稻鸭共作有机农业模式的能值评估

应用能值分析方法对稻鸭共作有机农业模式（模式Ⅰ）和对应的稻麦常规生产模式（模式Ⅱ）进行比较研究,并比较了两种模式的生态经济效益.结果表明,模式Ⅰ的能值效益高,自组织能力、可持续发展能力强,产品安全性高,净能值产出率（EYR）、系统产出能值反馈率（FYE）、能值可持续指标（ESI）分别是模式Ⅱ的1.57、14.1和8.71倍;基于能值的产品安全性指标（EIPS）模式Ⅰ为0,模式Ⅱ为-0.66;模式Ⅰ对环境的压力小于模式Ⅱ,能值投资率（EIR）,环境负载率（ELR）分别是模式Ⅱ的40.1%和18.3%;但模式Ⅰ的经济效益低于模式Ⅱ,其产出、毛收入和净效益分别低于模式Ⅱ15.7%、9.6%和29.6%;以能值 货币价值计算,模式Ⅰ的产投比、毛收入和净收入分别高于模式Ⅱ50%、102.6%和136.4%.随着生产系统的优化和市场对有机食品认知程度的提高,模式Ⅰ的经济效益具有提高的潜力.     

秸秆不同还田方式对污染土壤砷形态的影响

为探讨秸秆还田对农田土壤砷形态的影响, 采用室内土壤培养试验, 探究旱作和水淹条件下秸秆灰分还田、秸秆粉碎还田对污染农田土壤砷赋存形态的影响。结果表明: 在旱作条件下, 秸秆灰分还田松散结合态砷含量相比对照试验提高了102%, 钙型砷含量降低了30.3%; 秸秆粉碎还田松散结合态砷、钙型砷含量分别增加了43.3%、21.7%, 铝型砷、铁型砷含量降低。水淹条件下, 秸秆灰分还田、粉碎还田松散结合态砷含量相比对照试验提高了105%、210%, 钙型砷含量降低, 铝型砷、铁型砷含量升高, 残渣态砷含量降低。秸秆还田上覆水pH升高、Eh降低、砷浓度升高, 粉碎还田、秸秆灰分还田上覆水砷浓度分别达对照试验的26倍和6倍, Eh与上覆水砷浓度存在显著负相关, r=-0.876(P=0.01)。研究表明, 两种秸秆还田方式均能增加砷的活性, 若在砷污染土壤中用秸秆灰分或粉碎秸秆还田可能会增加砷的环境风险。     

秸秆还田对土壤有机碳不同活性组分储量及分配的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同秸秆还田模式下土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)储量及其在总有机碳(TOC)中的分配比例.结果表明: 相对于翻压还田(WR),小麦秸秆覆盖还田(WM)0～20 cm耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为4.1%和9.7%,DOC和POC储量显著提高,增幅为207.7%和11.9%;20～40 cm犁底层TOC和POC储量显著提高.玉米秸秆覆盖还田(MM)与MR相比,犁底层TOC和MOC储量显著提高,增幅为13.6%和14.6%.小麦-玉米秸秆均覆盖还田(WM-MM)相对于均翻压还田(WR-MR),耕层TOC和MOC储量显著降低,降幅为8.5%和10.3%.玉米秸秆还田耕层TOC和POC储量显著高于小麦秸秆还田.与对照(秸秆不还田)相比,6种还田模式耕层TOC储量增幅为5.2%～18.0%,差异达显著水平;除WM和MM模式外,犁底层TOC储量显著降低(降幅8.0%～11.5%).6种还田模式下土壤耕层DOC储量及DOC/TOC比值显著降低,在WM和WM-MM还田模式下耕层POC储量显著提高、POC/TOC比值增大,WR模式的耕层MOC储量显著提高、MOC/TOC比值增大,其余3种模式耕层POC和MOC储量均显著提高.秸秆覆盖还田有利于土壤有机碳活性组分积累,翻压还田有利于较稳定性有机碳组分积累.在提高关中地区农田TOC储量方面,玉米秸秆还田好于小麦秸秆还田、小麦-玉米秸秆翻压还田好于覆盖还田.     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤水肥状况和玉米产量的影响

