边缘细胞对荞麦根尖铝毒的防护效应和对细胞壁多糖的影响

以2个荞麦(Fygopyrum esculentum Moench)基因型‘江西荞麦’(耐性)和‘内蒙荞麦’(敏感)为材料,采用悬空培养(保持边缘细胞附着于根尖和去除根尖边缘细胞),研究边缘细胞对根尖铝毒的防护效应以及对细胞壁多糖组分的影响。结果表明,铝毒抑制荞麦根系伸长,导致根尖Al积累。去除边缘细胞的根伸长抑制率和根尖Al含量高于保留边缘细胞的根。去除边缘细胞使江西荞麦和内蒙荞麦根尖的酸性磷酸酶(APA)活性显著升高,前者在铝毒下增幅更大。同时,铝毒胁迫下去除边缘细胞的根尖果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性和细胞壁果胶、半纤维素1、半纤维素2含量显著高于保留边缘细胞的酶活性和细胞壁多糖含量。表明边缘细胞对荞麦根尖的防护效应,与其阻止Al的吸收,降低根尖细胞壁多糖含量及提高酸性磷酸酶活性有关,以此缓解Al对根伸长的抑制。     

高Fe2+ 对水稻离体根边缘细胞的影响

以水稻"汕优10号"为试验材料,悬空气培法获得根边缘细胞,研究水稻边缘细胞的数量、活性和脱离根冠后对高Fe2 的响应过程.结果显示,水稻根长为1 mm时,就形成了205个边缘细胞,随着根的伸长数目不断增加,根长25 mm时,边缘细胞数目最大;根长20 mm时边缘细胞活性最大;根长2 mm时,根冠果胶甲基酯酶(Pectin methyl esterase, PME)活性最高,水稻边缘细胞的形成与根冠PME活性相关.高Fe2 对离体边缘细胞有毒害效应,用浓度为200 μmol·L-1的Fe2 溶液处理48 h后,细胞活性比对照下降了72.70%, 但用400 μmol·L-1 Fe2 溶液处理时,细胞活性有所回升,这可能是边缘细胞耐铁毒的一种应激性反应;根冠PME活性随着Fe2 浓度的增加先上升后下降,表明根冠PME活性与植物铁毒有关.     

水稻边缘细胞的生物学特性及对铁毒的响应

以水稻为实验材料,从19个品种中筛选出来相对耐亚铁的水稻品种中优9288和敏感品种汕优10号,研究水稻根边缘细胞的生物学特性及对铁毒的响应.结果表明,第1个水稻边缘细胞几乎与初生根同时出现,当根长为25 mm时,边缘细胞数目最大,分别为1165个(中优9288)、1311个(汕优10号);两个品种边缘细胞活性随着根长的增加而增强,在根长20 mm时活性最强,随着根的进一步伸长,活性下降;根长为2 mm时根冠果胶甲基脂酶(PME)活性最高.随着亚铁溶液浓度的增加,中优9288的边缘细胞数目先增加后减少,当浓度为100 mg/L时达到最大值,汕优10号的边缘细胞数则一直呈现减少趋势;两个品种边缘细胞活性随亚铁溶液浓度增加而降低,当亚铁浓度增加到400 mg/L时,活性有所回升,但当浓度增加到800 mg/L后存活率又下降;根冠PME活性随着亚铁溶液浓度的增加先上升后下降.有关铁毒影响水稻根冠PME活性的机理进行了讨论.     

