定点突变引入二硫键提高华根霉脂肪酶热稳定性的研究

拟对来源于华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)的脂肪酶r27RCL进行二硫键的构建,从而提高该酶的热稳定性。利用二硫键构建软件Disulfide by Design 2. 0预测突变位点(T201),对野生型脂肪酶r27RCL进行定点突变。借助于毕赤酵母表达系统,对脂肪酶野生型r27RCL及突变体r27RCLT201C进行异源表达,并对其酶学性质进行研究和比较。热稳定性实验显示突变体r27RCL-T201C在60℃处理25 min后剩余酶活较野生型提高了17. 6%。此外,突变体的pH稳定性也较野生型有所提高。对脂肪酶r27RCL进行二硫键的构建有助于提高该酶热稳定性,使其能更有效地应用于工业生产。     

D190V点突变提高华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的最适温度和热稳定性

【目的】对来源于Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021的脂肪酶进行了D190V定点突变, 提高该酶的最适温度和热稳定性。【方法】对毕赤酵母表达的突变酶D190V与野生型酶r27RCL进行酶学性质比较。【结果】D190V的最适温度比r27RCL高5 °C, 65 °C下的半衰期提高了一倍, 在其他性质方面, 突变酶D190V与r27RCL基本相似。【结论】通过结构分析表明, 定点突变D190V提高该酶稳定性的主要原因可能在于提高了突变位点所在的α螺旋的稳定性以及增强了稳定蛋白质结构的氢键作用力。     

华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶基因的分子改造及酶学特性的探究

本文对华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶(r27RCL)的氨基酸序列(A149C、V180C和F196C)进行定点突变。以未突变的野生型脂肪酶r27RCL作为对照,借助pPIC9K载体表达系统将野生脂肪酶及突变体在GS115中实现异源表达,并研究野生型脂肪酶r27RCL及突变体的酶学性质。结果表明,三个单突变体均不能与氨基酸残基C177形成二硫键,但是突变体r27RCL-V180C最大催化效率是野生型脂肪酶r27RCL的1.43倍,与不同碳链长度的p-NP(p-硝基苯酚)底物亲和力也相对提升,酶最适反应温度降低5℃。突变体r27RCL-A149C和r27RCLF196C较野生型具有更宽的p H作用范围。本文研究为探究华根霉来源的脂肪酶蛋白空间结构及酶基因改造提供了理论依据。     

理性设计提高酯合成催化反应脂肪酶的热稳定性

【背景】南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B (Candida antarctica lipase B,CALB)具有优异的酯合成活性,是在非水相催化中应用极为广泛的工业用酶。【目的】在保留CALB优秀催化性能的基础上,提高CALB的热稳定性。【方法】采用预测软件PoPMuSiC和FoldX计算CALB潜在热稳定性突变位点,并根据氨基酸残基的空间位置进一步筛选。利用重叠延伸PCR技术在基因calb中引入10个单点突变,于毕赤酵母GS115中表达。【结果】点突变A146G、A151P、L278M均能有效提高CALB的热稳定性。在单点突变的基础上,组合突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P的热稳定性得到进一步提高。与野生型相比,突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P的最适反应温度均提高了5°C,T_m值分别提高了3.3°C和4.2°C。此外,合成己酸乙酯的酶促反应动力学分析表明,相比于野生型,突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P对己酸和乙醇均具有更高的亲和力,且对己酸的催化效率k_(catA)/K_(m A)是野生型的4.1倍。通过分子动力学模拟,从分子水平阐明了突变体A146G-L278M和A146G-L278M-A151P热稳定性提高的机制。【结论】本研究采用的理性设计策略对提高CALB的热稳定性是行之有效的,该策略可作为其他工业用酶提高热稳定性的参考。     

理性设计盐桥构建伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶热稳定突变体

【目的】借助蛋白质工程技术提高伯克霍尔德菌ZYB002脂肪酶LipA的热稳定性,以期更好地将其应用于工业生产中。【方法】利用YASARA、Fold X、Rosetta、Gromacs等生物信息学软件,构建1个脂肪酶Lip A的热稳定性提高的微型突变体电子文库;通过对突变体的结构信息和自由能变化进行评估,筛选出潜在的有价值的突变体。继而利用基因定点突变技术,构建上述候选突变体的突变基因文库,通过实验筛选出热稳定性提高的脂肪酶LipA突变体。【结果】利用上述方法,从构建的20个脂肪酶LipA突变体中,筛选到热稳定性有显著提高的3个突变体LipA-Asn~(125)Asp、LipA-Asn~(125)Glu和LipA-Gln~(262)Glu。经55°C处理12 min后,上述3个突变体的T1250值较野生型分别提高4.0°C、5.5°C和4.4°C;在55°C下的半衰期较野生型分别提高了2.2倍、3.8倍和2.6倍。【结论】利用生物信息学软件,构建脂肪酶LipA突变体电子文库,结合蛋白质的结构信息,可以快速筛选到热稳定性提高的脂肪酶LipA突变体。     