本文主要围绕宁夏中部干旱区土壤贫瘠、肥力低下等问题开展研究.在玉米秸秆全量(9000 kg·hm^-2)还田条件下,设3种纯氮施用水平(150、300、450 kg·hm^-2),以秸秆还田不施氮肥处理为对照,研究秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤水肥状况和玉米产量的影响,以探寻该区秸秆还田条件下氮肥的合理用量.结果表明: 在玉米生育中后期,施纯氮300和450 kg·hm^-2处理使0～100 cm 层土壤贮水量分别较对照显著提高10.1%和9.0%;施纯氮300 kg·hm^-2处理改善土壤肥力效果最优,其土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较对照提高12.8%、31.6%、11.6%、20.6%、74.2%.玉米籽粒以施纯氮300和450 kg·hm^-2处理增产效果最佳,分别较对照增产32.1%、23.7%.施纯氮300和450 kg·hm^-2处理的纯收入分别较对照提高31.8%和16.8%.在宁夏中部干旱区,秸秆还田配施适量氮肥可改善土壤水肥状况,实现玉米增产增收.试验以秸秆还田配施纯氮300 kg·hm^-2效果最为显著.     

关中平原麦玉轮作体系作物秸秆不同还田模式下土壤有机碳和无机碳库变化特征

为探究不同秸秆还田模式对土壤碳库的影响,以陕西关中平原连续11年麦玉秸秆还田定位试验为基础,选择5种还田模式,即秸秆均不还田(CK)、小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆粉碎还田(WH-MC)、小麦玉米秸秆均粉碎还田(WC-MC)、小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆不还田(WH-MN)和小麦秸秆粉碎还田-玉米秸秆不还田(WC-MN),测定不同模式土壤有机碳(SOC)、活性碳组分和无机碳(SIC)在0～40 cm土层的分布。结果表明: 与CK相比,WH-MC和WC-MC的SOC储量分别增加28.1%和22.2%,SIC储量分别增加20.4%和17.3%;与试验初始土壤碳储量相比,各还田模式SOC固持量变化为-0.84～6.55 t·hm^-2,SIC固持量为-0.26～8.61 t·hm^-2;土壤总固碳效率为7.5%,维持土壤初始碳储量水平的最小碳投入量为4.65 t·hm^-2·a^-1;与CK相比,WH-MC和WC-MC显著提升0～20 cm土层活性碳组分含量。主成分分析表明,不同还田模式下土壤碳库变化主要受秸秆投入量的影响。来源于灌溉水和植物残体的Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺与SOC矿化产生的CO₂可共沉淀形成CaCO₃,可能是本研究SIC增加的主要机制。从提高土壤碳固持角度来看,小麦高留茬-玉米秸秆粉碎还田模式为最佳还田模式。     

秸秆不同还田方式对旱地棕壤CO_2排放和土壤碳库管理指数的影响

通过玉米种植田间试验,研究了玉米秸秆直接还田和炭化还田对旱地棕壤CO2排放及土壤碳库管理指数的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,秸秆直接还田和秸秆炭化还田均显著增加了土壤CO2的累积排放量,分别高于对照132%和76%;在同等化肥施用条件下,秸秆炭化还田比直接还田显著降低了土壤CO2的累积排放量,降幅为24%。与秸秆直接还田相比,生物炭的施入起到了良好的CO2减排效果。秸秆还田可以显著提升土壤碳库管理指数,与秸秆炭化还田相比,秸秆直接还田的效果更为显著。     

玉米秸秆还田配施生防放线菌S024对麦田土壤微生物及小麦纹枯病的影响

采用大田人工接种的方法,研究了玉米秸秆不同还田量以及玉米秸秆还田与生防放线菌S024同时施用对麦田土壤微生物、小麦纹枯病和小麦产量的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆还田能够显著增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量;秸秆还田同时施用生防菌,拔节期土壤放线菌数量与不还田(对照)相比,平均增加50%,土壤中小麦纹枯病菌的数量与对照相比减少了20%。秸秆还田处理在拔节期对小麦纹枯病有较好的防病效果,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田(9000kg.hm-2)处理的防病效果最好,病情指数减退率达57.4%。玉米秸秆还田对小麦有一定增产作用,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田处理增产幅度最大,增产23.1%。     