硼添加对铝胁迫栝楼生长和生理的影响

为揭示硼对缓解栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.)铝(Aluminum)毒害的生理机制,以耐铝性强的安国栝楼和耐铝性弱的浦江栝楼为材料,研究了50μmol/L硼酸(H₃BO₃)对300μmol/L Al³⁺胁迫下栝楼幼苗生长、铝积累、抗氧化能力和细胞壁组分的影响。结果表明：铝胁迫下,植株的根长、株高、鲜重和干重降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性受到显著抑制,安国栝楼、浦江栝楼根尖丙二醛(MDA)含量分别增加256.1%、278.2%,细胞壁多糖含量、果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性、根尖铝积累量显著提高,果胶甲基酯化度(DM)和3-脱氧-D-甘露-辛酮糖酸(KDO)含量降低。外源硼可以缓解铝胁迫对栝楼幼苗生长的抑制作用,安国与浦江栝楼的抗氧化酶活性显著提升,MDA含量、细胞壁多糖含量、PME酶活性均降低,安国栝楼果胶DM值恢复至正常水平的91.5%,浦江栝楼KDO含量较单铝处理组上升52.0%,活性铝结合位点减少,有效降低了根尖铝含量并维持其形态结构。因...     

硅对盐胁迫下枣树组织培养苗细胞壁形成和相关酶活性的影响

盐胁迫（75mmol·L^-1 NaCl）下,枣树微茎段外植体成活率、生根率及枣苗的侧根条数和长度、苗高、单株重量均较对照显著减小;盐胁迫下加硅（Si）（0．75mmol·L^-1 KSiO3）,枣苗的前述指标与对照无显著性差异。盐胁迫下,枣组织培养生根苗细胞壁提取率显著下降,细胞壁中蛋白和低分子量果胶含量显著降低,EDTAU溶性果胶和碱溶性果胶含量显著提高,半纤维素和纤维素含量降低;盐胁迫下加Si,枣苗细胞壁提取率显著提高,细胞壁主要戍分的含量水平与对照相近。与盐胁迫下相比,盐胁迫下加Si,虽然枣苗果胶甲酯酶（PME）和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）活性升高未达显著性差异水平,但纤维素酶（Cx）活性显著降低,3种水解酶活性的比值均显著增大,细胞壁共价结合态H^＋-ATP酶活性显著升高。结果说明,提高培养基可溶性Si水平,可显著改善受盐胁迫枣苗细胞壁水解酶的活性平衡、组分含量的均衡及细胞壁内外溶质的适应性分配,从而为枣苗较好生长奠定了基础。     

缺钙诱发大白菜干烧心与细胞壁结构组分变化的关系

缺钙培养诱导大白菜干烧心发生 ,测定心叶组织细胞壁各成分含量的变化。结果表明 ,随着缺钙天数增加 ,果胶、半纤维素 1(HC1)和纤维素的含量呈平稳上升 ,到缺钙处理后第 2 4天时达到高峰 ,随后急剧下降 ,而半纤维素 2 (HC2 )的含量变化不大 ;醛酸在果胶中的含量逐渐呈下降趋势 ,在HC2中的含量先升后降 ,而在HC1和纤维素中的含量变化不大 ;总糖在HC1和纤维素中的含量呈下降趋势 ,在果胶中的含量先升后降 ,而在HC2中的含量变化不大 ;葡聚糖含量也是先升后降 ,在缺钙处理后第 8天有一高峰值 ;尤其是蛋白质在果胶和纤维素部分中的含量较低且变化不大 ,在HC1中的含量极明显减少 ,而在HC2中的含量却极显著增加。同时 ,细胞壁结构发生相应变化。可见 ,大白菜干烧心的发生与细胞壁结构和功能的变化直接相关     

乙烯对苹果果实细胞壁降解效应初探

以陕西主栽苹果品种'秦冠'为试材,研究了不同浓度乙烯利以及加热处理下苹果果实中与细胞壁代谢相关酶的活性变化及其与细胞壁组分降解的关系.结果表明:乙烯对各细胞壁酶活性的促进效应因乙烯利施用浓度不同而异.乙烯利浓度由10 mg/L增至1 000 mg/L时,果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(CS)的活性先逐渐增强,而后又被抑制;木聚糖(Xyl)没有受到明显影响.加热处理可增进乙烯利的作用,如在60℃时,PME、PG、CS、Xyl活性分别是对照的1.5、2.7、1.1和1.5倍.PG活性的显著增加同时引起了果实可溶性糖含量的显著升高,但其他酶活性变化与可溶性糖含量无直接相关.     