易错PCR法提高土芽孢杆菌ZH1羧酸酯酶的热稳定性

摘要:【目的】对土芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus sp.) ZH1的羧酸酯酶基因进行定向进化,筛选得到酶热稳定性提高的突变酶。【方法】利用易错PCR技术向羧酸酯酶基因中随机引入突变,建立酶基因突变文库,筛选获得热稳定性提高的突变体,并对突变酶进行诱导表达、纯化及部分酶学性质研究。【结果】通过筛选,获得羧酸酯酶热稳定性提高的突变菌株65。序列分析表明,突变酯酶65有2个氨基酸发生了改变,包括T113S和M160K。突变酶的三维结构模拟显示,突变T113S位于酶分子的第5个β-折叠上;突变M160K处在酶分子第5个和第6个α-螺旋之间的环结构上,位于酶分子表面,突变后的Lys160与邻近的Thr162形成一个额外氢键。在90 ℃下,突变酶65和亲本酶的半衰期分别为3.1 h 和1.9 h,表明筛选到的突变酶65比亲本酶的热稳定性好。【结论】基于易错PCR技术对Geobacillus sp．ZH1羧酸酯酶的热稳定性进行了定向进化,对改善酶的性质、扩大酯酶的应用范围,以及研究酯酶的结构与功能的关系具有重要意义。     

利用冰核蛋白N末端结构域在大肠杆菌表面展示粘质沙雷氏菌脂肪酶

【目的】利用细胞表面工程技术将活性脂肪酶展示于大肠杆菌细胞表面并对展示脂肪酶的酶学性质进行研究。【方法】将丁香假单胞菌冰核蛋白N末端结构域序列与粘质沙雷氏菌脂肪酶编码基因融合,构建成脂肪酶表面展示载体,并转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。【结果】重组菌以终浓度0.05 mmol/L异丙基硫代-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)、25°C条件下诱导培养,16 h后表面展示脂肪酶活力达到最大值1 852 U/g细胞干重。表面展示酶的最适pH为9.0,最适反应温度为40°C,表面展示酶热稳定性较游离酶有较大提高,在40°C孵育1 h后仍能保持90%以上的酶活力。【结论】以上结果表明细菌表面展示技术为脂肪酶固定提供了一个很有前景的替代方法。     

易错PCR提高华根霉脂肪酶的热稳定性

为了提高华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的热稳定性,运用定向进化-易错PCR的方法,经两轮易错PCR引入突变,利用fast-blue RR顶层琼脂法对突变文库进行筛选,第一轮易错PCR后筛选到2株突变菌株,第二轮筛选到4株突变株。第二轮最佳突变株Ep2-4,其中3个氨基酸发生了突变：A129S、P168L和V329A。该突变酶ep2-4在60 ℃下半衰期相对原始酶r27RCL提高5.4倍,T50值提高7.8 ℃。酶学性质研究表明,突变酶ep2-4在热稳定性提高的基础上,仍保有良好的催化活性。蛋白质三维结构模拟显示,突变A129S可以和Gln133形成氢键,增加了酶表面的亲水性和极性;P168L可以与邻近的Leu164形成疏水键,导致突变酶的热稳定性提高。     

金属离子对重组深渊滕黄单胞菌低温α-淀粉酶LamA的活性和稳定性影响

【背景】深渊藤黄单胞菌XH031 (Luteimonas abyssi XH031)是从深海分离到的一株具有很强淀粉降解能力的细菌,前期实验显示其α-淀粉酶LamA在低温环境下仍能保持较高酶活力。若能够提升其热稳定性,会有更好的应用前景。【目的】分析钙离子的存在对LamA热稳定性的影响,并通过钙离子结合位点的关键氨基酸的定点突变,初步明确其作用机制。【方法】在不同的离子条件下检测LamA的热稳定性,利用生物信息学方法预测可能影响钙离子结合及耐热性的氨基酸位点,对目的氨基酸进行定点突变,表达和纯化突变蛋白,并进行功能鉴定。【结果】钙离子明显提高了LamA的热稳定性:在未添加钙离子时,于65°C处理30 min已完全失活;而在5 mmol/L钙离子条件下,于65°C处理30 min后仍具有36%的酶活力。对预测位点进行定点突变后,突变蛋白D200R和H233D/M234C完全失活;N120D、Q185E和T224D活性降低。在未添加钙离子时,突变蛋白稳定性受高温影响程度与野生型差别不大;而在钙离子条件下,N120D在65°C时的酶活力仅为野生型的27.8%,推测位点Asn120与钙离子的结合能够稳定低温酶LamA在较高温度下的结构。【结论】初步明确了钙离子可提升低温α-淀粉酶LamA的热稳定性,为今后相关酶类的工程改造提供理论基础。     

定向引入N-糖基化位点改进黑曲霉β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶热稳定性

【背景】木聚糖是生物圈中仅次于纤维素的第二大多糖,其结构复杂,完全降解需要多种木聚糖酶协同作用。β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶是木聚糖主链水解过程中最关键的酶,已广泛应用于饲料、造纸、能源、食品和医药等行业。但在实际应用中,由于真菌木聚糖酶的热稳定性较差,限制了其在工业中的应用。【目的】提高来源于黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)的β-1,4-内切木聚糖酶(xynB)热稳定性。【方法】采用氨基酸虚拟突变技术对xynB定向引入一个N-糖基化位点,将虚拟突变后筛选获得的候选突变体和野生型在毕赤酵母SMD1168中表达,并对纯化后的野生型和突变体酶进行酶学性质和稳定性分析。【结果】经虚拟突变和筛选获得5个候选突变体,在毕赤酵母SMD1168中成功表达了4个突变体,其中3个突变体发生了糖基化。突变体和野生型酶均表现出宽范围的酸碱耐受性,且突变体xynB~(A92N/D94T)在pH4.0–11.0条件下的稳定性明显优于野生型;糖基化突变体xynB~(A92N/D94T)、xynB~(G66N/A68T)和xynB~(G66F/D67N/G69T)在温度为60–80°C时热稳定性明显高于野生型,xynB~(G66N/A68T)在80°C保温30 min后的残留酶活比野生型提高了约30%。【结论】本研究方法可为其他来源木聚糖酶和其他工业酶的热稳定分子改造提供参考。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).