激光辐照对花生种子的细胞生物学效应

本文研究了用Ｎｄ∶ＹＡＧ(10 6 0ｎｍ)激光辐照花生种子后其Ｍ1代的细胞生物学效应。研究结果表明 ,不同剂量的ＹＡＧ(10 6 0ｎｍ)激光辐照均能诱发胚芽细胞的染色体畸变。在功率密度为 35.84ｗ ｃｍ2情况下 ,辐照时间由 3秒增至 8秒 ,畸变率相应由0 .16 %增至 0 .53% ,染色体畸变类型也随之增加。 8秒处理后的染色体畸变类型中 ,中期提早分离、数目变异、粘连、不均等分裂、多极分裂、核向细胞质突起等类型 ,在 3秒处理中均无出现。且根据种子萌发和生长情况 ,35.84ｗ ｃｍ2 × 8ｓ处理已达到致死剂量激光辐照对花生种子的细胞生物学效应@…     

CO_2激光与γ射线辐照花生的效应研究

ＣＯ￣２激光对花生的诱变效应跟￣５０Ｃｏ－γ射线对花生的诱变效应相仿,能诱发花生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增加而上升;也能使花生的一些生物学特征发生变异,其变异性状能向继代遗传。     

CO2激光与r射线辐照花生的效应研究

ＣＯ２激光对花生的诱变效应跟６０Ｃｏ－ｒ射线对花生的诱变效应相仿,能诱发花生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增加而上升,也能使花生的一些生物学特征发生变春变异性状能向继代遗传。     

同步辐射(软X射线)辐照玉米的细胞学效应研究

利用同步辐射(软X射线)辐照玉米自交系H65和H14D种子,研究其M1代的细胞学效应,并以60Co-γ射线作对照。结果表明,软X射线辐照处理后,不仅能够诱发玉米M1代根尖细胞内核畸变和染色体畸变,而且还能够诱发染色体多种类型的变异,其变异频率随辐照剂量的增加而增大,辐照剂量与细胞总畸变率呈正相关。软X射线对玉米根尖细胞的有丝分裂具有明显地抑制作用,辐照剂量与细胞分裂指数呈负相关。软X射线辐照的细胞学效应与γ射线基本相似,但在诱发的细胞畸变率和染色体变异类型上存在一定的差异。两个供试品系对辐射的敏感性为H14D>H65。     

激光辐照玉米诱发同工酶及染色体变异的研究

利用ＣＯ２激光辐照玉米种子,分析了酯酶同工酶（ＥＳＴ）和过氧化物酶同工酶（ＰＯＤ）及根尖细胞染色体变异,探讨了苗期损伤与染色体和同工酶变异的关系。结果表明：ＣＯ２激光辐照可诱发ＥＳＴ和ＰＯＤ活性和种类的变化,ＥＳＴ３和ＰＯＤ３随辐照剂量增加活性逐渐减弱以致消失,在根尖细胞中可观察到微核、染色体落后和染色体桥等变异,其畸变率的剂量效应可用Ｙ＝ａ＋ｂｘ来描述。Ｍ１种子发芽率、苗高与同工酶变化大小表现出     

外空飞行后小麦根尖细胞的染色体畸变

小麦种子在科学探测和技术实验卫星上进行空间飞行,返回地面后浸种萌发,经不同时间培养后取根尖固定并观察根尖细胞染色体畸变情况。空间飞行可引起根尖细胞的染色体畸变率的增加,其损伤随取样时间的延后呈下降趋势,说明空间飞行所诱导的染色体损伤可被部分修复;种子经辐射保护剂芥子碱和半胱氨酸顶处理能显著降低空间飞行诱发的根尖细胞染色体畸变率,而经辐射敏化剂咖啡因预处理的情况则相反。     

