施氮量对麻疯树幼苗生长及叶片光合特性的影响

采用盆栽土培的方法,研究了不同施氮量(对照N₀ 0 kg N/hm²、低氮N_L 96 kg N/hm²、中氮N_M 288 kg N/hm²、高氮N_H 480 kg N/hm²)对麻疯树幼苗生长、叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、株高、地径、叶片数量、叶面积、根长、各组分生物量、叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)均随施氮量的增加先升高后降低,N_M处理下麻疯树幼苗长势最好,各气体交换参数值最高;施氮对麻疯树地上部分的促进作用远大于地下部分,施氮后根冠比显著降低;此外,麻疯树叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效量子产量(F'v/F'm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随施氮量的增加而升高,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)随施氮量增加而降低。适量施氮可通过增强叶绿体光化学活性、气孔导度和羧化能力而提高麻疯树幼苗的光合能力,促进生长;过高施氮对麻疯树幼苗光合与生长的促进效应降低。试验条件下,当年生麻疯树幼苗的最适施氮量为288 kg N/hm²。     

黄河上游灌区稻田N2O排放特征

黄河上游灌区稻田高产区过量施肥现象十分突出,氮肥过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,导致N₂O排放量增大,由此引起的温室效应引起广泛关注。采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究黄河上游灌区稻田不同施肥处理下N₂O排放特征。试验设置5个施肥处理,包括常规氮肥300 kg/hm²下单施尿素和有机肥配施2个处理,分别用N300和N300-OM代表;优化氮肥240 kg/hm²下单施尿素和有机肥配施2个处理,分别用N240和N240-OM代表;对照不施氮肥用N0代表。试验结果得出,灌区水稻生长季稻田土壤N₂O排放主要集中在水稻分蘖前及水稻生长的中后期,稻田氮肥施用、灌水及土壤温度的变化对N₂O排放通量影响较大,不同处理水稻各生育阶段N₂O累积排放量与稻田土壤耕层NO^-₃-N含量动态变化显著相关。稻田N₂O排放不是黄河上游灌区稻田氮素损失的主要途径,但灌区稻田N₂O排放的增温潜势较大;稻田氮肥过量施用会显著增加N₂O排放量,在相同氮素水平下,有机肥配施会显著增加稻田土壤N₂O的排放量(P＜0.01)。优化施氮能有效减少灌区稻田水稻生长季N₂O排放量。稻田不同处理的水稻整个生长季土壤N₂O排放总量为2.69-3.87 kg/hm²,肥料氮通过N₂O排放损失的百分率仅为0.43%-0.64%。在灌区习惯灌水和高氮肥300 kg/hm²时,N300-OM处理的稻田N₂O排放量达3.87 kg/hm²,在100 a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势(GWPs)为20.76×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²;优化施氮240 kg/hm²水平下,N240和N240-OM处理的N₂O累计排放量较N300-OM处理,分别降低了1.18 kg/hm²和0.57 kg/hm²,在100 a尺度上每年由稻田N₂O排放引起的GWPs分别降低了6.33×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²和3.06×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²。     

氮、磷、钾肥对绣球‘花手鞠''容器苗生长及养分状况的影响

为指导绣球容器苗的合理施肥,该研究以两年生盆栽绣球‘花手鞠''(Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari'')为材料,利用“3414”平衡施肥设计,研究了氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三种肥料的4个水平(N、K₂O:0、4、8、12 g·plant^-1; P₂O₅:0、1.5、3.0、4.5 g·plant^-1)对‘花手鞠''生长及植物养分状况的影响,并利用临界浓度法确定适宜的施肥量,为绣球容器苗的科学施肥提供依据。结果表明:(1)在氮(N)肥处理中,‘花手鞠''苗高、蓬径、植物生长指数(PGI)、地上部分及全株生物量均随施肥量升高呈上升趋势,当施肥量超过“2”水平时,这些指标升高不再显著,或略有下降。(2)低水平磷(P)肥(P1)和低水平钾(K)肥(K1)有利于绣球‘花手鞠''生物量的积累。(3)绣球‘花手鞠''叶片和茎中的养分含量均随N、P、K施肥量的增加而升高,而根系中K含量随K肥水平的升高变化不显著,与对照无显著差异。(4)根据临界浓度法确定绣球‘花手鞠''叶片中N和P的适宜范围分别为35.31～46.64 g·kg^-1和1.88～2.28 g·kg^-1。综合考虑养分含量、植物生长指标及生产成本,盆栽绣球N、P、K肥适宜的用量为N2(8 g N·plant^-1)、P1(1.5 g P₂O₅·plant^-1)和K1(4 g K₂O·plant^-1)。     

