抗微生物肽CRAMP联合抗生素分散铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的增效作用研究

【目的】研究修饰后的鼠源抗微生物肽CRAMP联用抗生素对铜绿假单胞菌PAO1成熟生物被膜的分散作用,为临床联合应用抗生物被膜药物提供理论依据。【方法】采用微量肉汤稀释法测定CRAMP修饰肽和抗生素对PAO1的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)和生物被膜最小根除浓度(MBEC);采用时间杀菌曲线(time-kill curve,TKC)法测定CRAMP修饰肽及抗生素单用和联用对PAO1成熟生物被膜的杀菌活性;采用菌落计数法和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)评估CRAMP修饰肽联用抗生素对PAO1成熟生物被膜的分散作用。【结果】与单用抗生素组相比,除2种碳青霉烯类药物和4种β-内酰胺类药物,其他抗生素联合CRAMP修饰肽后的MBEC值均有不同程度的下降,万古霉素、罗红霉素和阿奇霉素下降倍数最明显(4倍)。TKC试验结果表明,CRAMP修饰肽分别联用万古霉素、罗红霉素和阿奇霉素均具有比单用药更快且更强的杀菌作用,尤其是与万古霉素联用仅在3h时杀灭了全部(100%)的生物被膜细菌。随后,通过CLSM观察发现生物被膜数量、体积、面积和单位面积荧光强度均有明显的变化。【结论】CRAMP...     

RNA-Seq揭示Foc4在外源氧化胁迫(H_2O_2)下的基因表达及细胞代谢变化

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4,Foc4)是香蕉枯萎病的强致病性病原菌。Foc4在侵染香蕉植株早期必须面对寄主的活性氧迸发。【目的】了解Foc4应对外源氧化胁迫的分子机制。【方法】利用Illumina 2500 RNA-Seq测序平台分析了经外源氧化胁迫(H_2O_2)处理的Foc4与对照在转录组水平的基因表达差异。【结果】在外源氧化胁迫条件下,Foc4的生长受到抑制。转录组测序获得了超过2千万条clean reads。进一步的差异基因表达分析以差异倍数FC (fold change)≥2且FDA值≤0.001为选择标准,发现496个基因表达上调,298个基因表达下调。GO功能富集分析显示,429个基因比对到GO功能分析数据库,在这些差异表达基因中,许多与代谢过程、生物调节、细胞过程和刺激应答有关。KEGG通路富集分析显示,有141个表达差异显著基因比对到KEGG中的50条代谢途径。其中,主要是各类氨基酸代谢途径、脂肪酸代谢途径。同时也包括与抗氧化胁迫直接相关的代谢途径,包括DNA的损伤修复、类胡萝卜素的生物合成、过氧化物酶体、谷胱甘肽代谢等。【结论】这些结果暗示,为了在强氧化胁迫环境下生存,Foc4细胞从包括直接应对氧化胁迫的信号调控途径在内的物质代谢和能量代谢均发生改变以应对环境变化的胁迫。     

c-di-GMP的磷酸二酯酶PA4781在抗菌肽Merecidin抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜中的作用

【背景】抗菌肽Merecidin可抑制临床菌株铜绿假单胞菌PA03生物被膜。PA4781基因是课题组通过生物信息学分析筛选出的差异表达基因,PA4781作为细菌第二信使分子环二鸟苷酸(cyclic diguanylate,c-di-GMP)的磷酸二酯酶具有降解c-di-GMP的作用,其在抗菌肽Merecidin抑制生物被膜中的作用机制尚不清楚。【目的】研究细菌第二信使分子c-di-GMP的磷酸二酯酶PA4781基因在抗菌肽Merecidin抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜中的作用。【方法】利用单碱基突变技术敲除PA4781基因,Sanger测序方法检测敲除的正确性。采用结晶紫染色法观察PA03菌株、PA4781过表达菌株、PA4781敲除菌株24 h生物被膜生长情况,以及在抗菌肽Merecidin 24、48、72μmol/L作用下各菌株生物被膜的生长情况。采用对羟基联苯溶液显色法检测在抗菌肽Merecidin 48、72μmol/L作用下,PA03菌株、PA4781过表达菌株、PA4781敲除菌株生物被膜藻酸盐的变化情况。【结果】Sanger测序结果显示,用pnCasPABEC系统成功实现了靶点位置的单碱基突变,提前终止了PA4781的转录;结晶紫染色结果显示,培养24h时,在24μmol/L抗菌肽Merecidin作用下PA03菌株、PA4781过表达菌株、PA4781敲除菌株生物被膜形成情况无显著性差异(P0.05),在抗菌肽Merecidin 48、72μmol/L处理下,过表达株与正常株和敲除株有显著性差异(P0.05),生物被膜明显减少,敲除株生物被膜厚度高于PA03组(P0.05)。随着抗菌肽Merecidin浓度升高各组藻酸盐含量下降,其中过表达菌株在抗菌肽Merecidin作用下藻酸盐生成量抑制率最高,可达65%。【结论】抗菌肽Merecidin能够促进细菌第二信使分子磷酸二酯酶PA4781的表达,为抗菌肽Merecidin抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的作用机制可能通过细菌第二信使分子这一信号途径提供新的研究思路。     

