 269 SSR markers distributed throughout the wheat genome. A total of 1,358 alleles were detected, with 2 to 10 alleles per locus and a mean genetic richness of 5.05. The average genetic diversity index was 0.60, with values ranging from 0.05 to 0.86. Of the three genomes of wheat, ANOVA revealed that the B genome had the highest genetic diversity (0.63) and the D genome the lowest (0.56); significant differences were observed between these two genomes (P<0.01). The 90 Chinese winter wheat accessions could be divided into three subgroups based on STRUCTURE, UPGMA cluster and principal coordinate analyses. The population structure derived from STRUCTURE clustering was positively correlated to some extent with geographic eco-type. LD analysis revealed that there was a shorter LD decay distance in Chinese winter wheat compared with other wheat germplasm collections. The maximum LD decay distance, estimated by curvilinear regression, was 17.4 cM (r(2)>0.1), with a whole genome LD decay distance of approximately 2.2 cM (r(2)>0.1, P<0.001). Evidence from genetic diversity analyses suggest that wheat germplasm from other countries should be introduced into Chinese winter wheat and distant hybridization should be adopted to create new wheat germplasm with increased genetic diversity. The results of this study should provide valuable information for future association mapping using this Chinese winter wheat collection.     

Characterization of a Wheat Breeders’ Array suitable for high‐throughput SNP genotyping of global accessions of hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Targeted selection and inbreeding have resulted in a lack of genetic diversity in elite hexaploid bread wheat accessions. Reduced diversity can be a limiting factor in the breeding of high yielding varieties and crucially can mean reduced resilience in the face of changing climate and resource pressures. Recent technological advances have enabled the development of molecular markers for use in the assessment and utilization of genetic diversity in hexaploid wheat. Starting with a large collection of 819 571 previously characterized wheat markers, here we describe the identification of 35 143 single nucleotide polymorphism‐based markers, which are highly suited to the genotyping of elite hexaploid wheat accessions. To assess their suitability, the markers have been validated using a commercial high‐density Affymetrix Axiom^® genotyping array (the Wheat Breeders’ Array), in a high‐throughput 384 microplate configuration, to characterize a diverse global collection of wheat accessions including landraces and elite lines derived from commercial breeding communities. We demonstrate that the Wheat Breeders’ Array is also suitable for generating high‐density genetic maps of previously uncharacterized populations and for characterizing novel genetic diversity produced by mutagenesis. To facilitate the use of the array by the wheat community, the markers, the associated sequence and the genotype information have been made available through the interactive web site ‘CerealsDB’.     

一粒系小麦遗传多样性分析及抗病性鉴定

一粒小麦是普通小麦种质改良的重要资源。为了从一粒小麦中发掘有用基因,选取了100对位于普通小麦(Triticum aestivum,2n=6x=42,AABBDD)A染色体组上的SSR标记,对34份一粒小麦材料进行了遗传多样性分析,并对其进行了白粉病及叶锈病的抗病性鉴定。结果表明,有69对标记在34份一粒小麦上检测出多态性,这些多态性位点包括670个等位变异,每个位点上有3~19个变异,平均每个位点上的变异为10个,位点多态性信息量(PIC)变幅为0.167~0.936,平均为0.694。通过聚类分析,将这些材料分为3个类群。通过对这些材料进行抗病性分析,共鉴定出15份抗小麦白粉病材料,21份抗小麦叶锈病材料,12份兼具白粉病及叶锈病抗性材料。这些研究结果表明:一粒小麦材料中蕴含了丰富的遗传变异,抗病材料丰富,可以作为普通小麦遗传改良的重要基因资源。