贵州洋溪省级自然保护区翼手类 物种多样性调查

2018年7月至2021年2月,采用栖息地调查法和网捕法对贵州洋溪省级自然保护区翼手目动物物种多样性及保护现状进行了调查。共记录到翼手目动物3科6属13种,包括蝙蝠科5种,菊头蝠科5种,蹄蝠科3种。按照中国动物地理区划,以东洋界种类为主,共有11种,另有2种为广布种。列入《中国生物多样性红色名录：哺乳动物》近危级（NT）7种、无危级（LC）物种6种;列入IUCN物种红色名录近危（NT）级1种,无危级（LC）12种。此次在洋溪自然保护区共调查了27个洞穴,其中20个洞穴有蝙蝠栖息。大蹄蝠（Hipposideros armiger）分布最广,在10个洞穴有分布;其次是皮氏菊头蝠（Rhinolophus pearsonii）,在8个洞穴发现;小菊头蝠（R. pusillus）在7个洞穴有分布。对蝙蝠栖息洞穴的干扰情况进行调查发现,超过一半（55%,n = 20）的洞穴存在人类干扰活动,如村民进洞游玩、在洞内饲养家畜、驱赶蝙蝠、进行祭祀活动以及破坏洞口等。建议对村民在洞内养殖家畜、游玩、驱赶蝙蝠等行为加以限制,并通过引导村民文明祭祀、对被封洞口进行疏通、对古老建筑进行修缮等方式,加强对该地区蝙蝠的保护。同时还建议对该保护区的蝙蝠及其栖息地进行长期监测。     

河南省洞栖蝙蝠的多样性与保护

2011 年6 月至2013 年7 月,利用雾网和抄网捕捉蝙蝠,采用直接计数、拍照等方法统计蝙蝠的数量,调查了河南省60 个洞穴中蝙蝠的种类、数量及分布,根据蝙蝠的外形及头骨特征鉴定种类,计3 科6 属17 种,其中易危(VU)物种3 种,近危(NT)和无危(LC)物种各7 种。马铁菊头蝠和菲菊头蝠为河南省广布种。依据洞穴的开发情况和人类入洞活动的频度等,评估洞穴的干扰程度,30 个洞穴属严重干扰,10 个洞穴属轻度干扰,20 个洞穴属自然状态。依据洞穴中蝙蝠的种类、数量及濒危程度,将洞穴的相对重要性划分为4 个级别,级别1 和多数级别2 的洞穴具有大的空间和复杂的洞穴系统,这些洞穴既是蝙蝠的繁殖地又是冬眠场所,其中栖息的蝙蝠种类多且数量大。对洞穴的总长度、最大宽度和最大高度进行了测量,比较4 个级别洞穴的测量数据,级别1 洞穴的总长度、最大宽度、最大高度的平均值明显大于其他级别。目前,多数洞穴未得到很好的保护,由于旅游开发等原因,洞栖蝙蝠正面临着严重的生存危机。     

太行山南段洞栖蝙蝠的分布及栖息地重要性分析

2009年8月至2010年9月,对太行山南段的洞栖蝙蝠及栖息地进行了调查,共调查洞穴38个,其中28个洞穴为首次调查,共观察到蝙蝠约17000只,隶属2科4属9种,其中分布最广、数量最多的是马铁菊头蝠。测量洞穴的总水平长度、最大宽度和最大高度,并以洞穴内蝙蝠的种群数量(Ai)与根据物种生存状态赋值的权重(Mi)乘积之和评估洞穴重要性。在调查的洞穴中,最重要的洞穴是黄楝树水渠,有8种约2500只蝙蝠在此繁殖和冬眠;其次是涧河洞,有5种约2100只蝙蝠在此繁殖和冬眠。基于洞栖蝙蝠种类和洞穴测量数据的聚类及主成分分析,探讨了太行山南段东西两侧洞栖蝙蝠的分布状况、不同类型栖息地之间的差异以及洞栖蝙蝠对栖息地的选择。太行山南段东西两侧洞栖蝙蝠的种类和种群数量差异不显著。冬眠洞穴的总水平长度、最大宽度、最大高度、郁闭度均显著大于非冬眠洞穴。影响蝙蝠栖息地选择的主要因子有地形因子、隐蔽因子和干扰因子,这3个主成分的累计贡献率达到85.96%。目前,这些洞穴的保护现状均不理想,一些洞穴已经或正在被开发成旅游景点,这使该地区洞栖蝙蝠面临严重的生存危机。本研究结果以期能为决策者在制定开发旅游策略时提供参考和依据。     