春玉米-晚稻与早稻-晚稻种植模式碳足迹比较

量化作物生产的碳足迹有助于为农业生态系统温室气体减排提供理论依据。利用生命周期法研究了我国南方地区稻田春玉米-晚稻水旱轮作种植模式和早稻-晚稻连作种植模式下粮食生产的碳足迹,并定量分析粮食生产过程中各种碳排放源的相对贡献。结果表明,与早稻-晚稻的连作模式相比,春玉米-晚稻轮作模式的单位面积碳排放降低了6724 kg CO₂-eq/hm²,单位产量的碳足迹降低了0.56 kg CO₂-eq/kg。春玉米比早稻少排放6228 kg CO₂-eq/hm²;与早稻-晚稻模式中晚稻碳排放相比,春玉米-晚稻轮作模式晚稻碳排放降低了497 kg CO₂-eq/hm²。早稻-晚稻种植模式的碳足迹主要来源于甲烷（CH₄）,其碳排放为9776 kg CO₂-eq/hm²（54.8%）,氮肥生产和施用的碳排放为2871 kg CO₂-eq/hm²（16.1%）,灌溉电力消耗的碳排放2849 kg CO₂-eq/hm²（16.0%）。春玉米-晚稻轮作模式的碳足迹主要来源于CH₄的碳排放4442 kg CO₂-eq/hm²（39.9%）,氮肥生产和施用的碳排放2871 kg CO₂-eq/hm²（25.8%）,灌溉电力消耗的碳排放1508 kg CO₂-eq/hm²（13.6%）。该模式中晚稻的碳足迹组成情况与春玉米-晚稻模式的碳足迹相似。但是,对于春玉米而言,其碳足迹主要来源氮肥生产和施用的碳排放1436 CO₂-eq/hm²（50.1%）,氧化亚氮（N₂O）的碳排放为579 kg CO₂-eq/hm²（20.2%）,CH₄的碳排放为378 CO₂-eq/hm²（13.2%）。同时,相比于早稻-晚稻中晚稻的产量（6333 kg/hm²）,春玉米-晚稻轮作模式下的晚稻产量（7270 kg/hm²）提高了14.8%。因此,引入春玉米-晚稻轮作模式有利于提升稻田生产力,降低稻田连作系统碳排放和碳足迹。     

钾肥类型对菜心(菜薹)生长、细胞保护酶和内源激素的影响

为探讨钾肥类型对菜心(Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee)的作用效应,研究了不同钾肥类型和水平对菜心生长、细胞保护酶和内源激素的影响。结果表明,氯化钾或硫酸钾处理可提高菜心叶片的POD 和CAT 活性、IAA 和GA₃ 含量,降低MDA 含量,提高菜薹产量。随着钾水平的提高,叶片IAA 和GA₃ 含量、POD 和CAT 活性以及菜薹质量明显提高,MDA 含量降低。当施钾90 kg hm^-2 时,叶片的GA₃ 和IAA 含量显著下降,而POD 活性和菜薹产量没有显著变化。在相同水平下,氯化钾与硫酸钾对植株生长、菜薹产量、叶片GA₃ 含量的影响不显著。当施钾0~90 kg hm^-2 时,氯化钾处理的叶片POD 活性显著高于硫酸钾处理;而施钾135~180 kg hm^-2 时,氯化钾处理的叶片POD 活性则显著低于硫酸钾处理。除了90 kg hm^-2 氯化钾处理的CAT 活性和45 kg hm^-2 氯化钾处理的MDA 含量低于硫酸钾处理以及90 kg hm^-2 和180 kg hm^-2 氯化钾处理的IAA 含量高于硫酸钾处理的外,相同水平氯化钾和硫酸钾处理的CAT 活性、MDA 含量和IAA 含量没有显著差异。可见,钾肥类型对菜心的活性氧代谢系统及内源激素含量有一定的影响,但氯化钾与硫酸钾对菜心的施用效果相当,生产上可采用氯化钾代替硫酸钾以节约肥料成本,K₂O 施用量以90 kg hm^-2 为宜。     

