尖叶拟船叶藓营养元素生殖配置格局

为了揭示尖叶拟船叶藓营养元素生殖配置规律,本文对其12种营养元素的生殖配置格局和季节动态进行了研究。其结果如下：成熟孢子体的生物量配置为6．67％;在成熟孢子体中12种营养元素的含量顺序是：C（452mg／g）〉N（35mg／g）〉K（8439．9μg／g）〉Ca（7012．9μg／g）〉P（2129．2μg／g）〉Mg（1482．9μg／g）〉Na（432．9μg／g）〉Mn（196．3μg／g）〉Fe（177．7μg／g）〉Al（174．8μg／g）〉Zn（68．1μg／g）〉Cu（19．4μg/g）;成熟孢子体中营养元素生殖配置顺序是：K（17．7％）〉P（15．1％）〉Cu（13．3％）〉N（11．6％）〉Na（10．5％）〉Mn（7．8％）〉Zn（7．5％）〉C（6．9％）〉Mg（6．8％）〉Ca（5．4％）〉Fe（1．3％）〉Al（1．2％）。     

红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期能量收支及采食量研究

采用全收粪法对红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期能量收支、采食量进行了定量分析,建立了红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期代谢能摄入量（MEI, KJ）、采食量（FI）与代谢体重（W^0.75,kg）、体增重（△W,g/day）、产蛋量（EE,g/day）之间关系的回归方程（模式方程：Y=a＋b1△W＋b2EE）.依据回归方程推算,基于实验饲料的红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期雌鸡、雄鸡代谢能需要量分别是489.6 KJ/day和431.5 KJ/day、采食量分别是44.46 g/day和33.61 g/day.     

丹参联合β-榄香烯对肝星形细胞LX-2增殖和凋亡的影响

目的：探讨丹参联合B-榄香烯对肝星形细胞LX-2增殖和凋亡的影响。方法：体外培养肝星形细胞LX-2,分别将丹参（浓度为1、2、4、6、8mg／ml）,β-榄香烯（浓度为25、50、100、150、200μg／ml）,单独作用于LX-2细胞后24h、48h用CCK-8（CellCountKit-8）法检测细胞的增殖情况,并选取合适的药物浓度（丹参3．6mg／ml,β-榄香烯125μg／ml）,然后进行联合用药,加药24h、48h后用CCK-8（Cell CountKit-8）法检测细胞的增殖情况,用流式细胞术检测细胞的凋亡率。结果：OCCK-8法显示丹参（浓度为1、2、4、6、8mg／ml）,8-榄香烯（浓度为25、50、100、150、200μg／ml）作用LX-2细胞24h、48h后,其增殖抑制率均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,并且呈浓度和时间依赖性。②联合用药（丹参3．6mg／ml,β-榄香烯125μg／ml）时,LX-2细胞的增殖抑制率和凋亡率均显著高于单独用药（P〈0．01）。结论：丹参、β-榄香烯单独或二者联合作用均能抑制LX-2细胞的增殖,且联合应用的作用显著高于单独用药,可协同促进LX-2细胞的凋亡。     

原癌基因c-myb在体外孕酮诱导小鼠卵母细胞成熟中的作用

目的：本文采用体外培养技术观察原癌基因c-myb对孕酮诱导的生发泡（GV）期小鼠裸卵体外成熟的影响。方法：建立小鼠裸卵体外培养模型,用不同浓度反义C-myb寡脱氧核苷酸（c-myb ASODNs）与GV期小鼠裸卵共孵育观察其对孕酮诱导的小鼠裸卵体外成熟的影响并探讨其机制。结果：在M199培养液中体外培养GV期小鼠裸卵24h,10μmol／L孕酮组与5μmol／L孕酮组比较有显著性差别（2 h GVBD％ P〈0.05,8 h PBI％ P〈0.05）．与20μmol／L孕酮组比较无显著性差别。10μmol／L c-myb AFODNs能抑制孕酮（10μmol／L）诱导的小鼠裸卵体外成熟（2 h GVBD％ P〈0.05,8 h PBI％ P〈0.01）。1×10^-4μmol／L dbcAMP、10μg／ml肝素钠可分别单独抑制孕酮诱导的GV期小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟（2 h GVBD％均P〈0.01,8 h PBI％均P〈0.01）．也可和反义c-myb ODN协同抑制孕酮诱导的卵母细胞体外成熟（2 h GVBD％均P〈0.01,8 h PBI％均P〈0.01）。结论：孕酮、原癌基因c-myb和cAMP、Ca^2＋参与了GV期小鼠卵母细胞的体外成熟,孕酮、cAMP和Ca^2＋调控卵母细胞成熟的机理可能与原癌基因c-myb表达有关。     