栖息洞穴干扰对特有种大卫鼠耳蝠种群数量和基因丰富度的影响

大卫鼠耳蝠(Myotis davidii)为中国特有蝙蝠物种。选用8个微卫星位点,研究并评价了大卫鼠耳蝠种群数量、遗传多样性与其栖息洞穴干扰的关系。结果表明,各微卫星位点遵循HW平衡。在124个个体的8个微卫星位点中共检测到130个等位基因。平均NA、He和Ho分别为16.25、0.71和0.62。单位洞穴长度内大卫鼠耳蝠个体数量和等位基因丰富度随干扰强度增加呈现降低趋势。洞穴单位长度内个体数量则受湿度、干扰强度的显著影响。等位基因丰富度不受个体数量的影响,而受洞穴大小和干扰强度的显著影响。通过对大卫鼠耳蝠栖息洞穴的综合评价,82.35%的栖息洞穴已受到人类活动的影响。此外,种群瓶颈效应事件的出现和洞穴微环境的改变,将进一步影响大卫鼠耳蝠种群及其遗传多样性。因此,建议政府部门及当地群众要尽量缩减对其栖息洞穴的开发规划,减少人为干扰,加强就地保护以有效维持其种群良性发展。     

贵州省松桃县东部地区翼手目物种多样性

2008年7月至2009年2月,对贵州省松桃县东部地区的14个镇(乡)47洞穴翼手目的种类、数量、分布及生境进行调查研究。通过标本的采集、鉴定,确定该地区共有翼手目动物3科14种,其中2种为待定种;爪哇伏翼(Pipistrellus javanicus)、棒茎伏翼(P.paterculus)、单角菊头蝠(Rhinolophusmonoceros)3种在贵州省首次发现,其中单角菊头蝠是在中国大陆首次发现。另外,还对该地区蝙蝠的冬眠行为、对冬眠地的选择以及栖息环境的受胁现状进行了初步调查,发现不同种类蝙蝠的冬眠行为是不一样的;同时发现,洞外捕食生境的不同会造成洞穴内分布翼手目种类的不同。     

河南济源人工引水渠隧道蝙蝠冬眠生态学特征

2017-2020年期间,每年1月份对河南省济源市邵原镇布袋沟水库人工引水渠隧道内蝙蝠进行冬眠生态学特征调查,共发现2科5属7种蝙蝠在此冬眠,包括马铁菊头蝠（Rhinolophus ferrumequinum）、小菊头蝠（R.pusillus）、华南水鼠耳蝠（Myotis laniger）、白腹管鼻蝠（Murina leucogaster）、金管鼻蝠（Mu.aurata）、奥氏长耳蝠（Plecotus ognevi）和亚洲宽耳蝠（Barbastella leucomelas）。马铁菊头蝠是优势种（约52%-73%的冬眠个体）,其次是小菊头蝠（约19%-37%）、华南水鼠耳蝠（约5%-8%）,其余蝙蝠物种数量不足3%。2017-2020年冬眠蝙蝠个体总数呈增长趋势,但仍少于早期报道的数量。有42个隧道每年均有蝙蝠冬眠,而且不同年度冬眠数量也不尽相同。通过多元线性回归分析发现,隧道长度可能是影响蝙蝠冬眠栖息场所选择的主要影响因子（Adjusted R²=0.208,P=0.001）。每个隧道内,蝙蝠具有不同的冬眠栖点位置,约4/5的蝙蝠选择温暖且环境相对稳定的隧道深处（> 30 m）作为冬眠栖点,超过95%的个体选择长度> 60 m的隧道冬眠。蝙蝠具有不同的冬眠方式,绝大多数个体采用独栖方式进行冬眠（> 90%）,少数采用聚集方式。不同的冬眠栖点和冬眠方式可能有利于冬眠成本优化。此外,栖点温度与蝙蝠体温之间呈显著正相关（R²=0.98,P < 0.001）,而且蝙蝠冬眠期间的栖点温度具有种内和种间差异。研究结果为我国蝙蝠种群保护和冬眠场所管理提供科学依据。     