控释肥对夏玉米产量及田间氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响

在大田条件下研究了树脂包膜控释肥（CRF）和硫包膜控释肥（SCF）对夏玉米产量、田间氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明：控释肥能显著提高玉米产量.在相同施肥量（N、P、K量相同）情况下,全量控释肥CRF(1428 kg·hm^-2)和SCF（1668 kg·hm^-2）分别比全量普通复合肥CCF（1260 kg·hm^-2）增产13.15%和14.15%;控释肥施肥量减少25%（CRF 1071 kg·hm^-2;SCF 1251 kg·hm^-2）时,分别比CCF增产9.69%和10.04%;控释肥施肥量减少50%时（CRF 714 kg·hm^-2;SCF 834 kg·hm^-2）,其产量与CCF无显著差异.对夏玉米田间土壤原位氨挥发进行研究表明,控释肥处理氨挥发速率上升缓慢,最大挥发高峰出现时间比普通肥处理晚7 d,土壤氨挥发量在0.78～4.43 kg N·hm^-2,比普通肥处理(9.11 kg N·hm^-2)减少51.34%～91.34%.控释肥的氮肥利用率和农学效率也均显著高于普通肥处理.     

体重和盐度对中国蛤蜊耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态方法研究了不同软体部干重((1.022 ±0.821)、(0.557±0.266)、(0.303±0.277) g)和盐度(13、18、23、28、33)对中国蛤蜊(Mactra chinensis Philippi)耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果表明:盐度、个体大小对中国蛤蜊耗氧率的影响极显著(P＜0.01),二者的交互作用对中国蛤蜊耗氧率影响显著(P＜0.05);中国蛤蜊单位体重耗氧率(R₀)与软体部干重(W)负相关,符合幂函数方程R₀=aW^-b, 其中a值的取值范围是0.695-1.762,平均值为1.449,b值的取值范围是0.446-0.587,平均值为0.542。盐度、个体大小对中国蛤蜊排氨率影响也极显著(P＜0.01);随着中国蛤蜊个体的增大,其单位体重排氨率逐渐降低;排氨率与其软体部干重呈负相关,它们之间可以用幂函数R_N=a₀W^-b₀表示。单位体重耗氧率和排氨率与盐度(S)、软体部干重(W)的二元线性回归方程分别为: R_O=2.111-1.817W+0.49S (R²=0.546, F=34.294, P＜0.001);R_N=168.186-120.589W+1.734S (R²=0.561, F=36.418, P＜0.001)。     

限水灌溉冬小麦冠层氮分布与转运特征及其对供氮的响应

以高产冬小麦品种周麦18为材料,在大田春灌1水条件下,设置不同供氮水平和氮肥运筹处理试验,研究并探讨了在华北地区限水灌溉条件下氮肥施用对冬小麦冠层叶片氮素时空分布与转运及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,冬小麦适量施氮可显著增产,2008-2009年以施氮量180 kg/hm²时(N21)产量最高,为8749 kg/hm²;2009-2010年以施氮量270 kg/hm²时(N32)产量最高,但施氮量210 kg/hm²(N22)处理与N32处理产量无显著差异,分别为8340 kg/hm²和8558 kg/hm²。氮肥利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低;氮肥利用率与氮肥农学效率均随施氮量的增加呈先升后降的趋势,分别在N21和N22处理时最高。冠层叶片氮素含量和积累量随叶层层次自上而下降低而下降,垂直梯度分明,各时期冠层叶片氮素垂直梯度随施氮量的增加总体呈先增大后减小的趋势。冠层叶片氮素转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率均呈现为:第1层>第2层>第3层>第4层。相关分析表明,冠层叶片氮素梯度与叶片氮素转运率呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.722^*),与贡献率呈极显著正相关关系(R²=0.975^**)。适量施氮(120-210 kg/hm²)增大了叶层间氮素垂直分布梯度,促进了氮素在植株内的运移分配,有利于叶片氮素向外转运,提高了叶片氮素转运量和对籽粒贡献率,保持了较高的氮素利用率。施氮过多(330 kg/hm²)减小了叶层间氮素垂直分布梯度,减弱了氮素在植株内的再利用,叶片氮素转运不畅,导致叶片氮素转运量和对籽粒贡献率下降,氮素利用率显著降低。连续两年试验结果显示,通过适量氮肥调控可以增大冠层叶片氮素垂直梯度,有利于叶片中的氮素输出,促进氮素的再分配、再利用,从而提高氮素利用率,并可获得较高的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量。     

