广东车八岭国家级自然保护区大型底栖动物多样性

大型底栖动物在当地生物多样性、食物链构成、水质指示和物质循环中有重要的作用, 但目前国内对森林内陆水体(湖泊、水库、溪流)中的大型底栖动物综合调查较少。作者于2019、2020年对广东车八岭国家级自然保护区的9个采样点开展了大型底栖动物的定性调查, 采样点涵盖保护区不同功能区、海拔、水体环境和水体底质。共鉴定出大型底栖动物4门6纲18目38科57种, 水生昆虫稚虫占大多数, 且多喜好清洁流动水体。在低海拔实验区即可采集到种类与数量可观的清洁水体指示物种。当地的大型底栖动物以亚热带森林典型物种为主, 多偏好栖息于流动水体, 反映了保护区的物种区系及其水体环境。本研究可为保护区的物种编目、环境评估和长期监测提供基础资料。     

三尾类蜉蝣成熟稚虫的翅芽脉相(蜉蝣目)(英语)

本文记述了三尾类蜉蝣Ephemeropsis trisetalis稚虫的脉相和翅关节区特征为化石昆虫保存史上罕见材料,脉相中显出颇大的径脉区和前缘区十分相似于某些原始的古生代蜉蝣,或许可以提示发达的径脉区和前缘脉区是蜉蝣翅进化史中的初期特征.再者,现代蜉蝣的翅关节区退化,一般由一组不发达,分化很弱的骨板和肩板组成;这个化石种的翅关节区具发达的骨板和肩板似指示现化蜉蝣翅关节区退化是后生获得的性状.     

蜉蝣目化石的研究进展

回顾了世界蜉蝣目化石研究简史,列出已发表的化石种类名录、分布及年代,共40科、124属、218种,其中包括中国的8属13种;描述了不同地质时期主要蜉蝣化石的分类单元和分布地区.简要介绍了蜉蝣分类系统及系统发育、稚虫食性、与其它昆虫的关系和古生态等方面的研究成果.在本文的第2部分,初步分析了目前该类群所存在的一些问题,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望.     

红蜻稚虫对浙江省不同类型水体污染的抗逆性适应表现

在杭州、温州、宁波、台州和绍兴等地水域5个采样点采集到169头蜻蜓稚虫,分属于7科.对采集地的水质进行理化指标(水温、压强、电导率、氧化还原电位、pH、溶解氧、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数、叶绿素a、透明度)和重金属含量(Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Cr6+和总铁等)检测,并对采集到的红蜻稚虫Crocothemis servilia检测其体内的SOD和CAT酶活力,以及HSP70、HSSP90和CYP303a1等抗逆性相关基因的表达量.结果表明:生活在不同水体中的红蜻稚虫,其体内的SOD和CAT酶活力主要与Cr6+浓度正相关,可在一定程度上反映出某一水体的Cr6+污染状况;HSP70的表达量与水体TN、TP和Pb2+浓度间呈正相关,同时HtSP90的表达与水体TP和CODMn浓度正相关,可反映水体富营养化的主要污染物类型.红蜻稚虫CYP303a1的表达水平与水体中Cr6+含量呈负相关,而与TP和Cd2+浓度呈正相关.推测在工业废水污染下,红蜻稚虫体内的SOD、CAT和CYP303a1能帮助红蜻稚虫适应在Cr6+浓度较高的水体中生活,而不同片段长度的热激蛋白HSP可能与抵抗不同类型的富营养化污染有关系.实验结果为进一步探究蜻蜓稚虫的抗逆性适应机制提供了基础数据.     

福建三明城市绿道空气负离子变化规律

通过对福建三明城市绿道空气负离子测定,研究绿道空气负离子变化规律。结果表明,不同绿化结构负离子浓度为乔灌草灌草草坪对照;不同水体景观负离子浓度为瀑布区流水区静水区;瀑布区空气负离子清晨浓度较高,午后浓度较低,瀑布核心区空气负离子浓度均在10 000个·cm~(-3)以上。     

亚热带地区树叶凋落物在流水和静水环境中的淋溶规律

为了解亚热带地区水体中树叶凋落物在分解初期的淋溶规律,比较研究了广州地区8种常见树种的树叶凋落物在静水和流水环境中淋溶量的变化.结果表明,在第1 d内,8种树叶无论在静水还是流水环境下干重损失率均显著高于其他时段(P<0.05),但不同树种在淋溶量的大小上存在差异,其中以质地柔软、革质化程度低的人面子树叶干重淋溶率最大(流水中:27.0%;静水中:24.2%);质地坚硬、革质化程度高的竹柏树叶淋溶率最小(流水中:9.8%;静水中:8.0%).第2d和第3d,8种树叶凋落物的干重损失率无显著差异,表明淋溶阶段趋于结束.综上结果表明,亚热带地区的树叶凋落物在静水环境和流水环境中的淋溶阶段均主要出现在第1天.     