顺铂诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞凋亡模型的建立

目的：建立常见凋亡诱导剂顺铂（Cisplatin）诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞（Vero）凋亡的模型,为进一步研究抗凋亡基因在细胞凋亡中的分子机理打下基础。方法：分别以不同浓度的顺铂处理Veto细胞48h,用噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法、Gimesa染色、流式细胞术检测,观察处理后细胞的生长活力和凋亡情况。结果：以未处理的细胞作为对照组,1、2、3、4,5μg／mL的顺铂处理的Vero细胞生存率分别为（79．02±6．10）％、（68．84±4．42）％、（56．66±4．07）％、（46．83±3．76）％、（29．04±5．93）％（P〈0．01）;经顺铂诱导后细胞形态学发生明显改变,出现膜小泡和凋亡小体形成等凋亡细胞特征;流式细胞仪检测,0、1、2、3、4、5μg／mL的顺铂处理的Vero细胞后凋亡率分别为1．66％±0．19％、16．65％±1．26％、24．82％±1．03％、36．22％±1．04％、48．49％±1．24％、43．34％±1．17％（P〈0．01）。结论：本实验成功建立顺铂诱导非洲绿猴肾细胞凋亡模型,将有助于进一步探讨目的基因在Vero细胞凋亡作用的的分子机制。     

γ-氨基丁酸对鳜摄食和食欲的影响(英)

为阐明γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)摄食和食欲的影响,对鳜脑室注射生理盐水和不同剂量的GABA(50、125、500和2000μg)。结果显示,注射125μg GABA组的鳜在2h内摄食量显著升高。实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)结果显示,注射125μg GABA 0.5h后,鳜鱼脑中Ag RP和NPY m RNA表达量上调,CART和POMC m RNA表达量下调,都和鳜摄食量增加相一致。相比于对照组,注射GABA后Leptin-R的m RNA表达量在0.5h和2h都有显著下降。这些结果表明GABA可能通过leptin的信号通路来影响食欲,进而影响摄食量。研究结果可以为GABA在水产饲料中的应用提供理论依据。     

SD大鼠胞质内单精注射技术方法的建立

目的建立SD大鼠胞质内单精注射操作程序。方法和结果实验1：用直径为7～10μm和2-4μm的注射针以及相应的注射方法进行大鼠ICSI,ICSI后卵母细胞存活率（30．5％vs．61．3％）和卵裂率（12．5％vs．51．1％）均差异显著（P〈0．05）;实验2：分别在hCG后14h、16h和18h取卵进行ICSI,三组存活率（77．4％、74．1％vs．69．6％）差异不显著（P〉0．05）;14h和16h组的卵裂率（60．8％、56．0％vs．31．3％）与18h组差异显著（P〈0．05）;实验3：用不同的显微操作液H-mR1CM和H-mKRB进行大鼠ICSI,结果卵存活率相近（79．2％vs．75．9％）,卵裂率（70．5％vs．74．7％）差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但8-细胞发育率（43．5％vs．61．9％）差异显著（P〈0．05）,囊胚发育率差异极显著（P〈0．01）。结论大鼠ICSI时在注射hCG后14～16h取卵最佳,采用2—4pan直径的注射针、H—mKRB作为操作液更有利于卵的发育。     