广西玉林市翼手类多样性初步调查

从2006年6月至2009年11月对玉林市翼手类物种多样性进行了初步调查.玉林市共有蝙蝠15种,隶属5科7属.其中东洋型种类有13种,占86.7%,季风型(东亚伏翼Pipistrellus abramus)和南中国型(灰伏翼Pipistrellus pulveratus)各1种,分别占蝙蝠种类的6.67%.玉林市蝙蝠可分为3种栖息类型:菊头蝠属Rhinolophus、蹄蝠属Hipposideros和棕果蝠Rousettus leschenaultia为洞穴型蝙蝠;犬蝠Cynopterus sphinx为树栖型蝙蝠;东亚伏翼和灰伏翼为房屋型蝙蝠.蝙蝠在该地区自然生态系统中占有重要地位,食虫蝙蝠捕食蚊、蛾等害虫,是控制害虫的有效天敌之一,食果蝙蝠对荔枝、龙眼、香蕉等水果造成一定危害.目前,由于栖息环境破坏和乱捕滥杀,蝙蝠种类和种群数量均有所下降,应加大保护力度.     

西南鼠耳蝠(Myotis altarium)栖息生态学

西南鼠耳蝠(Myotis altarium)是典型的洞栖性蝙蝠,是我国的准特有种。近年,在湘西州境内的13个溶洞中记录到该蝠361只次,并对其栖点的空间分布、栖息姿势、体温、栖点温度及个体的安全性进行了观测。结果表明:其栖点主要集中在距离洞口200 m的范围之内,离地面的高度通常在2—6 m之间,约74%的个体采用腹部贴壁倒挂的姿势栖息;体温变化范围在3.57—20.25℃之间,个体体温均略高于其栖点温度,但两者之间不存在显著性差异(P0.05)而不同月份之间的体温、栖点温度均存在显著性差异(P0.05);仅60.1%的个体栖息在"安全性高"的栖点,栖息在"安全性中"和"安全性低"栖点的比例分别达22.7%和17.2%。加强对地方群众的宣传教育,增强民众对蝙蝠物种、生物多样性及洞穴资源的保护意识,减少人为因素对洞穴环境和蝙蝠种群的干扰与破坏,将有助于保护该珍稀物种。     

西南鼠耳蝠(Myotisaltarium)的栖息生态学研究

西南鼠耳蝠(Myotis altarium)是典型的洞栖性蝙蝠,是我国的准特有种。近年,在湘西州境内的13个溶洞中记录到该蝠361只次,并对其栖点的空间分布、栖息姿势、体温、栖点温度及个体的安全性进行了观测。结果表明:其栖点主要集中在距离洞口200 m的范围之内,离地面的高度通常在2—6 m之间,约74%的个体采用腹部贴壁倒挂的姿势栖息;体温变化范围在3.57—20.25℃之间,个体体温均略高于其栖点温度,但两者之间不存在显著性差异(P0.05)而不同月份之间的体温、栖点温度均存在显著性差异(P0.05);仅60.1%的个体栖息在“安全性高”的栖点,栖息在“安全性中”和“安全性低”栖点的比例分别达22.7%和17.2%。加强对地方群众的宣传教育,增强民众对蝙蝠物种、生物多样性及洞穴资源的保护意识,减少人为因素对洞穴环境和蝙蝠种群的干扰与破坏,将有助于保护该珍稀物种。     

中华菊头蝠的栖息生态特征及种群保护

中华菊头蝠(Rhinolophus sinicus)主要分布于我国境内,属于典型的洞栖食虫性蝙蝠,具有重要的研究意义与保护价值。近年,在湘西州境内的16个溶洞中对其栖息生态特征进行了观察,共记录到其个体12942只次,数据分析结果显示：该蝠是该区域溶洞中的居留型优势蝠种,具有集群冬眠的习性。每年的9月中下旬开始逐步聚群冬眠,翌年的3月底开始苏醒,其夏季的繁育场所非常隐蔽,通常位于人无法进入的洞段或人迹罕至的洞穴。总体上,其栖点主要集中于距洞口150—200 m(91.60%)的洞段,离地高度6—10 m(91.75%),多以“双足悬挂”的栖姿将身体悬空倒挂于洞道的顶壁。其体温与栖点温度之间不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),但具有明显的线性正相关关系(R~2=0.8886)。其栖点安全性春夏季高,秋冬季中等偏低。中华菊头蝠作为该区域洞栖性蝙蝠的优势种,在维持洞穴生态系统的稳定中发挥着至关重要的作用,加强对洞穴生态系统中蝙蝠伞护性的研究有助于洞穴生态保护教育及对蝙蝠种群的保护实践。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.