南京宽基属蜉蝣一新种(蜉蝣目:细裳蜉科)

1978年5月下旬至11月初在南京中山陵一个小溪的石块下先后采集蜉蝣稚虫十次,计采到宽基属(Choroterpes)蜉蝣稚虫共280头,经带回实验室饲养,其中羽化为亚成虫者共18头(12,6),羽化为成虫者共55头(48,7)。经鉴定,为一新种,描记于后。宽基属是一个广布属,除日人上野益三(Ueno)于1928年描述过我台     

底质环境对浙江衢山岛潮间带大型底栖动物分布的影响

于2005年12月对岱山衢山岛的岩礁、泥滩和泥沙滩三种不同底质环境的潮间带生物进行了调查,以了解底质环境对其分布的影响。结果表明,不同底质类型潮间带分布的底栖动物种类数量不同,岩礁分布23种、泥滩分布17种、泥沙滩分布15种。不同底质的底栖动物生物量和栖息密度分布呈显著差异,且均为岩礁断面>泥滩断面>泥沙滩断面。不同底质潮间带底栖动物的多样性指数也不相同,其中Shannon-Weiner指数、Pielou均匀度和Margalef种类丰度的变化为泥滩断面>泥沙滩断面>岩礁断面,而Simpson优势度则表现为泥滩断面<泥沙滩断面<岩礁断面。对三种不同底质类型的潮间带动物分布进行了分析,阐述了底质环境决定着潮间带大型底栖动物种类及数量的分布特征,从而揭示了潮间带底质环境是影响底栖动物分布的重要因素。     

三峡水库蓄水期长江万州段干支流浮游动物群落特征研究

为探明三峡水库蓄水后浮游动物的群落结构变化,于2017年11月调查了三峡库区长江万州段干、支流的水质情况以及浮游动物种类和组成变化,分析了浮游动物和水体环境因子之间的关系以及长江干流浮游动物的演替情况。结果表明:流经万州城区的长江干、支流水质都已达到富营养化状态,且支流的污染程度比干流更严重。浮游动物共检出28属39种,以原生动物和轮虫为主。长江干流的浮游动物优势种类有5种,支流有9种。典范对应分析发现,硝态氮和总悬浮物是影响冬季浮游动物种群变化最重要的环境因子。分析三峡库区万州及其周边地区长江干流浮游动物的长期演替发现,随着水环境的稳定,水体中原生动物的种类逐渐从喜流水型向喜静水型转变。与2012年同期相比,本次调查中原生动物和轮虫的相对丰度增加,浮游动物生物多样性减少,这可能和水位波动的长期影响和城市水体污染有关。     

蜉蝣目昆虫染色体制备方法探讨

本文对蜉蝣目昆虫染色体制备方法进行了探讨。以蜉蝣稚虫为材料,经秋水仙素水溶液体外培养,采用显微操作技术,结合空气干燥法,可以获得形态良好、分散适中、着色清晰的生殖细胞染色体,为蜉蝣目昆虫细胞遗传学研究提供了一种简便有效的方法。     

Absence of pigmentation in corixid bugs (Hemiptera) after the use of the aquatic herbicide dichlobenil

SUMMARY. Unpigmented nymphs and adults of the corixid bugs Sigara dorsalis and Corixa punctata were found in ponds treated with the aquatic herbicide dichlobenil. Tissue residues accumulated rapidly in nymphs exposed to dichlobenil, and pigmentation was inhibited during ecdysis. However, dichlobenil residues were rapidly eliminated from the tissues of unpigmented nymphs placed into clean water, and pigmentation returned during the following ecdysis.     