C12-水解印楝素A的制备、结构鉴定及生物活性

C12-水解印楝素A是将印楝素A C12位上的-COOCH3水解为-COOH而得到的印楝素衍生物。处理后24h和48h,C12-水解印楝素A对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫AFC50分别为3．44μg／mL和6．89μg／mL。处理后48h,3μg／mL C12-水解印楝素A对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的拒食率为73．59％,5μg／mL C12-水解印楝素A对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的拒食率为67．76％。3μg／mL C12-水解印楝素A处理后72h,小菜蛾3龄幼虫的校正死亡率为78．16％;5μg／mL C12-水解印楝素A处理后72h,棉铃虫3龄幼虫的校正死亡率为58．69％。     

表皮葡萄球菌 YycG单克隆抗体抗生物膜活性的研究

YycFG双组分信号转导系统调控葡萄球菌细胞壁合成、代谢及生物膜形成,PAS是组氨酸激酶YycG的胞外信号感应区域。本研究针对胞外PAS区域制备抗YycG‐PAS单克隆抗体（YycG‐PAS MAb ）。免疫鉴定结果表明,YycG‐PAS MAb可与重组YycG‐PAS蛋白和表皮葡萄球菌菌体 YycG蛋白结合,属于IgG2a亚型,效价为log 215。YycG‐PAS MAb（80μg／ml）与表皮葡萄球菌 RP62A菌株共培养24 h ,对细菌生物膜形成的抑制率达46．5％,与 mIgG （80μg／mL ）组相比有显著差异（ P＜0．05）。YycG‐PAS MAb （80μg／ml）与低浓度万古霉素（1μg／ml）联用可增强对24 h细菌生物膜的抑制作用,抑制率由57．6％提高至93．0％（P＜0．01）。YycG‐PAS MAb对浮游状态表皮葡萄球菌的生长及存活无显著影响。本研究为YycG‐PAS MAb在抗生物膜感染中的潜在应用价值奠定了一定基础。     

大豆异黄酮对大鼠乳腺癌细胞内cAMP/PKA信号途径的影响

本实验研究了大豆异黄酮对SHZ-88大鼠乳腺癌细胞内cAMP／PKA信号途径的影响。实验设3组：空白对照组、50μg／ml大豆黄酮及15μg／ml染料木素组。采用放射免疫测定法（RIA）检测了胞内cAMP的浓度、腺苷酸环化酶（adenylate cyclase,AC）和磷酸二酯酶（phosphodiesterase,PDE）的活性,用（γ-^32P）ATP掺入法测定cAMP依赖性PKA的活性,半定量RT-PCR法分析cAMP反应元件结合蛋白（cAMP response element binding protein,CREB）mRNA表达的变化。结果表明：在处理后5min,大豆黄酮组和染料木素组细胞的cAMP浓度分别比对照组升高了9．5％和11．0％（P〈0．05）：10min时,分别比对照组升高31．0％和40.3％（P〈0．01）。3组细胞的AC活性在处理时间内没有明显变化。但在处理后5min,大豆黄酮组和染料木素组细胞的PDE活性分别降至对照组的71．8％和71．6％（P〈0．05）。处理后20min,大豆黄酮组和染料木素组细胞PKA活性分别上升到对照组的125．8％和122．3％（P〈0．05）;到40min时仍维持在高水平。大豆黄酮组和染料木素组细胞CREB mRNA的表达量在处理后3h分别比对照组增加31．6％和51．1％（P〈0．05）;6h后开始下降。这些结果提示,大豆异黄酮能够激活大鼠乳腺癌细胞内cAMP／PKA信号途径;而且是通过抑制磷酸二酯酶的活性,导致胞内cAMP浓度升高而实现的。     