干旱区绿洲农田不同种植模式和秸秆管理下土壤质量评价

研究干旱区绿洲农田不同种植模式和秸秆管理下土壤有机碳及其酶活性的变化,揭示农业管理措施对土壤质量的影响,以期为干旱区农业资源高效利用及可持续发展提供理论依据.在作物种植规划区,选择新疆主要农作物棉花、小麦、玉米,设计长期连作及轮作试验.结果表明:轮作处理土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳、易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳、热水溶性有机碳含量较连作处理分别提高了3.6%~9.9%、41.8%~98.9%、3.3%~17.0%、11.1%~32.4%、4.6%~27.5%;秸秆还田处理较秸秆不还田处理分别提高了12%~35.9%、22.4%~49.7%、30.7%~51.0%、10.6%~31.9%、41.0%~96.4%.轮作处理土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖核苷酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶活性较连作处理分别提高了6.4%~10.9%、6.6%~18.8%、5.9%~15.3%、10.0%~27.4%、28.1%~37.5%;秸秆还田处理较-秸秆不还田处理分别提高了31.4%~47.5%、19.9%~46.6%、13.8%~20.7%、19.8%~55.6%、54.1%~70.9%.相关性分析表明,SOC及其活性组分与土壤酶活性之间有极显著的正相关关系,利用土壤活性有机碳组分和酶活性变化可有效表征农田SOC和土壤质量变化.通过因子分析综合评价得知,在干旱区农业生产中,短期连作棉花兼实施秸秆还田可提高SOC及其活性组分含量和酶活性,合理轮作可有效缓解连作障碍,使土壤质量得到进一步改善,有利于农田土壤的可持续利用.     

秸秆不同还田量对宁南旱区土壤水分、玉米生长及光合特性的影响

在宁南半干旱区通过大田定位试验研究了不同秸秆还田量对农田土壤水分、春玉米生长性状、关键生育期光合特性及产量的影响。试验设计为3个秸秆还田量水平,小麦秸秆按3000 kg/hm²(L)、6000 kg/hm²(M)、,9000 kg/hm²(H)粉碎还田;玉米秸秆按4500 kg/hm²(L) 、9000 kg/hm²(M)、13500 kg/hm²(H)粉碎还田,对照为秸秆不还田。每个处理设3次重复,随机区组排列,秸秆被粉碎机打碎成5cm左右的小段,人工均匀翻埋至25cm左右深度的土层。结果表明,不同秸秆还田量(高、中、低)下, 播前各处理0-200cm土层土壤贮水量均较CK(对照)有显著提高, 秸秆还田量由高到低,0-200cm土层土壤贮水量增加量是30.17-32.83 mm,不同还田量之间没有显著差异。玉米株高、茎粗和单株叶面积显著增加,和对照比较差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。还田处理玉米叶片的光合速率和蒸腾速率在12:00-15:00持续出现高值,高、中、低3个秸秆还田量处理的叶片光合速率分别显著高出对照6.52、3.74、3.20μmol · m^-2 · s^-1 (P<0.05),蒸腾速率分别高于对照2.08、1.63、0.72μmol · m^-2 · s^-1 。随秸秆还田量由高到低,高、中、低3个不同秸秆还田量处理的玉米籽粒产量较对照分别提高了58.3%、36.7%和5.4%,玉米水分利用效率(WUE)较CK分别提高38.5％、31％和0.9％。秸秆还田可提高土壤的水分利用率和蓄水能力,促进作物的光合作用,进而使作物增产。不同土壤含水量条件下,光合速率、蒸腾速率的日变化规律不同,土壤水分亏缺对干旱地区作物光合作用来说将是最大的限制因子。     

云南断陷盆地喀斯特4种典型种植模式的能值分析

准确评价断陷盆地的典型种植模式,可为当地提供科学的种植指导.本研究运用能值分析的方法,对云南省蒙自市万寿菊种植模式、石榴种植模式、石榴+草+羊模式与传统的玉米种植模式进行对比,分析了这些石漠化治理模式的生态效益和经济效益.结果表明:石榴种植模式[环境负载率(ELR)为13.80,能值恢复率(ERR)为0.41]和万寿菊种植模式(ELR为0.30,ERR为-2.87)的生态效益低于传统的玉米种植模式(ELR为1.30,ERR为4.64),但是它们的单位净经济效益(EPBU)分别为玉米种植模式的3.05和59.98倍,说明前两者的经济效益都超过玉米模式;石榴+草+羊种植模式的生态经济效益最高.添加牧草+牲畜子系统到石榴种植模式能够使石榴+牧草+牲畜的种植模式同时拥有较高的生态效益(ELR为4.95,ERR为0.63)和经济效益(EPBU为玉米模式的71.38倍).建议当地政府增加对万寿菊模式和石榴+草+羊模式的技术支持,包括优化肥料投入结构、作物种植和牲畜养殖工艺;同时,政府可为果品和鲜花的采摘建立短期的劳务市场.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.