The role of amphibian prey in the diet and growth of giant water bug nymphs in Japanese rice fields

Predatory insects that depend upon particular prey animals are commonly regulated by the prey animal’s abundance. Nymphs of the giant water bug Kirkaldyia (=Lethocerus) deyrolli (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) are predators regarded as specialists in feeding on tadpoles. We studied the ontogenetic diet shift of aquatic nymphs by quantifying instar abundance and by analyzing captured prey and prey relative abundance during the period of rice irrigation in three localities. We also evaluated the contribution of major prey items (tadpoles, frogs, and Odonata nymphs) on specific growth rates of each nymphal stage in a rearing experiment. First to third-instar nymphs of K. deyrolli fed mainly on tadpoles, regardless of differences in prey availability. Nymphs of subsequent fourth and fifth instar stages shifted from tadpoles to other prey animals within each rice field. A rearing experiment demonstrated that giant water bug nymphs provided with tadpoles had greater specific growth rates at all nymphal stages, except for the final stage, than nymphs fed other prey (frogs and Odonata nymphs). The emergence of young K. deyrolli nymphs seemed to coincide with the period during which tadpoles became abundant in the rice fields. Consumption of tadpoles seems important to allow the nymph to complete its larval development in an unstable temporary habitat. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Effects of acidic pH on predation rates and survivorship of damselfly nymphs

Environmental variables such as pH critically affect the physiology and ecology of aquatic organisms. Our lack of information regarding indirect effects of acid precipitation requires investigation of acid stress and response to acid stress by species of freshwater communities. Damselfly nymphs Enallagma civile (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) are abundant aquatic predators and food items for other secondary consumers.We investigated the effects of low pH on mortality, survivorship, predation rate, respiration rate, and caloric content of nymphs of E. civile. We hypothesized that acid stress would increase mortality and decrease predation rate among surviving individuals. We hypothesized that respiration rate and caloric content as measures of physiological condition would decrease in acid-stress conditions.We cultured individual early-instar nymphs in the laboratory with a controlled diet of mosquito larvae. The nymphs were reared to final instar in pond water and artificially reconstituted soft water (RSW) adjusted to pH 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and ambient conditions of the collection site.Predation rate was significantly lower in RSW than in pond water in treatments of equivalent H⁺ concentrations. This indicated stress from differences in dissolved solids in RSW compared with pond water. Acid conditions significantly affected predation rates in pond water, but only at pH 3.5 and only for the largest instar. Mortality increased and survivorship decreased at low pH. Early-instar mortality and survivorship were particularly susceptible to acid stress. Treatments of pH 4.5, 5.5 and ambient did not significantly alter respiration rate or caloric content. However, respiration rate and caloric content increased at pH 3.5.Damselfly nymphs tolerated pHs as low as 4.5 without significant changes (including predation rate). However, the effects of pH 3.5 were significant and greatly lowered the predation and fitness of the nymphs.author for correspondence     

Rowing locomotion by a stonefly that possesses the ancestral pterygote condition of co-occurring wings and abdominal gills

A leading hypothesis for the origin of insect wings is that they evolved from thoracic gills that were serial homologues of the abdominal gills present in fossil pterygotes and in the nymphs of some modern mayflies, damselflies and stoneflies. Co-occurrence of thoracic wings and abdominal gills is the primitive condition for fossil pterygote insects, whereas the winged stage of modern insects almost exclusively lacks abdominal gills. Here we examine the locomotor behaviour and gill morphology of a stonefly, Diamphipnopsis samali (Plecoptera), which retains abdominal gills in the winged adult stage. This species can fly, but also uses its forewings as oars to accomplish rowing locomotion along the surface of water. The abdominal gills are in contact with both air and water during rowing, and their elaborately folded surface suggests an ability to contribute to gas-exchange. D. samali nymphs also have behaviours that place them in locations where their gills are exposed to air; they forage at night at the stream margin and within bubble curtains in rapids. These traits may exemplify an early pterygote condition in which gill and protowing function overlapped in an amphibious setting during a transition from aquatic to aerial locomotion and gas exchange. Rowing locomotion provides a novel and mechanically intermediate stage for the wings-from-gills and surface-skimming hypotheses for the origin of insect wings and flight.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 79, 341–349.     