Fading indirect effects in a warming arctic tundra

Indirect interactions in food webs can strongly influence the net effect of global change on ecological communities yet they are rarely quantified and hence remain poorly understood. Using a 22-year time series, we investigated climate-induced and predator-mediated indirect effects on grazing intensity in the tundra food web of Bylot Island, which experienced a warming trend over the last two decades. We evaluated the relative effects of environmental parameters on the proportion of plant biomass grazed by geese in wetlands and examined the temporal changes in the strength of these cascading effects. Migrating geese are the dominant herbivores on Bylot Island and can consume up to 60% of the annual production of wetland graminoids. Spring North Atlantic Oscillation, mid-summer temperatures and summer abundance of lemmings （prey sharing predators with geese） best-explained annual variation in grazing intensity. Goose grazing impact increased in years with high temperatures and high lemming abundance. However, the strength of these indirect effects on plants changed over time. Grazing intensity was weakly explained by environmental factors in recent years, which were marked by a sharp increase in plant primary production and steady decrease in grazing pressure. Indirect effects do not seem to be reversing the direct positive effect of warming on wetland plants. We suggest that cascading effects on plants may lag considerably behind direct effects in vertebrate dominated arctic communities, especially where key herbivore populations are strongly affected by factors outside of the Arctic [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 189-202, 2014].     

Dissecting the Heat Stress Response in Chlamydomonas by Pharmaceutical and RNAi Approaches Reveals Conserved and Novel Aspects

To study how conserved fundamental concepts of the heat stress response （HSR） are in photosynthetic eukaryotes, we applied pharmaceutical and antisense/amiRNA approaches to the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Chlamydomonas HSR appears to be triggered by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, as it was induced at ambient temperatures by feeding cells with the arginine analog canavanine. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine strongly retarded the HSR, demonstrating the importance of phosphorylation during activation of the HSR also in Chlamydomonas. While the removal of extracellular calcium by the application of EGTA and BAPTA inhibited the HSR in moss and higher plants, only the addition of BAPTA, but not of EGTA, retarded the HSR and impaired thermotoler- ance in Chlamydomonas. The addition of cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytosolic protein synthesis, abolished the attenu- ation of the HSR, indicating that protein synthesis is necessary to restore proteostasis. HSP90 inhibitors induced a stress response when added at ambient conditions and retarded attenuation of the HSR at elevated temperatures. In addition, we detected a direct physical interaction between cytosolic HSP90A/HSP70A and heat shock factor 1, but surprisingly this interaction persisted after the onset of stress. Finally, the expression of antisense constructs targeting chloroplast HSP70B resulted in a delay of the cell＇s entire HSR, thus suggesting the existence of a retrograde stress signaling cascade that is desensitized in HSP7OB-antisense strains.     

Cell Wall,Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants

To accommodate two seemingly contradictory biological roles in plant physiology, providing both the rigid structural support of plant cells and the adjustable elasticity needed for cell expansion, the composition of the plant cell wall has evolved to become an intricate network of cellulosic, hemicellulosic, and pectic polysaccharides and protein. Due to its complexity, many aspects of the cell wall influence plant cell expansion, and many new and insightful observations and technologies are forthcoming. The biosynthesis of cell wall polymers and the roles of the variety of proteins involved in polysaccharide synthesis continue to be characterized. The interactions within the cell wall polymer network and the modification of these interactions provide insight into how the plant cell wall provides its dual function. The complex cell wall architecture is controlled and organized in part by the dynamic intracellular cytoskeleton and by diverse trafficking pathways of the cell wall polymers and cell wall-related machinery. Meanwhile, the cell wall is continually influenced by hormonal and integrity sensing stimuli that are perceived by the cell. These many processes cooperate to construct, maintain, and manipulate the intricate plant cell wall--an essential structure for the sustaining of the plant stature, growth, and life.     