增强UV—B辐射对小麦细胞有丝分裂影响机制的探讨

采用10.08 kJ/m2.d辐射剂量的UV-B辐照处理＂晋麦8号＂冬小麦种子,待根尖生长至1 cm～2cm长时,对小麦根尖细胞的有丝分裂率以及各类异常分裂现象进行了研究,并进一步探讨了产生异常分裂的细胞生物学机理.结果表明：增强的UV-B辐照能抑制小麦细胞有丝分裂的发生频率,并可诱导小麦根尖细胞产生游离染色体、落后染色体、染色体桥（包括单桥、双桥和三桥染色体）、不均等分裂以及微核染色体等畸变现象.另外,在增强UV-B辐射处理后的细胞中还深入研究了新型的异常分裂现象-分束分裂,表现为染色体在细胞有丝分裂后期产生三束、四束、六束和七束等染色体束,且均具有一定的发生频率,分别为0.073%、0.153%、0.053%和0.060%.而在对照组小麦细胞中没有发现分束分裂现象的发生.同时,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察发现,与CK组相比,分束分裂细胞中.微管蛋白的组成和微管骨架的形态结构均发生了变化.因此,推测分束分裂现象的发生可能与增强UV-B辐射导致细胞骨架微管系统损伤有关.     

CO2激光对蚕豆诱变效应试验研究

７０年代以来,全国已有２０多个省市,近百个单位开展激光在农业上应用的研究,并对２０多种作物２００多个品种进行激光育种的研究。试验表明：激光在刺激作物生长,早熟增产以及诱发变异、改良品种等都有一定的效果,并培育出一些新品种应用于生产。然而,激光对作物的作用机制,特别是遗传机理方面的研究报道尚少。本试验目的是探讨ＣＯ２激光对蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变的影响及田间农艺性状的变异情况,分析细胞染色体畸变与农艺性状变异的相关性及其遗传传递情况,为作物激光诱变育种提供依据。本试验采用功率密度为３９４ｍＷ／ｃｍ２的ＣＯ２激光照射蚕豆萌动种子,观察其对蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变及幼苗生长的影响,探讨ＣＯ２激光照射后蚕豆植株农艺性状的变异及其遗传传递情况。试验结果表明：ＣＯ２激光不同时间照射蚕豆萌动种子,均能使根尖细胞产生染色体畸变,且畸变类型相似;同时,对Ｌ１幼苗生长有明显的抑制作用,Ｌ２植株高度、分枝数及结荚数等农艺性状均产生不同程度的变异。其中分枝数这一性状的变异能传递给Ｌ３,其余性状的变异则属生理损伤所致。     

激光对花生诱变效果的研究

Ｈｅ－ＮｅＹＡＧ和ＣＯ２激光对花生Ｌ１代幼苗期有刺激生长的作用,ＣＯ２激光对花生Ｌ１代的株高有较明显的抑制作用,ＣＯ２,Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ和ＹＡＧ激光对花生Ｌ１代植株的总果数,饱果数有一定的增多作用,且前者最明显,但Ｎ２激光对花生Ｌ１代植株的总果数,饱果数均有明显的减少作用;Ｈｅ－ＮｅＹＡＧ,Ｎ２和ＣＯ２激光均能诱发药生根尖细胞染色体畸变,且畸变率随辐照剂量的增大而上升,以上四种激光所诱发发生的变异性状是     

秋水仙素对洋葱根尖细胞染色体结构变异的影响

用0.05%和0.1%秋水仙素溶液对洋葱Allium cepa根尖进行控时处理,研究不同秋水仙素浓度和不同处理时间对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂畸变的影响。结果显示,秋水仙素有促进细胞有丝分裂染色体停滞在中期的能力;不同固定时间对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂有影响;秋水仙素对洋葱根尖细胞染色体有畸变效应,诱导产生畸变的能力受溶液浓度和处理时间的影响。     

