草地贪夜蛾取食Cry1Ab和Cry1Fa蛋白后中肠转录组及ABC基因表达分析

【目的】为揭示草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera furgiperda幼虫取食Bt蛋白后与中肠上相关ATP结合盒转运子(ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABC)蛋白基因的表达量变化的关系。【方法】分别使用含活化晶体蛋白Cry1Ab (LC₇₀=240.2 μg/g)和Cry1Fa (LC₇₀=270.0 μg/g)蛋白的人工饲料饲喂草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫48 h,利用高通量测序对中肠进行转录组测序并进行生物信息学分析,筛选处理后差异表达基因;利用RT-qPCR验证差异表达ABC基因的表达量。【结果】与饲喂正常人工饲料的对照相比,饲喂含240.2 μg/g Cry1Ab和270.0 μg/g Cry1Fa的人工饲料后草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫中肠转录组中分别检测到1 305和1 202个差异表达基因。Cry1Ab和Cry1Fa处理组与对照组之间分别有994和912个差异表达基因被GO功能注释到生物学过程、分子功能和细胞组分三大类。在最终筛选到的9个差异表达的ABC家族基因中,Cry1Ab处理组与对照组之间有4个差异表达ABC基因,3个上调,1个下调; Cry1Fa处理组与对照组之间有5个差异表达ABC基因,2个上调,3个下调;Cry1Ab和Cry1Fa处理组与对照组之间有2个ABC基因(LOC118267200和LOC118267201)表达量均显著上调。RT-qPCR验证结果表明,与对照组相比,Cry1Ab处理组有3个ABC基因表达量极显著上调,2个ABC基因表达量下调;Cry1Fa处理组有5个ABC基因表达量上调,1个ABC基因表达量下调。【结论】Cry1Ab和Cry1Fa蛋白的摄入可以影响草地贪夜蛾幼虫中肠一些ABC家族基因的表达量变化,这些基因的表达量变化与昆虫抗性产生有关。经比对后发现,ABCC家族与ABCG8基因表达量变化显著。本研究为下一步明确草地贪夜蛾体内ABC转运蛋白在Bt蛋白杀虫机制中的作用,以及合理使用Bt蛋白防治草地贪夜蛾及延缓抗性提供了理论依据。     

不同盐度胁迫下杜氏盐藻全转录组测序及注释

【目的】通过对杜氏盐藻的转录组进行测序和基因功能分析,阐明不同浓度盐胁迫对杜氏盐藻生长发育以及不同信号途径的影响。【方法】分别获取9%NaCl浓度和24%NaCl浓度培养下的杜氏盐藻转录组并通过Illumina平台进行测序。将所得的序列进行拼接、去冗余处理。【结果】获得40682个unigenes,其中注释到NR数据库的10905个,注释到NT数据库的2768个,注释到SWISS-PROT数据库的7261个,注释到COG/KOG数据库的6499个。受到高盐胁迫的杜氏盐藻细胞相比低盐环境下,有717个基因表达上调,1012个基因表达下调。进一步对60个显著差异基因进行了功能聚类,发现盐胁迫诱导了光合作用途径的基因表达。【结论】杜氏盐藻通过提高光合作用基因表达增强耐盐性。该研究最大范围上挖掘了杜氏盐藻在高盐和低盐环境的基因转录水平,为深入揭示杜氏盐藻盐胁迫下基因差异表达提供了平台,并为进一步研究杜氏盐藻耐盐机理提供理论依据。     