Redox Regulation of Arabidopsis Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase

Citrate synthase has a key role in the tricarboxylic （TCA） cycle of mitochondria of all organisms, as it cata- lyzes the first committed step which is the fusion of a carbon-carbon bond between oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA. The regulation of TCA cycle function is especially important in plants, since mitochondrial activities have to be coordinated with photosynthesis. The posttranslational regulation of TCA cycle activity in plants is thus far almost entirely unexplored. Although several TCA cycle enzymes have been identified as thioredoxin targets in vitro, the existence of any thioredoxin-dependent regulation as known for the Calvin cycle, yet remains to be demonstrated. Here we have investigated the redox regulation of the Arabidopsis citrate synthase enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis of its six cysteine residues. Our results indicate that oxidation inhibits the enzyme activity by the formation of mixed disulfides, as the partially oxidized citrate synthase enzyme forms large redox-dependent aggregates. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that thioredoxin can cleave diverse intraas well as intermolecular disulfide bridges, which strongly enhances the activity of the enzyme. Activity measurements with the cysteine variants of the enzyme revealed important cysteine residues affecting total enzyme activity as well as the redox sensitivity of the enzyme.     

Perturbation of Auxin Homeostasis Caused by Mitochondrial FtSH4 Gene-Mediated Peroxidase Accumulation Regulates Arabiclopsis Architecture

Reactive oxygen species and auxin play important roles in the networks that regulate plant development and morphogenetic changes, However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between them are poorly understood. This study isolated a mas （More Axillary Shoots） mutant, which was identified as an allele of the mitochondrial AAA-protease AtFtSH4, and characterized the function of the FtSH4 gene in regulating plant development by medi- ating the peroxidase-dependent interplay between hydrogen peroxide （H2Oz） and auxin homeostasis. The phenotypes of dwarfism and increased axillary branches observed in the mas （renamed as ftsh4-4） mutant result from a decrease in the IAA concentration. The expression levels of several auxin signaling genes, including IAA1, IAA2, and IAA3, as well as several auxin binding and transport genes, decreased significantly in ftsh4-4 plants. However, the H202 and peroxidases levels, which also have IAA oxidase activity, were significantly elevated in ftsh4-4 plants. The ftsh4-4 phenotypes could be reversed by expressing the iaaM gene or by knocking down the peroxidase genes PRX34 and PRX33. Both approaches can increase auxin levels in the ftsh4-4 mutant. Taken together, these results provided direct molecular and genetic evidence for the interaction between mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease, H2O2, and auxin homeostasis to regulate plant growth and development.     

Regulation of Cytokinesis by Exocyst Subunit SEC6 and KEULE in Arabidopsis thaliana

Proper vesicle tethering and membrane fusion at the cell plate are essential for cytokinesis. Both the vesicle tethering complex exocyst and membrane fusion regulator KEULE were shown to function in cell plate formation, but the exact mechanisms still remain to be explored. In this study, using yeast two-hybrid （Y-2-H） assay, we found that SEC6 interacted with KEULE, and that a small portion of C-terminal region of KEULE was required for the interaction. The direct SEC6-KEULE interaction was supported by further studies using in vitro pull-down assay, immunoprecipitation, and in vivo bimolecular florescence complementation （BIFC） microscopy, sec6 mutants were male gametophytic lethal as reported; however, pollen-rescued sec6 mutants （PRsec6） displayed cytokinesis defects in the embryonic cells and later in the leaf pavement cells and the guard cells. SEC6 and KEULE proteins were co-localized to the cell plate during cytokine- sis in transgenic Arabidopsis. Furthermore, only SEC6 but not other exocyst subunits located in the cell plate interacted with KEULE in vitro. These results demonstrated that, like KEULE, SEC6 plays a physiological role in cytokinesis, and the SEC6-KEULE interaction may serve as a novel molecular linkage between arriving vesicles and membrane fusion machin- ery or directly regulate membrane fusion during cell plate formation in plants.     