种子老化诱导小麦染色体畸变及大麦醇溶蛋白带型频率变化的研究

通过时20份小麦种质发芽率和根尖细胞染色体畸变的测定,结果表明同一品种贮藏于中期库的低发芽率种质,其染色体畸变率明显高于贮藏于长期库的高发芽率种质.从总体上看,种子根尖细胞染色体畸变率与发芽率呈负显著相关,而与贮藏年限无显著相关.但对长期库和中期库的种质分别进行统计分析,种子根尖染色体畸变率与发芽率和贮藏年限均无显著相关.对大麦地方品种"普乃干木"的醇溶蛋白分析表明,该品种有4种biotype,随着发芽率的下降,其群体中的4种bio-type的频率发生了变化,当发芽率从95%降到34%时,其中一种biotype出现了消失,而有一种biotype频率从83%上升至95%,此结果表明,种子生活力下降和不同biotype种子存活能力存在差异,可能导致了异质种质材料遗传选择和漂变的发生.     

Studies on the Mutagenic Effect of the Chromosome by 5 MeV Electron

In this experiment, electron and y-ray-radiation were used to irradiate dry seeds of Vicia faba. Experimental results show that electron just as affective as γ-ray has significant mutagenic effect on cells. In the range of the dose, the frequency of chromosomal aberrations on the root tip cells, there are singnificantly dose-effect. But the relationship between the dose and frequency of aberrations is close to straight line and redplication. An analysis from the type of chromosomal aberrations by electron also leads to different results, in which there are more bridges and rings by electron than by γ-ray. Therefore, electron possibly have stronger two hit aberrations, and the frequency of aberration increased in proporti on with the square of dose.     

重离子束辐照牧草的细胞学研究

采用80MeV／u^20Ne^10 叶离子束贯穿处理豆科与禾本科牧草种子,从实验室种子萌发和根尖细胞的观测分析,随着贯穿剂量的增加,幼苗生长明显减弱,呈负相关性;而染色体总畸变率和徽核率随剂量的增加而显著增加,呈正相关性。结果表明：禾本科牧草比豆科牧草对重离子辐射敏感性强,禾本科牧草适宜剂量为20Gy～30Gy,豆科牧草辐照剂量应高于150Gy。     

等离子体浸没N＋ 注入对豌豆胚芽细胞的诱变效应

报道了等离子体浸没N＋注入豌豆种子后,引起M1胚芽细胞畸变效应。初步研究结果表明：此种方法能抑制纺锤体形成,诱发胚芽细胞核畸变和染色体畸变。提出等离子体浸没离子注入可以作为一种经济、有效的诱变育种方法。 Abstract: Preliminary results indicated that the pea seeds after implantation with plasma immersion ion was not only restrained spindle form but also induced plumule cell nuclear and chromosomal aberration.Being an economical and available method plasma immersion ion implantation in mutagenic breeding is proposed.     

褐藻寡糖抗环磷酰胺诱导蚕豆根尖的细胞遗传毒性

采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,测定不同浓度的褐藻寡糖对环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CP)诱导的蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率、有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变率的影响。结果表明:褐藻寡糖能有效抑制环磷酰胺诱导的蚕豆根尖细胞微核的产生,即在一定浓度范围内,微核率随褐藻寡糖处理浓度的降低而减少,但低于一定浓度后反而呈上升趋势;不同浓度的褐藻寡糖均可使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数增大;褐藻寡糖还能有效降低蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变率。因此,褐藻寡糖对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的诱抗活性和调节细胞分裂生长的效应。     

Chromosomal instability and delayed apoptosis in long-term T-lymphocyte cultures irradiated with carbon ions and x rays

In this study, we examined genomic instability induced by 250 kV X rays and 100 MeV/nucleon carbon ions in long-term lymphocyte cultures from two healthy donors. Two biological end points, delayed apoptosis and chromosomal instability, were studied in descendants of cells irradiated with three different doses of the particular radiation up to 22 population doublings. The delayed apoptosis showed no clear dependence on radiation dose, culture time or radiation quality. A persistent significant increase in the rate of apoptosis up to 36 days after X irradiation was observed for a dose of 4 Gy in donor 1 only. For both donors and radiations, de novo aberration yields were significantly increased in comparison to control values up to day 36. For both radiations, chromosome-type aberrations were seen more frequently than chromatid-type aberrations in both donors up to 22 days postirradiation. In both donors, carbon ions were more effective than X rays with respect to the induction of chromosome instability. A dose of 0.25 Gy of carbon ions corresponding to 1.4 ion traversals per cell nucleus was effective in the induction of instability in our cell system.     