油松幼苗水分传输效率及安全性对养分和水分添加的响应

探讨油松水分传输效率和安全性对养分和水分添加的响应是揭示其适应性的基础。该试验采用新改进的离心机技术,以2年生油松幼苗当年生枝为材料,试验设置对照（CK,不施肥、自然降水）、氮磷养分添加（F,按每年120 kg/hm²纯N和60 kg/hm²纯P水平添加N和P素,自然降水）及养分和水分同时添加（FI,按每年120 kg/ hm²纯N和60 kg/hm²纯P水平添加N素和P素,且补水100 mm）3个处理,研究了油松幼苗水分传输效率和栓塞脆弱性对氮磷养分和水分添加的响应。结果表明：（1）与CK相比,氮磷养分添加（F）增加了油松幼苗地径、冠幅和地上部生物量,但对比导水率（K_s）、比叶导水率（LSC）、Huber值、抵抗栓塞能力（P₅₀）及水分传输安全阈值均影响不大。（2）氮磷和水分同时添加处理（FI）的地径、株高、冠幅和地上部生物量显著高于CK和F处理,其K_s、LSC和Huber值与CK及F处理相比并无显著差异,但P₅₀比CK和F处理增加0.2 MPa左右,且水分传输安全阈值相对变小。研究表明,养分添加对油松幼苗当年生枝的水分传输效率和安全性影响不大,水分添加对水分传输效率亦无显著影响,但降低了水分传输的安全性,原因主要与管胞长度增加及管胞壁抗爆破阻力下降有关。     

不同浓度Fe2+与Zn2+对羊草幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以羊草幼苗为研究对象,通过调整全营养培养基(CK,0.05 mmol/L Fe²⁺、0.015 mmol/L Zn²⁺)中铁或者锌含量设置0、10倍、20倍Fe²⁺(Zn²⁺)浓度处理Fe₀(Zn₀)、Fe₁₀(Zn₁₀)、Fe₂₀(Zn₂₀),以及在高铁培养基中单独添加0.15 mmol/L Zn²⁺或同时添加10 mmol/L Ca²⁺、5 mmol/L Mg²⁺、20 mmol/L K⁺处理,测定培养6 d后幼苗生长指标和矿质元素含量、以及高铁(Fe₂₀)处理下幼苗根中抗氧化指标和相关基因表达量,探究不同浓度Fe²⁺、Zn²⁺对羊草幼苗生长、矿质元素吸收积累及抗氧化指标、基因表达的影响。结果表明：(1)缺锌(Zn₀)显著抑制羊草幼苗鲜重的增加和Zn元素的积累,但促进Fe、Mg元素的积累;高浓度锌(Zn₁₀、Zn₂₀)显著促进幼苗叶片生长和Zn元素的积累;缺铁(Fe₀)显著抑制幼苗的根长、鲜重和Fe元素的积累,促进Mg、Zn元素的积累;高浓度铁(Fe₁₀、Fe₂₀)显著抑制羊草幼苗根叶生长、根毛发育和Ca、Zn、Mg、K元素的积累。(2)增加Zn²⁺和Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺浓度无法恢复高铁胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用。(3)高浓度铁(Fe₂₀)处理羊草幼苗48 h后,根部过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶活性和丙二醛、抗坏血酸、还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著升高;烟酰胺合成酶基因、过氧化物酶基因表达量显著下调,植物类萌发素蛋白基因表达量显著上调。研究发现,羊草幼苗生长发育和矿质元素积累对环境中Zn²⁺浓度变化不敏感,却受到环境中高浓度Fe²⁺的显著抑制,并造成严重的氧化胁迫伤害,这种伤害无法在添加Zn²⁺或同时添加Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺的条件下恢复。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.