Pb-Cu复合胁迫对马蔺幼苗生长和生理指标的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了不同质量浓度Pb-Cu复合胁迫对马蔺[Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.)Koidz.]幼苗生长和一些生理指标的影响. 结果表明, 处理35 d后, 在50.00 mg·L-1Pb与0.10、 1.00、 10.00 mg·L-1Cu组成的3个复合胁迫处理组中,马蔺幼苗的株高、根长、地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量、叶片叶绿素a(Chla)和叶绿素b(Chlb)的含量均低于对照组(0.00 mg·L-1Pb-0.01 mg·L-1Cu),叶片SOD和POD活性则显著高于对照组;其中,50.00 mg·L-1Pb-10.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组幼苗的株高、根长、Chla和Chlb含量及SOD和POD活性均最高,地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量也较高.在100.00 mg·L-1Pb与0.10、1.00、10.00 mg·L-1Cu组成的3个复合胁迫处理组中,100.00 mg·L-1Pb-0.10 mg·L-1Cu处理组幼苗的株高、根长、地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量及干质量、Chla和Chlb含量以及SOD和POD活性基本上都显著高于对照组,100.00 mg·L-1Pb-1.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组中幼苗的株高、地上部分鲜质量和干质量以及叶片的SOD和POD活性也均显著高于对照组;而在100.00 mg·L-1Pb-10.00 mg·L-1Cu处理组中幼苗的株高、根长以及地上部分和地下部分的鲜质量和干质量均最低,Chla和Chlb的含量则显著低于对照组.研究结果表明, 50.00 mg·L-1Pb与较高质量浓度Cu(10.00 mg·L-1)复合处理可在一定程度上缓解Pb胁迫对马蔺幼苗的伤害;而100.00 mg·L-1Pb与较低质量浓度Cu(0.10 mg·L-1)复合处理不但能减轻Pb胁迫对马蔺幼苗的伤害,还有一定的刺激生长的作用;但较高质量浓度的Pb-Cu复合胁迫则加剧了对马蔺幼苗的生长和生理代谢的抑制作用.     

高温对水稻开花期剑叶抗氧化酶活性及基因表达的影响

以杂交水稻‘Ⅱ优838’为研究材料,检测了高温胁迫下‘Ⅱ优838’开花期剑叶中叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及SOD、CAT、POD基因的表达水平。结果显示,高温胁迫使‘Ⅱ优838’剑叶中叶绿素含量及叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量的比值(Chl a/Chl b)降低且下降幅度显著低于‘冈优725’(对照);SOD和POD活性增高且增幅显著大于‘冈优725’,但CAT活性降低且降幅显著小于‘冈优725’;热胁迫使‘Ⅱ优838’剑叶中SOD、CAT和POD基因的表达量显著增加。说明‘Ⅱ优838’在开花期遭遇高温胁迫后能保持较高的光合效率,并通过提高抗氧化保护酶的基因表达水平以维持较高的活性来应答高温胁迫,这为深入剖析水稻高温胁迫下的生理反应和适应机理提供了参考。     

CO2浓度升高对不同品种水稻镉吸收和根形态的影响

为了探讨CO2浓度升高下不同水稻品种荣优398 (RY)和粤杂889(YZ)吸收重金属Cd差异性的原因,利用水培试验研究了不同浓度Cd处理下两种水稻吸收Cd的差异及根形态的变化特征.结果表明:低Cd处理(5、10、20 μmol·L-1)显著增加水稻生物量;当Cd浓度高于50 μmol·L-1时,Cd胁迫效果开始显现,水稻生物量减少.CO2浓度升高显著增加了水稻的生物量,增加了YZ茎Cd含量而降低了RY茎Cd含量.在5～200 μmol·L-1的Cd浓度下,CO2浓度升高增加了YZ活性根在总根长中的比例,降低了RY活性根的比例.CO2浓度升高下不同水稻品种根形态的变化是导致其对Cd吸收差异性的原因之一.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.