山东省东北部车镇凹陷古近系沙河街组滨浅湖沉积中的遗迹群落

济阳坳陷车镇凹陷古近系沙河街组滨浅湖沉积中产有十分丰富的动物遗迹化石,共鉴定出遗迹属 10个,未定属 1个,其中遗迹种 7个,未定种 4个。遗迹化石包括Beaconitesantarcticus, Beaconitescapronus, Planolitesmontanus, Macaronichnussegregatis, Taenidiumbarretti, Cochlichnusanguineus, Gordiasp., Skolithossp., Ophiomorphanodosa, Sagittichnussp.和Favreinasp.。这一遗迹化石群落主要是无脊椎动物的进食迹、觅食迹、居住迹和停息迹,其中大部分呈全浮痕保存,少数呈上浮痕保存,并形成于经常干旱和周期性泛滥的滨浅湖沉积环境中。该群落可识别出两个遗迹化石组合,即 1)Beaconites Taenidium组合,它主要产自干旱气候条件下的滨浅湖沉积环境;2)Sko lithos Ophiomorpha组合,它代表了丰水期水体能量相对较高的滨湖沉积环境。     

河南泌阳凹陷古近纪核桃园组遗迹化石组合及其环境意义——兼论深水湖泊遗迹相特征

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近纪核桃园组湖泊沉积中发育大量遗迹化石,含5个遗迹组合,形成于从滨湖到深湖的不同沉积环境中。Taenidiumserpentinum遗迹组合反映稍有覆水并周期性暴露的低能滨湖环境;Skolithos linearis遗迹组合代表湖泊中上临滨环境;Planolites montanus遗迹组合与低能浅湖环境有关;Skolithos verticalis遗迹组合形成于浅湖的远源风暴沉积中;Semirotundichnus dongyingensis遗迹组合发育在贫氧的半深湖-深湖沉积环境中。     

四川龙门山地区下泥盆统平驿铺组的遗迹化石

四川龙门山甘溪剖面下泥盆统平驿铺组的滨浅海相地层中赋存无脊椎动物遗迹化石,可识别出居住迹、停息迹、觅食迹3大类,鉴定为11属,包括Arenicolites,Chondrites,Cylindrichnus,Diplocraterion,Palaeophycus,Planolites,Phycodes,Rhizocorallium,Rusophycus,Skolithos和Thalassinoides。根据遗迹化石特征及其沉积环境,可识别出5个遗迹组合:1)Planolites-Palaeophycus遗迹组合,主要由觅食迹组成,指示低能的砂质近滨环境;2)Rusophycus-Phycodes遗迹组合,主要是觅食迹和停息迹,形成于低能的近滨环境;3)Chondrites-Palaeophycus遗迹组合,主要是居住迹和觅食迹,反映了贫氧低能的近滨下部环境;4)Skolithos-Cylindrichnus遗迹组合,主要由居住迹组成,形成于高能的前滨环境;5)Skolithos-Diplocraterion遗迹组合,主要为居住迹和觅食迹组合,反映了低能、食物丰富的近滨上部环境。     

豫西寒武系第二、三统馒头组固底控制的遗迹化石北大核心CSCD

依据沉积学及遗迹学特征,豫西寒武系第二、三统馒头组共识别出固底遗迹化石11属15种,包括抓痕、爬痕类和潜穴类遗迹化石。节肢动物抓痕、爬痕类固底遗迹化石形成在沉积-水界面很浅处,保存为极为清晰、完整、精细的附肢痕迹,多形成于细粒的泥岩或粉砂质泥岩层面上,部分保存为上覆粗粒沉积物的底面铸型;潜穴类固底遗迹化石不发育外壁,以水平或近水平分布为主,保存有清晰的潜穴形态,潜穴表面发育精美的纹饰,充填物与围岩反差较大,被动充填上覆的粗粒沉积物或者聚集海底迂回的砂粒得以保存。发育遗迹化石的固底底质主要由沉积物长期或间歇性暴露和低的沉积物混合程度所致。     

川西峨眉晚白垩世夹关期河流沉积中的痕迹化石群落*

晚白垩世夹关组中的痕迹化石群落至少由12个痕迹属17个痕迹种组成,其中包括5个新痕迹种,即Cystichrtium cuwatitivum,Steinichnus laryus,Paradidymaulichnus emeiertsis,Monmorphichnus lineates和Rusophycus univalvis.这一化石群落主要是无脊椎动物的进食迹、觅食迹、爬迹、停息迹和居住迹,其中多数呈下浮痕和全浮痕保存,并形成于经常干旱的河流环境(大多出现在泛滥平原沉积中).该群落可识别出两个痕迹化石组合,即1) Scoyenia-Steinichnus-Rusophycus组合,它主要产自泛滥平原和漫滩环境;2)Skolithos-Arenicolites组合,它代表一种水道砂坝或曲流砂坝环境.     