RNA-Seq揭示Foc4在外源氧化胁迫(H_2O_2)下的基因表达及细胞代谢变化

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号小种(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4,Foc4)是香蕉枯萎病的强致病性病原菌。Foc4在侵染香蕉植株早期必须面对寄主的活性氧迸发。【目的】了解Foc4应对外源氧化胁迫的分子机制。【方法】利用Illumina 2500 RNA-Seq测序平台分析了经外源氧化胁迫(H_2O_2)处理的Foc4与对照在转录组水平的基因表达差异。【结果】在外源氧化胁迫条件下,Foc4的生长受到抑制。转录组测序获得了超过2千万条clean reads。进一步的差异基因表达分析以差异倍数FC (fold change)≥2且FDA值≤0.001为选择标准,发现496个基因表达上调,298个基因表达下调。GO功能富集分析显示,429个基因比对到GO功能分析数据库,在这些差异表达基因中,许多与代谢过程、生物调节、细胞过程和刺激应答有关。KEGG通路富集分析显示,有141个表达差异显著基因比对到KEGG中的50条代谢途径。其中,主要是各类氨基酸代谢途径、脂肪酸代谢途径。同时也包括与抗氧化胁迫直接相关的代谢途径,包括DNA的损伤修复、类胡萝卜素的生物合成、过氧化物酶体、谷胱甘肽代谢等。【结论】这些结果暗示,为了在强氧化胁迫环境下生存,Foc4细胞从包括直接应对氧化胁迫的信号调控途径在内的物质代谢和能量代谢均发生改变以应对环境变化的胁迫。     

基于转录组分析植物乳杆菌AR195在亚油酸胁迫下的生理响应

植物乳杆菌（Lactiplantibacillus plantarum）和共轭亚油酸（CLA,Conjugated linoleic acid）均具有良好的益生特性和保健功能。目前人们已经明确了植物乳杆菌CLA生物合成的途径，但仍然缺乏对底物亚油酸（Linoleic acid,LA）响应机制的研究。文章基于转录组学分析了LA对植物乳杆菌AR195生长和基因表达的影响，结果表明LA能够抑制AR195的生长，添加LA后AR195中157个基因上调，67个基因下调，差异表达基因在代谢、环境信息处理和细胞过程等KEGG通路中富集。LA毒性主要来自于生长抑制和氧化还原失衡，而AR195可通过维持氧化还原平衡、生物转化CLA、增强碳源摄取及代谢、全局转录调控等生理响应过程缓解LA毒性。文章首次提出植物乳杆菌AR195应对LA胁迫的分子机制，为植物乳杆菌对LA的应激响应及CLA合成的内在动因提供了新的见解。     

苗期水稻响应褐飞虱取食的基因差异表达分析

【目的】褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (St?l)是水稻的重要害虫之一,主要刺吸水稻韧皮部汁液为害,对水稻生产造成严重的产量和经济损失。为研究水稻响应褐飞虱取食的分子机制,对褐飞虱取食6 h后的苗期水稻进行转录组测序及基因差异表达分析。【方法】采用illumina二代测序技术获得褐飞虱取食前后水稻组织的转录组数据,利用RSEM软件进行基因表达定量和DEseq2进行差异表达分析;从差异表达基因中随机选取20个基因采用荧光定量PCR技术进行验证;采用GeneMerge软件对差异表达基因进行KEGG和GO富集分析。【结果】褐飞虱取食后,水稻转录组中的1 104个基因出现了差异表达,其中435个基因表达上调,669个基因表达下调。荧光定量PCR结果显示,20个差异表达基因中18个基因的表达变化趋势和测序结果一致,证明了转录组分析结果可靠。GO和KEGG富集分析表明,表达上调基因主要与水稻氧化应激、海藻糖合成及次生化合物代谢有关,显著富集在14个KEGG通路和30个GO功能分类中;而表达下调基因主要参与水稻纤维素、蛋白质及脂肪酸合成过程,显著富集在29个KEGG通路和26个GO功能分类。在差异表达基因中,分别有61个转录因子和13个水杨酸和茉莉酸信号通路相关基因。【结论】褐飞虱取食激发了水稻的应激反应和保护机制,同时还降低了营养合成的过程,是飞虱为害造成水稻减产的原因之一。本研究初步揭示了苗期水稻响应褐飞虱取食的差异表达基因,为研究水稻-褐飞虱互作机制以及褐飞虱抗性水稻品种培育提供了参考和依据。     

