ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸抗肿瘤新途径——抑制具核梭杆菌黏附宿主细胞

【背景】大量文献报道ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸尤其是二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic Acid,DHA)与二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic Acid,EPA)具有抗肿瘤作用,但是其抗肿瘤机制还不够完善。【目的】探究ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸、具核梭杆菌以及结直肠癌三者之间的关联。【方法】在检测二十二碳六烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、α-亚麻酸(α-Linolenic Acid,ALA)等ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对人结直肠腺癌细胞Caco-2、正常结肠上皮细胞NCM460生长影响的基础上,检测DHA等3种多不饱和脂肪酸对具核梭杆菌黏附人体细胞以及Fap2、FadA、RadD等具核梭杆菌毒力关键基因表达的影响。【结果】30μg/mL的DHA、EPA、ALA对Caco-2生长抑制分别为9.09%、4.95%、7.52%,而对NCM460生长抑制达31.15%、25.48%、29.11%,而且相关抑制作用仅具有浓度依赖性而无时间依赖性。经30μg/mL的DHA、EPA、ALA预处理的具核梭杆菌黏附Caco-2细胞的能力分别下降81.04%(P=0)、93.63%(P=0)和68.63%(P=0);而共培养时加入DHA、EPA、ALA对具核梭杆菌黏附Caco-2细胞的能力没有显著影响。同时,30μg/mLDHA处理导致F.nucleatum的Fap2基因显著下降10.22%(P=0.027);30μg/mL EPA处理导致FadA、Fap2基因分别显著下降23.49%(P=0)、15.09%(P=0.003);30μg/mL ALA处理导致FadA基因显著下降26.75%(P=0.012)。【结论】综合上述实验结果以及DHA、EPA、ALA仅能短时间抑制具核梭杆菌生长等文献报道,我们认为,DHA、EPA等ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸并非简单地直接杀伤或抑制肿瘤细胞和F.nucleatum;抑制FadA、Fap2等黏附相关基因表达,降低F.nucleatum黏附宿主细胞能力是其抗肿瘤作用的关键组成部分。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸等活性物质对F.nucleatum等在结直肠肿瘤发生、发展中发挥重要作用的肠道细菌的影响与机制应深入开展研究。     

具核梭杆菌促进结直肠癌发生发展机制的研究进展

结直肠癌（colorectal cancer,CRC）是一种全球高发的恶性肿瘤，肠道菌群失调作为潜在致病因素逐渐受到关注。大量的研究发现具核梭杆菌（Fusobacterium nucleatum,F. nucleatum）在CRC组织中丰度显著升高，与CRC的发生有关，目前其具体的作用机制尚不明确。分子及细胞学研究表明F. nucleatum能够破坏肠道上皮屏障、损伤细胞DNA、影响肿瘤相关microRNAs的表达和促进肿瘤细胞转移。本文就F. nucleatum促进CRC发生发展的机制及相关研究进展作一综述。     

具核梭杆菌与全身疾病相关性的研究进展

具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum,F.nucleatum)是在口腔微生态环境中常驻的一种革兰阴性专性厌氧菌,近来研究发现F.nucleatum不仅与口腔感染性疾病如牙周病、根尖周病等的发生、发展密切相关,而且与早产低体重儿、结直肠癌、呼吸道感染等全身疾病密切相关。本研究对F.nucleatum生物学功能及与口腔感染、全身疾病相关性的研究进展作一综述。     

具核梭杆菌与结直肠癌关系的研究进展

结直肠癌(Colorectal cancer,CRC)是世界第三大癌症,涉及因素众多,而肠道菌群失调、菌群致病性与结直肠癌的发生、发展有着密不可分的关系。近期的研究发现具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum,F.nucleatum)与结直肠癌的发生存在显著的相关性。具核梭杆菌为革兰阴性厌氧菌,广泛存在于人体肠道中。分子机制研究发现,其能影响宿主细胞因子水平,促进血管生成、巨噬细胞M2极化和抑制机体免疫调节能力,进而增强肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭及转移。本文就具核梭杆菌与结直肠癌相关机制研究进展作一综述。     

具核梭杆菌协同Cdk5促进结直肠癌细胞迁移

目的以结直肠癌细胞SW480作为研究载体,分析具核梭杆菌(F.nucleatum)对Cdk5和STAT3途径相关基因及其炎症因子表达的影响,阐明F.nucleatum协同Cdk5促进结直肠癌形成和发展的分子机制。方法以结直肠癌细胞SW480作为研究载体,运用Western Blotting、qPCR、免疫组化和细胞划痕等实验研究F.nucleatum和Cdk5对结直肠癌形成的影响。结果免疫组化结果显示,癌组织Cdk5阳性表达率明显高于癌旁组织(t=8.218,P0.01)。细胞划痕实验结果表明,F.nucleatum菌液作用的结直肠癌细胞迁移率明显高于对照组(24 h:t=5.868,P0.01; 48 h:t=6.941,P0.01)。Western Blotting结果显示,F.nucleatum协同Cdk5可能通过STAT3通路调控结直肠癌细胞凋亡。qPCR结果显示,F.nucleatum菌液作用的结直肠癌细胞的炎症因子表达明显高于对照组(IL-6:t=5.542,P0.05; COX2:t=16.893,P0.01; TNF-α:t=16.963,P0.01; IL-8:t=3.733,P0.01)。结论 F.nucleatum协同Cdk5促进了结直肠癌细胞的迁移。     