豫西寒武系第二、三统馒头组固底控制的遗迹化石

依据沉积学及遗迹学特征,豫西寒武系第二、三统馒头组共识别出固底遗迹化石11属15种,包括抓痕、爬痕类和潜穴类遗迹化石。节肢动物抓痕、爬痕类固底遗迹化石形成在沉积-水界面很浅处,保存为极为清晰、完整、精细的附肢痕迹,多形成于细粒的泥岩或粉砂质泥岩层面上,部分保存为上覆粗粒沉积物的底面铸型;潜穴类固底遗迹化石不发育外壁,以水平或近水平分布为主,保存有清晰的潜穴形态,潜穴表面发育精美的纹饰,充填物与围岩反差较大,被动充填上覆的粗粒沉积物或者聚集海底迂回的砂粒得以保存。发育遗迹化石的固底底质主要由沉积物长期或间歇性暴露和低的沉积物混合程度所致。     

下扬子地区三叠纪黄马青组遗迹化石与古环境

报道了长江下游地区中三叠统黄马青组中所产的遗迹化石是一个主要由节肢动物等造成的以水平进食潜穴和垂直的居住构造以及沿层面爬行的足迹组成的,分异度相对较低但丰度相对较高的遗迹化石组合。通过遗迹化石共生组合的分析,结合伴生遗体化石动物群的生态习性以及围岩物理成因沉积构造特征,阐明了黄马青组的遗迹相并对其古环境问题进行了讨论,同时还简要地描述了其中１１个主要的遗迹化石属种。     

重庆万州下侏罗统自流井组湖相遗迹化石新类型及其古环境意义*

描述在重庆万州区铁峰山下侏罗统自流井组大安寨段首次发现的遗迹化石,鉴定为新种Palaeophycus tiefengshanensis。该种以潜穴表面瘤状凸起特征与较大的潜穴尺寸区别于古藻迹其他遗迹种。遗迹组构分析表明该遗迹化石产出层位的层面生物扰动指数为最高级5,说明原始沉积环境的食物供给充足,氧含量高,造迹生物大量繁盛并活动频繁。根据沉积相变化特征,四川盆地东部地区自流井组沉积期经历了与四川盆地北部地区类似的古环境变迁即湖退过程。两者区别在于四川盆地东部自流井组局部层段可能更适宜底栖动物生存。     

贵州台江下-中寒武统凯里组遗迹化石群落与环境关系的探讨

通过贵州台江凯里组中丰富的、分异度较高的、以原地埋藏为特征的遗迹化石的研究,探讨凯里组遗迹化石群落的沉积环境和埋藏环境。凯里组遗迹化石群落以节肢动物和软体动物的停息迹、爬行迹和游泳迹占优势,浅层内生爬行觅食潜穴和系统觅食潜穴占有一定的地位,也见有浅的居住滤食性潜穴,属Seilacher的Cruziana遗迹相,为正常浪基面和风暴浪基面之间的浅海软质基底陆棚低能环境,那里盐度正常、光照充足、含氧量充分、水体平静、沉积速率较快。在此环境中,浮游、游泳以及底栖爬行和固着生物类型大量地生长、繁殖和活动,表生遗迹和浅层内生遗迹十分丰富。生物死亡后的腐烂和分解,使得食泥生物大量繁盛。随着沉积物的覆盖和被埋藏生物遗体的分解、腐烂,沉积物内部还原能力逐渐增强,导致分解和腐烂过程终止。     