茶树种子发育过程的转录组分析

该研究以‘铁观音’茶树品种的种子为试验材料,采用转录组测序技术分析种子发育的3个时期(幼果期、膨大期、成熟期)的表达差异,探究茶树种子油脂代谢的分子机制。结果表明:(1)经转录组测序、组装后共获得30 940 581个clean reads,经数据合并拼接最终得到36 951条非冗余Unigene序列,其中28 476个Unigene可得到功能注释;在转录本中能够被注释到GO分类的Unigene有11 201条(30.3%),KEGG分析发现共有17 172个基因参与了127个代谢通路。(2)经KEGG通路筛选出14条与脂肪酸代谢相关的通路,且随着茶籽的发育,大部分脂肪酸调控途径相关基因呈下调趋势,其中上调基因数最多的有α-亚麻酸代谢途径和脂肪酸降解途径(有17个基因表达量上调),下调基因数最多的是甘油磷脂代谢途径(有58个基因表达量下调);在茶籽发育幼果期α-亚麻酸代谢途径中表达量上调的基因数超过表达量下调的基因数。(3)研究发现茶籽脂肪酸合成相关的基因涉及14个脂类调控途径,共409条差异基因;随着茶树种子发育到成熟期,上调的差异表达基因数量在减少,下调的差异表达基因数量增加,其中α-亚麻酸途径中的基因PLA2G16、DAD1、pldA、FabF、FabI表达量上调显著,随后表达量下调。(4)qRT-PCR检测结果表明,7个茶树FAD和1个ACP差异表达基因的水平与转录组测序结果基本一致;随着茶籽的发育,基因CsFAD7和Δ6-CsFAD从幼果期、果实膨大期至果实成熟期都为差异下调表达,CsFAD2、CsFAD6和Δ7-CsFAD为差异上调表达,CsFAD8、Δ8-CsFAD和CsACP在幼果期至果实膨大期差异上调表达,在果实膨大期至果实成熟期差异下调表达。     

基于转录组测序的花烟草低温胁迫响应转录因子挖掘

为了鉴定参与花烟草低温胁迫的转录因子,对花烟草幼苗进行了4℃低温处理,并在处理后12 h采集其幼苗样本,提取总RNA后,采用高通量测序技术,进行了转录组测序。在对差异表达基因进行GO及KEGG分析的基础上,对参与其中的转录因子进行了挖掘,并采用qRT-PCR的方法,对转录组测序的结果进行了验证。结果表明,低温处理后,花烟草基因表达量变化在2倍以上的基因有8388个(P<0.01),其中,上调表达4229个,下调表达4159个。这些差异表达基因的功能归类于生物过程、细胞组分及分子功能3大类69个GO条目,并显著富集在40条KEGG代谢通路中。同时,在低温胁迫下,花烟草有118个转录因子的表达发生了显著改变,其中,上调表达82个,下调表达36个。这些转录因子属于28个家族,其中,数量最多的为NAC家族19个,其次为ERF家族16个、MYB家族15个、WRKY家族15个。本研究的结果为花烟草低温响应分子机制的研究提供了借鉴。     

伞裙追寄蝇滞育关联基因的转录组学分析

【目的】本研究旨在探讨调控伞裙追寄蝇Exorista civilis滞育的重要关联基因以及代谢途径,为明确该虫在转录组水平下的滞育分子机制提供理论基础。【方法】采用新一代高通量测序平台Illumina HiSeq^TM2000对伞裙追寄蝇非滞育以及滞育的蛹进行转录组测序分析以及生物信息学分析;应用KAAS在线pathway比对分析工具对筛选出的满足padj＜0.05且fold change≥32或padj＜0.05且fold change≤1/32条件的差异表达基因进行KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】根据测序结果,共获取58 050个基因。差异倍数在32倍以上的滞育关联基因(diapause-associated genes, DAGs)有454个,其中406个表达上调,共涉及134条通路,包括氧化磷酸化、柠檬酸循环及其他重要通路;48个表达下调,涉及32条通路。KEGG通路富集分析结果表明,滞育关联基因主要集中在信号转导、内分泌系统、碳水化合物代谢等途径中。【结论】本研究获得的伞裙追寄蝇转录组数据揭示了其滞育调控的重要代谢途径与关联基因。     