Dietary items of predacious aquatic bugs (Nepoidea: Heteroptera) in Japanese wetlands

Some species of predatory aquatic bugs (Nepoidea, including Belostomatidae and Nepidae) are designated as threatened-vulnerable species in the Red Data Book of Japan and are regarded as effective predators of freshwater snails and mosquito larvae. To reveal the feeding habits of Nepoidea, we investigated their dietary items in wetlands and obtained data from the published literature. Lethocerus deyrolli (Vuillefroy) preys mainly upon frogs, and the major diet of the nymphs is tadpoles. Laccotrephes japonensis (Scott) adults prey mainly upon tadpoles. Lethocerus deyrolli nymphs and L. japonensis adults compete against each other as same-guild members because they are sympatric in wetlands. Both nymphs and adults of Appasus japonicus (Vuillefroy) feed on snails, and L. japonensis nymphs feed on aquatic insects, including mosquito larvae (39.3% of aquatic insects). These species are effective predators of medically important pests such as snails, and mosquito larvae.     

Observations on the biology of nymphs of Povilla Adusta Navas (Ephemeroptera: Polymitarchidae) in Lake Kainji,Nigeria

Observations onPovilla adusta Navas nymphs in Lake Kainji revealed that seasonal fluctuations in abundance were due to a shortage of food during the period of rising lake level rather than a depletion of oxygen in the water column; this shortage was caused by the increased turbidity of the flood waters restricting the growth of both planktonic and periphytic algae. Planktonic algae apparently formed the diet of nymphs <4–6 mm and also of larger nymphs if their preferred diet of periphytic algae was in short supply. Both depth distribution and individual size of the nymphs were closely related to the distribution of periphytic algae. Depth distribution patterns of the nymphs revealed a peak between 2–4 m below the surface.The dimensions of the nymphs and the duration of the aquatic stages (3–4 months) in Lake Kainji correspond closely with results obtained elsewhere as does the mean percentage of males in the population (28%±10%). Seasonal fluctuations in the sex ratio were apparently caused by variations in the intensity of predation.Department of Zoology, University of Reading     

Flow increases tolerance of heat and hypoxia of an aquatic insect

Recent experiments support the idea that upper thermal limits of aquatic insects arise, at least in part, from a lack of sufficient oxygen: rising temperatures typically stimulate metabolic demand for oxygen more than they increase rates of oxygen supply from the environment. Consequently, factors influencing oxygen supply, like water flow, should also affect thermal and hypoxia tolerance. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the effects of experimentally manipulated flows on the heat and hypoxia tolerance of aquatic nymphs of the giant salmonfly (Plecoptera: Pteronarcys californica), a common stonefly in western North America. As predicted, stoneflies in flowing water (10 cm s⁻¹) tolerated water that was approximately 4°C warmer and that contained approximately 15% less oxygen than did those in standing water. Our results imply that the impacts of climate change on streamflow, such as changes in patterns of precipitation and decreased snowpack, will magnify the threats to aquatic insects from warmer water temperatures and lower oxygen levels.     

蒙古寒蝉成、若虫触角形态及若虫龄期判别研究（半翅目：蝉科）

对蒙古寒蝉若虫与成虫的触角感器进行了研究,并结合不同龄期若虫触角的形态特征,采用Dyar法则与“头宽—龄期”的回归曲线验证,初步断定蒙古寒蝉若虫具有4个龄期。不同龄期若虫与成虫的触角形态差异显著,触角感器的种类、数量和分布也明显不同,其差异或与若虫和成虫的生态位不同密切相关。     

On the morphology of cornicles in oribatid mites of the family Damaeidae (Acari,Oribatida)

The data on the morphology of cornicles in nymphs of 27 oribatid species of the family Damaeidae are presented. The morphology of cornicles within and between the genera is compared. Some morphological characteristics of cornicles can be used as additional taxonomic characters for the identification of the genera.     

Dynamics of manganese,cadmium, and lead in experimental power plant ponds

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heated power plant water on the uptake and retention of manganese, cadmium and lead in selected aquatic invertebrates, channel catfish, green sunfish, and aquatic macrophytes and to study the distribution of manganese, cadmium and lead in sediments and water of experimental power plant ponds.The study was accomplished by placing fingerling channel catfish and green sunfish in holding pens in two ponds, one an experimental pond and one a control pond. Whole fish and selected organs of channel catfish and green sunfish were analyzed during the study. The experimental pond received heated power plant water and was maintained 4–6° C above ambient temperature during the study. Sediments, water, Odonata nymphs, tubificid annelids, snails, leeches, fingernail clams and duckweed were also analyzed for the metals.A typical distribution profile for manganese, cadmium and lead in power plant cooling ponds was developed.