具核梭杆菌促进结直肠癌发生发展机制研究进展

具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)是一种人体共生菌,尤其富集于口腔,在特定情况下可导致机会感染。近年来,随着微生物群与健康或疾病相关性研究的深入,具核梭杆菌与结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)之间的关联性研究备受关注。大量临床研究表明,具核梭杆菌在CRC中更为富集,且进一步的动物研究证明具核梭杆菌能够通过多种机制促进CRC的发生发展以及肿瘤耐药。本文对具核梭杆菌与CRC的关联性以及其对CRC的发生发展机制进行综述。     

快速评价肠道微生物的qPCR方法的建立

【背景】近些年,16S rRNA基因测序与宏基因组分析常用于肠道微生物病原体检测。【目的】为了使检测不受限于高成本与耗时长的问题,基于荧光探针的实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, qPCR),建立一种评估人类肠道微生物群组成的平台用于检测肠道微生物丰度。【方法】从公共数据库筛选10种肠道中普遍存在的微生物分类群,使用20个粪便样本验证为10种靶标所设计的特异性引物与探针,最后通过比较qPCR方法和16SrRNA基因测序技术的检测结果来评估该平台的有效性。【结果】10对引物及其探针对靶标分类群具有特异性并且在HITdb数据库中靶向菌种的覆盖率超过70%;样本检测结果的变异系数(coefficient of variation,CV)小于10%,证明了该方法具有很高的稳定性;qPCR方法检测样本中物种的相对丰度与16S rRNA基因序列生物信息学分析结果大部分具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。【结论】本研究根据HITdb数据库设计的靶向微生物群的引物和探针检测到的粪便样本中微生物的相对丰度结果与16S rRNA基因测序结...     

不同浓度臭氧水对牙周致病菌的体外抑菌作用

摘要：目的 探讨不同浓度臭氧水对4种牙周致病菌的体外抑菌效果。方法 采用定量悬液法,分别用1.02 ppm、2.03 ppm和3.88 ppm三种浓度臭氧水,0 ppm无臭氧水溶液（阴性对照组）及3%双氧水（阳性对照组）,对常见的4种牙周致病菌牙龈卟啉单胞菌（Porphyromonas gingivalis）、具核梭杆菌（Fusobacterium nucleatum）、中间普氏菌（Prevotella intermedia）和黏性放线菌（Actinomyces viscosus）分别作用30 s、60 s后,观察不同作用时间下3种不同浓度臭氧水的抑菌效果。结果 对P. gingivalis、F. nucleatum、P. intermedia和A. viscosus作用30 s和60 s,与阴性对照组比较,1.02 ppm、2.03 ppm和3.88 ppm三种浓度臭氧水均具有明显的抑菌效果,3.88 ppm臭氧水与3%双氧水对4种细菌作用60 s的抑菌效果相同。 结论 实验所用的3种不同浓度臭氧水对牙周致病菌P. gingivalis、F. nucleatum、P. intermedia和A. viscosus均有抑菌作用,浓度越高,抑菌效果越好,臭氧水应用于牙龈牙周疾病临床防治有一定的价值和可行性。     

具核梭杆菌通过Toll样受体促进口腔鳞状细胞癌发生发展的研究进展

口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)是常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病率和致死率位于口腔肿瘤的首位。目前,世界范围内约四分之一的恶性肿瘤与微生物感染相关。牙周主要致病菌具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum,F.nucleatum)可促进食管癌和结直肠癌恶性转化,并且与口腔鳞状细胞癌的发生发展密切相关。F.nucleaum通过与OSCC细胞外膜受体的相互作用,上调Toll样受体表达,调节免疫因子IL-6、IL-8等,实现对OSCC发生发展的影响。本研究将对Toll样受体在F.nucleaum促进OSCC发生发展中的作用机制作一综述。     

应用qPCR方法快速定量检测阴道分泌物中乳杆菌的研究

目的建立快速、定量检测女性阴道分泌物中乳杆菌的方法。方法合成针对乳杆菌的特异性引物,建立乳杆菌qPCR标准曲线后,进一步对收集得到的健康女性及细菌性阴道病女性阴道分泌物样品中乳杆菌进行定量检测。结果引物仅扩增出乳杆菌特异性DNA条带,qPCR能够检测到各分泌物样本中乳杆菌的数量。结论建立了一种快速、定量女性阴道分泌物中乳杆菌检测方法。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

New geographical distribution and host records of rust fungi from northern Thailand

Ten species of rust fungi (Crossopsora 2, Maravalia 1, Pileolaria 1, Puccinia 1, Ravenelia 1, Sphaerophragmium 1, Uredo 2, and Uromyces 1) are newly recorded together with six new host plants in Thailand.Contribution no. 194, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.