环境胁迫和非胁迫条件下类植物乳杆菌转录组分析

【背景】类植物乳杆菌L-ZS9是一株在食品发酵与保鲜方面具有潜在应用价值的产细菌素益生菌。【目的】深入了解环境胁迫影响类植物乳杆菌L-ZS9细菌素合成的重要相关调节基因的信息。【方法】通过高通量测序技术对类植物乳杆菌转录组进行测序,对所有转录本进行COG(Clusters of Orthologous Groups)、GO(Gene Ontology)和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)分类和Pathway注释。【结果】转录组测序显示2个样品基因覆盖度都在90%以上,差异表达基因927个,其中744个上调,183个下调。KEGG分析结果表明,649个差异表达基因中68个集中在"ABC转运途径",占10.48%,其中3个基因表达上调超过16倍,1个基因表达下调超过1/16,暗示类植物乳杆菌L-ZS9细菌素合成与"ABC转运途径"密切相关。另外多个孤儿基因表达变化也超过16倍,有的甚至表达上调达万倍。【结论】进一步拓展了类植物乳杆菌的基因信息,为类植物乳杆菌细菌素代谢途径和逆境反应研究提供了坚实的基础。     

苗期水稻响应褐飞虱取食的基因差异表达分析

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)是水稻的重要害虫之一,主要刺吸水稻韧皮部汁液为害,对水稻生产造成严重的产量和经济损失。为研究水稻响应褐飞虱取食的分子机制,对褐飞虱取食6 h后的苗期水稻进行转录组测序及基因差异表达分析。【方法】采用illumina二代测序技术获得褐飞虱取食前后水稻组织的转录组数据,利用RSEM软件进行基因表达定量和DEseq2进行差异表达分析;从差异表达基因中随机选取20个基因采用荧光定量PCR技术进行验证;采用GeneMerge软件对差异表达基因进行KEGG和GO富集分析。【结果】褐飞虱取食后,水稻转录组中的1 104个基因出现了差异表达,其中435个基因表达上调,669个基因表达下调。荧光定量PCR结果显示,20个差异表达基因中18个基因的表达变化趋势和测序结果一致,证明了转录组分析结果可靠。GO和KEGG富集分析表明,表达上调基因主要与水稻氧化应激、海藻糖合成及次生化合物代谢有关,显著富集在14个KEGG通路和30个GO功能分类中;而表达下调基因主要参与水稻纤维素、蛋白质及脂肪酸合成过程,显著富集在29个KEGG通路和26个GO功能分类。在差异表达基因中,分别有61个转录因子和13个水杨酸和茉莉酸信号通路相关基因。【结论】褐飞虱取食激发了水稻的应激反应和保护机制,同时还降低了营养合成的过程,是飞虱为害造成水稻减产的原因之一。本研究初步揭示了苗期水稻响应褐飞虱取食的差异表达基因,为研究水稻-褐飞虱互作机制以及褐飞虱抗性水稻品种培育提供了参考和依据。     