塔里木盆地晚泥盆世东河塘组河口湾相遗迹化石

河口湾具有特定的环境条件和沉积组成,其遗迹化石具有半咸水沉积的遗迹群落特征。描述和分析塔里木盆地塔中4井区上泥盆统东河塘组河口湾沉积中的遗迹化石和生物扰动构造后,发现3类遗迹组构,其中Ophiomorpha遗迹组构发育在纯净砂岩中,与河口湾潮汐砂坝有关;Skolithos遗迹组构发育在薄层砂岩中,与河口湾砂坪有关;Palaeophycus遗迹组构发育在泥岩中,与河口湾泥坪、砂泥坪有关。     

山东济阳坳陷古近系沙河街组深水湖沉积中的遗迹化石

山东济阳坳陷古近系沙河街组深水湖沉积地层主要由深灰色、褐灰色泥岩、油泥岩、泥灰岩和石灰岩以及岩盐组成,浊流沉积发育。已发现深水型遗迹化石有12个遗迹属14个遗迹种,包括3个新遗迹属6个新遗迹种。根据这些遗迹化石的组成与分布特征及其围岩的沉积特征,可以划分出2种不同沉积环境下的遗迹化石群落,即(1)Mermoides-Neonereites遗迹群落,主要由觅食迹(Fodinichnia)和牧食迹(Pascichnia)组成,常见分子有Mermoides chezhenensis,Mermoides latiusculus,Neonereites uniserialis,Hel minthoidichnitescf.tenuis,Hel-minthopsis abeli,Pilichnus lacustris,Multilagueichnus lingpanensis,Cochlichnus anguineus,Gordiaichnosp.,Palaeophycus tubularis和Planolites beverleyensis等,它们被解释形成于半深水湖或较深水湖沉积环境;(2)Semi-rotundichnus遗迹群落,以半圆形、小碟形牧食迹为其特征,典型组成分子有Semirotundichnus dongyingensis,Pa-tellarisichnus boxingensis和Neonereites uniserialis等,它们均产生于深水湖沉积环境。     

北京昌平青白口系痕迹化石

北京昌平青白口系长龙山组和景儿峪组发育有丰富的痕迹化石,其中长龙山组产有Ｈｅｌｍｉｎｔｈｏｐｓｉｓ ｓｐ．,Ｃｏｃｈｌｉｃｈｎｕｓ ｓｐ．,代表潮下低能环境;景儿峪组产有Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ ｓｐ．和Ｍｏｎｏｃｒａｔｅｒｉｏｎ ｓｐ．,代表高能潮间环境。     

Reassessment of sediments and trace fossils from old red sandstone (Lower devonian) of Dunure,Scotland, described by John Smith (1909)

In 1909 John Smith, a Scottish naturalist and geologist,described 23 «genera and 51 «species of trace fossils from small patches of sediment associated with andesite lava flows at Dunure, Ayrshire. He interpreted the traces as evidence of a diverse invertebrate fauna which inhabited small pools and fissures in the lava surface between eruptions. Smith's collection (c. 300 specimens) was presented to the British Geological Survey, Edinburgh but has remained largely unstudied.Re-examination of the Smith collection shows thatit came from 3 separate localities which differ in composition of the ichnofaunas, associated sediments and sedimentary structures. Arthropod trackways dominate the ichnofauna occurring in laminated siltstone frequently with ripple marks and foam marks suggesting formation in shallow lacustrine conditions. Preservational and behavioural analysis of trace fossils reveals about 10 valid ichnogenera of locomotion and swimming trackways, resting traces, feeding trails but few burrows. Presence of early terrestrial arthropod traces is uncertain. Palaeocological interpretation is of ephemeral lakes in distal braid-plain situation subject to subsurface invasion of andesite lava producing fluidization and deformation of wet sediment. The Dunure ichnocoenosis shows unique diversity of Devonian arthropod trace fossils.     

Facies distribution and sequence stratigraphy of the Coniacian–Santonian succession of the Bangestan Palaeo-high in the Bangestan Anticline,SW Iran

This study is focused on the sedimentary environments, facies distribution, and sequence stratigraphy of the Coniacian–Santonian sediments of the Bangestan Palaeo-high in the Bangestan Anticline (Zagros, Iran). These sediments are subdivided into nine microfacies types belonging to various sedimentary environments, ranging from continental lacustrine to very shallow and relatively deep-water (hemipelagic to pelagic) marine environments. The lower boundary of the studied sections is characterised by an unconformity. The lacustrine and very shallow marine sediments at the base of the studied sections are interpreted as a lowstand system tract. The establishment of an open shelf carbonate platform took place during the transgressive system tract. The maximum flooding zone of the Early Santonian is an important surface because it extends from the distal to the proximal part of the depositional environment.     