Knights in Action： Lectin Receptor-Like Kinases in Plant Development and Stress Responses

The Receptor-Like Kinase （RLK） is a vast protein family with over 600 genes in Arabidopsis and 1100 in rice. The Lectin RLK （LecRLK） family is believed to play crucial roles in saccharide signaling as well as stress perception. All the LecRLKs possess three domains： an N-terminal lectin domain, an intermediate transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal kinase domain. On the basis of lectin domain variability, LecRLKs have been subgrouped into three subclasses： L-, G-, and C-type LecRLKs. While the previous studies on LecRLKs were dedicated to classification, comparative structural analysis and expression analysis by promoter-based studies, most of the recent studies on LecRLKs have laid special emphasis on the potential of this gene family in regulating biotic/abiotic stress and developmental pathways in plants, thus mak- ing the prospects of studying the LecRLK-mediated regulatory mechanism exceptionally promising. In this review, we have described in detail the LecRLK gene family with respect to a historical, evolutionary, and structural point of view. Furthermore, we have laid emphasis on the LecRLKs roles in development, stress conditions, and hormonal response. We have also discussed the exciting research prospects offered by the current knowledge on the LecRLK gene family. The multitude of the LecRLK gene family members and their functional diversity mark these genes as both interesting and worthy candidates for further analysis, especially in the field of crop improvement.     

Genotoxicity biomarkers in aquatic bioindicators

Pollution of the aquatic environment is an ever-growing problem, as waters are the ultimate sink for the large number of xenobiotics from multiple sources. DNA damaging agents have a significant ecological relevance since they are implicated in many pathological processes and exert effects beyond that of individual being active through following generations. A large number of methods have been applied to evaluate genotoxic damage in different aquatic species. Comet assay, as method for de- tecting DNA alterations, and micronucleus test, as an index of chromosomal damage are the most widely applied and validated methods in field studies. These methods were applied in different vertebrate and invertebrate aquatic species, but only mollusk and fish species have been employed in routine biomonitoring programs. Mussels, due to their widely geographical distribution and the suitability for caging represent the bioindicator of choice in field studies. Mytilus species is the most used marine mussel. The use of fish is limited to specific geographic areas. The present review mainly focuses on the application of comet assay and micronucleus test in mussels. A number of biomonitoring studies in mussels, using comet assay or micronucleus test, revealed exposure to different classes of genotoxic compounds with a good discrimination power. The different evidence from the two as- says, reflects different biological mechanisms for the two genetic endpoints, DNA damage and chromosomal damage, suggesting their combined application in the field. Different endogenous and exogenous factors have been shown to modulate the genotoxic responses in mussels, acting as confounding factors in environmental monitoring. The use of standardized protocol for caging, sampling and genotoxity evaluation is critical in biomonitoring studies. The use of a multimarker approach coupling genotoxicity biomarkers with physiological and biochemical factors allows to have a complete picture of the environmental pollution [Current Zoology 60 （2）： 273-284, 2014].     

Organelle pH in the Arabidopsis Endomembrane System

The pH of intracellular compartments is essential for the viability of cells. Despite its relevance, little is known about the pH of these compartments. To measure pH in vivo, we have first generated two pH sensors by combining the improved-solubility feature of solubility-modified green fluorescent protein （GFP） （smGFP） with the pH-sensing capabil- ity of the pHluorins and codon optimized for expression in Arabidopsis. PEpHluorin （plant-solubility-modified ecliptic pHluorin） gradually loses fluorescence as pH is lowered with fluorescence vanishing at pH 6.2 and PRpHluorin （plant- solubility-modified ratiomatric pHluorin）, a dual-excitation sensor, allowing for precise measurements. Compartment- specific sensors were generated by further fusing specific sorting signals to PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin. Our results show that the pH of cytosol and nucleus is similar （pH 7.3 and 7.2）, while peroxisomes, mitochondrial matrix, and plastidial stroma have alkaline pH. Compartments of the secretory pathway reveal a gradual acidification, spanning from pH 7.1 in the endoplasmic reticulum （ER） to pH 5.2 in the vacuole. Surprisingly, pH in the trans-Golgi network （TGN） and mul- tivesicular body （MVB） is, with pH 6.3 and 6.2, quite similar. The inhibition of vacuolar-type H＋-ATPase （V-ATPase） with concanamycin A （ConcA） caused drastic increase in pH in TGN and vacuole. Overall, the PEpHluorin and PRpHluorin are excellent pH sensors for visualization and quantification of pH in vivo, respectively.