基于比较转录组分析海洋弧菌X511的褐藻胶代谢途径

【目的】从北海涠洲岛海域腐烂的马尾藻中分离得到的海洋弧菌(Vibrio X511)具有较强的利用褐藻胶能力,本文利用转录组测序的方法以研究弧菌X511的褐藻胶代谢途径。【方法】采用Illumina Hi Seq2500测序平台对菌株在褐藻胶及葡萄糖培养下的转录组进行测序;比较和分析差异转录本,利用荧光定量PCR验证测序结果;采用GO(Gene Ontology)和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)对差异转录本进行功能和Pathway注释。【结果】经比较发现,菌株在褐藻胶培养下相对于葡萄糖的培养共有2024个差异表达基因,其中1066个基因上调,958个基因下调;某些普遍存在于代谢途径中的基因在不同培养条件下也存在差异表达;海洋弧菌X511中涉及褐藻胶利用的所有基因以及合成乙醇的关键基因其转录量均有一定程度的上调;此外,通过分析发现该菌株具有独特的褐藻胶利用方式,其中的一个代谢过程尚未在弧菌中被报道。【结论】成功解析了海洋弧菌X511的褐藻胶代谢途径,丰富了生物方法降解褐藻胶的研究,为大型海藻生物质能源的研究提供有价值的数据支持。     

准噶尔小胸鳖甲短时低温胁迫响应的转录组分析

【目的】拟步甲科昆虫小胸鳖甲Microdera punctipennis是分布于中国新疆古尔班通古特沙漠的特有物种,具有很强的耐寒性,但其低温响应的分子机制尚不明确。本研究旨在利用转录组测序技术丰富小胸鳖甲的已知基因信息,分析在短时低温胁迫下,上调表达基因的主要类群及参与的主要代谢通路。【方法】利用Trinity软件对分别在4℃低温和25℃(对照)下处理3 h的小胸鳖甲成虫RNA-Seq数据进行从头组装,利用Blast2go软件进行基因注释。通过DESeq和GFOLD软件分析差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO(Gene Ontology)和KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)代谢途径富集分析。【结果】测序过滤后得到68 165 001个有效读序,51 712个平均长度为984 bp的非冗余基因,其中29 925个基因(约57.87%)有同源序列(E-value10-5),与拟步甲科的赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum相应基因相似性最高(核苷酸序列一致性为72.75%)。低温响应上调表达基因有514个,富集到35个GO类群,18个KEGG途径。其中胁迫响应类群、生物调节类群和免疫系统过程类群都占有重要比例,嘌呤代谢、硫胺素代谢、糖酵解/糖异生等代谢通路显著富集。在胁迫响应类群中,热激蛋白Hsp90基因、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)基因和钙联接蛋白Calnexin基因等8个非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达。【结论】荒漠昆虫小胸鳖甲低温转录组揭示,在4℃冷驯化过程中,代谢过程、胁迫响应、生物调节和免疫系统等生物学过程相关基因表达显著上调,其中几个非生物胁迫响应基因提示小胸鳖甲可能从分子伴侣、细胞周期阻滞、线粒体稳定性、抗氧化胁迫等多方面应对低温胁迫。KEGG富集分析所揭示的小胸鳖甲在低温下的转录组代谢通路与其他物种有较大差异。研究结果为后续生物信息学分析及小胸鳖甲耐寒关键基因的发掘及耐寒机制的揭示提供了基础数据。     

铜绿假单胞菌PAO1 ku基因缺失菌株的构建及其对生物被膜耐药性的影响

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌是常见的条件致病菌,易形成生物被膜,具有基因突变率高、耐药性强的特点。非同源末端连接是DNA双链断裂的主要修复途径之一,修复过程会导致DNA突变产生。【目的】研究非同源末端连接对生物被膜中的铜绿假单胞菌基因突变率和耐药性的影响。【方法】通过基因无痕敲除的方法构建PAO1菌株的ku基因缺失突变株Δku并构建其回补株。对比研究突变株和野生菌株生物被膜形成能力、生物被膜状态下各菌的基因突变率以及对抗生素的耐受性。通过荧光定量PCR检测生物被膜中PAO1菌株ku基因的表达水平。【结果】各突变株生物被膜形成能力无显著差异;与野生菌株相比,突变株Δku在生物被膜中的基因突变率以及对环丙沙星和庆大霉素的最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)下降。荧光定量PCR结果表明,ku基因在生物被膜形成早期转录水平有明显上调。【结论】非同源末端连接修复途径对生物被膜中的铜绿假单胞菌基因突变率以及耐药性的提高有一定的作用。本研究将为后续进一步阐释铜绿假单胞菌耐药产生机制提供一定的理论依据。     

感染黄龙病菌亚洲柑橘木虱基因表达的转录组学分析

【目的】了解亚洲柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama与黄龙病菌Canditatus Liberibacter asiaticus的分子互作机制。【方法】利用转录组(RNA-Seq)方法分别对携带和未携带黄龙病菌的柑橘木虱成虫进行转录组测序,根据获得的转录信息分析木虱携带黄龙病菌后基因表达的差异。【结果】获得了1 502个差异表达的unigenes,在带菌木虱中上调和下调的基因分别有746和756个。共有1 099个unigenes比对上NCBI蛋白数据库并获得功能注释;852个被聚类到GO的三大功能中;931个被注释到KEGG的239个代谢通路中。根据差异表达基因的GO分析,木虱代谢过程和催化活性的相关基因明显上调。此外,筛选出53个免疫相关的unigenes中,28个与细胞免疫、25个与免疫信号路径相关,分别有64%和32%表达上调。【结论】黄龙病菌和媒介昆虫柑橘木虱存在互作关系,病菌入侵后可能通过代谢活动相关基因的上调和免疫相关基因的差异表达而影响木虱的代谢活动和免疫反应过程。     

生物有机肥对盐碱地水稻叶片的影响转录组分析

改良修复盐碱地对保障粮食安全和守护耕地红线具有重要意义,种植水稻配施生物有机肥是修复改良盐碱地的一项有效措施。基于生物有机肥肥料效应,测定水稻灌浆期农艺性状,开展叶片转录组测序,通过基因本体(GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)数据库分析差异基因的生物学功能和代谢通路,以期揭示生物有机肥对盐碱地水稻的潜在促生机制。试验共设置4个处理,生物有机肥+化肥(T1)、生物有机肥灭活+化肥(T2)、化肥(T3)和空白对照(T4),结果表明,施用生物有机肥能够显著提高水稻叶面积和叶绿素、植株分蘖数和干物质量(P<0.05);T2vsT1、T3vsT1、T4vsT1、T4vsT3差异基因数量分别为6593、4796、6976和1866条,生物有机肥配施化肥引起差异基因表达数量最高,其次为灭活生物有机肥,单施化肥最小;GO分析显示,生物有机肥主要影响水稻叶片肽和酰胺的生物合成与代谢、翻译过程、细胞器及细胞器膜等,化肥对水稻叶片生物学过程影响的差异基因无显著富集(P>0.05);KEGG分析表明,施用生物有机肥差异显著基因主要富集在核糖体和能量代谢相关途径,核糖体相关基因差异表达较多...     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

New geographical distribution and host records of rust fungi from northern Thailand

Ten species of rust fungi (Crossopsora 2, Maravalia 1, Pileolaria 1, Puccinia 1, Ravenelia 1, Sphaerophragmium 1, Uredo 2, and Uromyces 1) are newly recorded together with six new host plants in Thailand.Contribution no. 194, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan     

Tracking down the "head blob": comparative analysis of wingless expression in the developing insect procephalon reveals progressive reduction of embryonic visual system patterning in higher insects

The evolution of larval head morphology in holometabolous insects is characterized by reduction of antennal appendages and the visual system components. Little insight has been gained into molecular developmental changes underlying this morphological diversification. Here we compare the expression of the segment polarity gene wingless (wg) in the pregnathal head of fruit fly, flour beetle and grasshopper embryos. We provide evidence that wg activity contributes to segment border formation, and, subsequently, the separation of the visual system and protocerebrum anlagen in the anterior procephalon. In directly developing insects like grasshopper, seven expression domains are formed during this process. The activation of four of these, which correspond to polar expression pairs in the optic lobe anlagen and the protocerebral ectoderm, has shifted to postembryonic stages in flour beetle and Drosophila. The remaining three domains map to the protocerebral neuroectoderm, and form by disintegration of a large precursor domain in flour beetle and grasshopper. In Drosophila, the precursor domain remains intact, constituting the previously described “head blob”. These data document major changes in the expression of an early patterning gene correlated with the dramatic evolution of embryonic visual system development in the Holometabola.