Trace fossil analysis of lacustrine facies and basins

Two ichnofacies are typical of lacustrine depositional systems. The Scoyenia ichnofacies characterizes transitional terrestrial/nonmarine aquatic substrates, periodically inundated or desiccated, and therefore is commonly present in lake margin facies. The Mermia ichnofacies is associated with well oxygenated, permanent subaqueous, fine-grained substrates of hydrologically open, perennial lakes. Bathymetric zonations within the Mermia ichnofacies are complicated by the wide variability of lacustrine systems. Detected proximal–distal trends are useful within particular lake basins, but commonly difficult to extrapolate to other lakes. Other potential ichnofacies include the typically marine Skolithos ichnofacies for high-energy zones of lakes and substrate-controlled, still unnamed ichnofacies, associated to lake margin deposits. Trace fossils are useful for sedimentologic analysis of event beds. Lacustrine turbidites are characterized by low-diversity suites, reflecting colonization by opportunistic organisms after the turbidite event. Underflow current beds record animal activity contemporaneous with nearly continuous sedimentation. Ichnologic studies may also help to distinguish between marine and lacustrine turbidites. Deep-marine turbidites host the Nereites ichnofacies that consists of high diversity of ornate grazing traces and graphoglyptids, recording highly specialized feeding strategies developed to solve the problem of the scarcity of food in the deep sea. Deep lacustrine environments contain the Mermia ichnofacies, which is dominated by unspecialized grazing and feeding traces probably related to the abundance and accessibility of food in lacustrine systems. The lower diversity of lacustrine ichnofaunas in comparison with deep-sea assemblages more likely reflects lower species diversity as a consequence of less stable conditions. Increase of depth and extent of bioturbation through geologic time produced a clear signature in the ichnofabric record of lacustrine facies. Paleozoic lacustrine ichnofaunas are typically dominated by surface trails with little associated bioturbation. During the Mesozoic, bioturbation depth was higher in lake margin facies than in fully lacustrine deposits. While significant degrees of bioturbation were attained in lake margin facies during the Triassic, major biogenic disruption of primary bedding in subaqueous lacustrine deposits did not occur until the Cretaceous.     

Infaunal communities and tiering in Early Palaeozoic nearshore clastic environments: trace-fossil evidence from the Cambro-Ordovician of New South Wales

Understanding of the palaeoecology of Early Palaeozoic shallow-marine communities in sandy habitats is incomplete. Reasons for this include the poor preservation of body fossils and the dominance of Skolithos piperock in sandstones of that age. Cambrian and Ordovician deposits preserving diverse nearshore trace-fossil assemblages are therefore of critical importance for assessing the early evolution of marine ecosystems. The basal part of the Cambro-Ordovician Bynguano Formation of the Mootwingee area (New South Wales, Australia) is a series of interbedded sandstones and mudstones, which were deposited under nearshore conditions. These strata provide an early example of the Arenicolites ichnofacies. Two ichnocoenoses are distinguished in the sandstones of this unit. A 'predepositional' ichnocoenosis, which reflects the benthic community prior to episodes of sand deposition, includes dense aggregations of Rusophycus with rare Planolites. The 'postdepositional' ichnocoenosis is more diverse and includes Thalassinoides, Arenicolites (various types), Monocraterion, Skolithos, Trichichnus , and epichnial grooves. The tiered structure developed in this ichnocoenosis is preserved as a 'frozen tiered profile' and is characterised by a Thalassinoides tier, 10–30 cm in depth, which is cross-cut by Skolithos and Arenicolitesin the middle tier, and by Arenicolites and Trichichnusin the shallowest tier. The pattern of tiering indicates that a complex ecosystem of opportunistic organisms, capable of exploiting shifting substrates, had evolved by the earliest Ordovician. □ Predepositional, postdepositional frozen tier profile, ichnocoenosis, nearshore clastics, RUSOPHYCUS, Cambro-Ordovician, Bynguano Formation, Mootwingee, New South Wales.