联苯培养条件下红球菌R04转录表达和苯甲酸代谢途径解析

摘要:【目的】研究不同碳源,特别是联苯条件下红球菌的细胞转录应答,以挖掘与多氯联苯(PCBs)转运、代谢及其调控相关的基因,为进一步全面理解PCB微生物降解的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】以一株多氯联苯降解菌红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.R04)为材料,分别提取不同碳源(乙醇、葡萄糖和联苯)培养条件下菌体的总RNA,反转录合成cDNA。采用高通量测序法分别对这三种样品进行转录组测序,分析测序数据得出全基因组表达模式,并对不同条件下的基因表达进行差示分析,进而对联苯代谢网络和红球菌中其他基因的转录调节和代谢应答反应做出相关性分析。Q-RT-PCR分析不同碳源培养条件下的基因表达情况。【结果】测序结果表明,与葡萄糖和乙醇相比,联苯培养条件下明显上调(log2 Ratio 1)基因个数分别为375和332个。与葡萄糖相比,联苯培养条件下,相关基因上调表达量与Q-RT-PCR实验结果基本一致。功能分类获得细胞组分、分子功能和生物学过程三大类别160多个细小分支的差示表达基因,部分基因参与联苯代谢转录调控、联苯转运、抗氧化应激反应以及信号传导通路系统等多种生理过程。参与联苯上游代谢途径的众多同工酶基因中,只有bphC2和bphD1在联苯中大量上调表达,其余同工酶在联苯中基本量不变或下调表达。转录组注释及差示分析推测,红球菌R04中苯甲酸的代谢主要是通过儿茶酚邻位途径、间位途径以及原儿茶酸途径三条代谢途径完成。【结论】与葡萄糖和乙醇相比,红球菌R04在联苯培养条件下基因表达差异明显,这为我们进一步解析多氯联苯代谢特征和代谢调控提供理论依据。     

基于转录组分析铜绿假单胞菌DN1降解荧蒽特性

[背景]铜绿假单胞菌DN1是一株从石油污染土壤中分离筛选到的具有广谱降解功能的菌株。[目的]深入了解荧蒽胁迫条件下铜绿假单胞菌DN1降解污染物过程中重要的降解相关基因信息。[方法]通过高通量测序技术对铜绿假单胞菌DN1进行转录组测序,对其所有的转录本进行KEGG (kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)分类和Pathway注释、GO (gene ontology)分类和富集分析。[结果]转录组测序显示:与对照组相比,荧蒽诱导组检测到6 189个基因,其中1 919个基因上调表达,1 603个基因下调表达。KEGG注释分析显示差异上调表达基因匹配到了112个KEGG代谢途径,注释到"代谢途径"的1 408个基因(约占总差异基因的73.4%)中有317个基因参与了碳氢化合物代谢及含有苯环结构的异源生物质的生物降解,占"代谢途径"的16.53%,暗示了菌株DN1降解荧蒽可能与这些途径有密切关系。另外,主要代谢途径中的差异表达基因主要集中在ABC转运系统、氨基酸生物合成、双组分系统及碳代谢,这些途径大多数参与了底物的识别转运、信号转导及基因表达调控。[结论]进一步拓展了铜绿假单胞菌DN1在荧蒽胁迫条件下的代谢途径和逆境反应,也为微生物修复环境污染物研究夯实了理论基础。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.