Effects of X-rays and Colchicine on Pollen of Trichosanthes anguina L. (Cucurbitaceae)

Pollen grains of M, and C, generation plants of Trichosanthes anguina L. were studied after treatment of seeds with X-rays and colchicine respectively. Pollen sterility increased with increase in X-ray dose and colchicine concentration. The polar axis of X-irradiated populations was shorter than that of controls. But colchicine treatment resulted in larger pollen grains than the controls, although the exine did not increase as much. Ex-perimentally-produced tetraploids had larger pollen grains than diploids and triploids. The triploids were characterised by changes in pore morphology. Of 293 treated plants examined, 11 aberrant plants were isolated in the M, and C, generations. These plants had large and small fertile pollen grains, and also showed treatment effects in external morphology and chromosomal aberration during meiosis. The changes in polar diameter were not associated with variation in chromosomal material.     

Dose-dependent misrejoining of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in human fibroblasts: experimental and theoretical study for high- and low-LET radiation

Misrejoining of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) was measured in human primary fibroblasts after exposure to X rays and high-LET particles (helium, nitrogen and iron) in the dose range 10-80 Gy. To measure joining of wrong DNA ends, the integrity of a 3.2-Mbp restriction fragment was analyzed directly after exposure and after 16 h of repair incubation. It was found that the misrejoining frequency for X rays was nonlinearly related to dose, with less probability of misrejoining at low doses than at high doses. The dose dependence for the high-LET particles, on the other hand, was closer to being linear, with misrejoining frequencies higher than for X rays, particularly at the lower doses. These experimental results were simulated with a Monte Carlo approach that includes a cell nucleus model with all 46 chromosomes present, combined with realistic track structure simulations to calculate the geometrical positions of all DSBs induced for each dose. The model assumes that the main determinant for misrejoining probability is the distance between two simultaneously present DSBs. With a Gaussian interaction probability function with distance, it was found that the data for both low- and high-LET radiation could be fitted with an interaction distance (sigma of the Gaussian curve) of 0.25 microm. This is half the distance previously found to best fit chromosomal aberration data in human lymphocytes using the same methods (Holley et al., Radiat. Res. 158, 568-580, 2002). The discrepancy may indicate inadequacies in the chromosome model, for example insufficient chromosomal overlap, but may also be partly due to differences between fibroblasts and lymphocytes.     

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro

Chlorination is widely used method in the disinfection of drinking and utility water worldwide. In this study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite were investigated by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and chromosomal aberration analysis on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro. A significant increase in chromosomal aberration frequency was observed in all treatments of NaOCl (0.030, 0.065, 0.100, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 μg/mL) at 24 and 48 h compared with the negative control and mitomycin C (MMC, 0.3 μg/mL), which was used as a positive control. NaOCl significantly increased the frequency of micronuclei in a dose dependent manner. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between NaOCl concentration and chromosomal aberration, micronuclei frequency, necrotic cells, apoptotic cells and binucleated cells.     

Radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow of mice exposed to various doses of gamma radiation

The occurrence of chromosomal aberrations was studied at 1–14 days post-exposure in female BALB/c mice exposed to various doses of gamma radiation. The frequency of abnormal cells, chromatid and chromosome breaks, dicentrics, centric rings, acentric fragments and total aberrations increased with exposure dose, and it was highest at 7 Gy. A peak was recorded on day 1 post-exposure with a gradual decline thereafter. The chromosomal aberration yield reached a nadir on day 14 post-irradiation, without restoration to the control level. The best fit for the present data was by a linear-quadratic relationship between dose of radiation and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations.