川西南峨眉山地区上白垩统夹关组遗迹组构特征及其环境意义

川西南峨眉山地区上白垩统夹关组由一套厚层到块状中、细砂岩组成,夹有少量粉砂岩和泥岩,底部有砾岩。本组地层中发育有丰富的遗迹化石,共识别出9属11种。根据遗迹化石的分布情况,划分出了5种遗迹组构,即:Palaeophycus遗迹组构、Arenicolites遗迹组构、Skolithos遗迹组构、Planolites遗迹组构和Scoyenia遗迹组构;结合它们所分布岩层的沉积特征,认为前三者分别分布于河流环境中水动力强的边滩下部、水动力中等到较强的边滩中上部和边滩向堤岸过渡的环境,后两者分布于水动力较弱的天然堤环境。     

川中-川南地区上三叠统滨浅湖沉积中的遗迹化石

川中-川南地区上三叠统滨浅湖沉积中产有丰富的动物遗迹化石,识别为3大类6属8种,包括Sko-lithos linearis,S.verticalis,Ophiomorpha nodosa,Planolites beverleyensis,P.montanus,Palaeophycus tubularis,Taenidiumsatanassi和Cochlichnus anguineus,另外,逃逸构造也很发育。这些遗迹化石主要是无脊椎动物的居住迹、进食迹和觅食迹,大多为全浮痕和上浮痕保存。根据遗迹化石的组合特征及其沉积环境,可识别出3个遗迹组合:1)Skolithos linearis遗迹组合,主要由长的垂直或高角度倾斜的悬食居住潜穴构成,反映高能的砂质滨湖环境;2)Cochlichnus-Planolites遗迹组合,主要由进食迹和牧食迹组成,形成于低能的滨湖沼泽环境;3)Skolithos-Planol-ites遗迹组合,以居住潜穴和进食潜穴为主,遗迹化石的丰度较高,代表潮湿气候条件下的浅湖环境。根据生物扰动的分布及扰动强度,浅湖中可识别出两类扰动类型,即1)砂泥边界扰动,扰动主要发育于砂泥交界处,代表了浅湖下部环境;2)薄砂层扰动,扰动主要发育于薄砂层中,主要出现于浅湖中下部沉积中。     

河南泌阳凹陷古近纪核桃园组遗迹化石组合及其环境意义——兼论深水湖泊遗迹相特征

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近纪核桃园组湖泊沉积中发育大量遗迹化石,含5个遗迹组合,形成于从滨湖到深湖的不同沉积环境中。Taenidiumserpentinum遗迹组合反映稍有覆水并周期性暴露的低能滨湖环境;Skolithos linearis遗迹组合代表湖泊中上临滨环境;Planolites montanus遗迹组合与低能浅湖环境有关;Skolithos verticalis遗迹组合形成于浅湖的远源风暴沉积中;Semirotundichnus dongyingensis遗迹组合发育在贫氧的半深湖-深湖沉积环境中。     

遗迹化石Chondritess的指相意义和阶层分布

介绍和评述Chondrites的基本特征和流行的成因解释,记述最近发现于美国犹他州中西部北美下一中奥陶统之交层型剖面上的Chondrites遗迹组构的不寻常特征和属性：细小的Chondrites被所有与之共生的遗迹化石交切,形成于水与沉积物界面附近缺氧的早期软底质中,Chondrites是形成最早和最浅的遗迹阶层。流行的遗迹相和遗迹阶层模式的不足是：前者在操作上,简单地将遗迹化石及其组合处理为同沉积或准同沉积的物理沉积构造,忽略了造迹活动的多阶段和多阶层的特点;后者的资料基础仅依据中生代以来的地层记录,对重大生物一环境事件和造迹生物生态习性演化对遗迹阶层形成和分布的影响注重不够。指出Chondrites的阶层分布和对古氧相的示踪在古生代与中生代有重要差别。     

遗迹化石Chondrites的指相意义和阶层分布

介绍和评述Chondrites的基本特征和流行的成因解释 ,记述最近发现于美国犹他州中西部北美下 中奥陶统之交层型剖面上的Chondrites遗迹组构的不寻常特征和属性 :细小的Chondrites被所有与之共生的遗迹化石交切 ,形成于水与沉积物界面附近缺氧的早期软底质中 ,Chondrites是形成最早和最浅的遗迹阶层。流行的遗迹相和遗迹阶层模式的不足是 :前者在操作上 ,简单地将遗迹化石及其组合处理为同沉积或准同沉积的物理沉积构造 ,忽略了造迹活动的多阶段和多阶层的特点 ;后者的资料基础仅依据中生代以来的地层记录 ,对重大生物 环境事件和造迹生物生态习性演化对遗迹阶层形成和分布的影响注重不够。指出Chondrites的阶层分布和对古氧相的示踪在古生代与中生代有重要差别     

塔里木盆地下志留统遗迹组构及其环境解释

遗迹组构是由生物成因改造的沉积岩组构,是物理过程和生物过程相互作用的产物,文中运用生物扰动指数和遗迹组构组分图解综合分析方法在塔里木盆地下志留统塔塔埃尔塔格组中建立４个遗迹组构,即反映下临滨和滨外环境的Ｈelminthopsis-Diplocraterion复合遗迹组构,反映了下临滨环境的Ｐalaeophycus遗迹组构和Ｓkolihos遗迹组构,反映中上临滨环境的Ｓkolithos-Arenicolites遗迹组构,对遗迹化石和生物扰动构造进行阶层分析,从中识别出受固底质控制的遗迹化石Ｄiplocraterion,常代表层序地层学中的重要界面。     

黔南独山下、中泥盆统遗迹相与层序地层学研究

黔南独山下、中泥盆统含丰富的遗迹化石,分别归属为Ｓｃｏｙｅｎｉａ,Ｇｌｏｓｉｆｕｎｇｉｔｅｓ,Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ,Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ,Ｚｏｏｐｈｙｃｏｓ等５个遗迹相。通过遗迹化石和层序地层学的研究,下、中泥盆统可识别出１７个三级层序。遗迹化石在剖面上有规律地产出与海平面的升降密切相关。海侵向陆地快速推进,在贫氧条件下沉积的屯上组之下的沉积间断面可作为独山地区下、中泥盆统的界线,而中、上泥盆统的界线则置于贺家寨组第一饥饿层（黑色钙质页岩）之上。独山抬升所代表的地壳运动在华南地区较为普遍,可与全球性的Ｐ．ｖａｒｃｕｓ带早、中期海平面迅速下降相对比。     

塔里木盆地西北缘志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组上段的遗迹化石

通过对塔里木盆地柯坪地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组上段遗迹化石的研究,识别出8属8种。根据组成、产状、分布规律及其围岩沉积特征,划分为2种不同沉积环境条件下的遗迹组合,即(1)Thalassinoides-Maca-ronichnus遗迹组合,主要组成分子有Thalassinoides suevicus,Macaronichnus segregatis和Rhizocorallium ganx-iensis等,形成于高氧高能的砂坪沉积环境;(2)Scoyenia-Beaconites遗迹组合,常见组成分子有Scoyenia gracilis,Beaconites antarcticus,Planolites vulgaris,Palaeophycus wutingensis和Monocraterioncf.tentaculatum,形成于混合坪-泥坪沉积环境。     

Longfengshania的形态学特征和归属

华北地台南部中寒武世徐庄组为一套以砂、页岩和灰岩为主的碎屑和碳酸盐沉积,下部以碎屑沉积为主,上部主要是碳酸盐岩,与上覆地层张夏组和下伏地层毛庄组均为整合接触。徐庄组内除了含有三叶虫实体化石外,还含有大量的遗迹化石,这些遗迹化石主要是产在下部的碎屑岩中。关于徐庄组顶、底界线,我们采用卢衍豪等(1953)的划分方案,下部以Hsuchuangia带为底界,上部以Bailiella带为顶界。本文所研究的遗迹化石分别采自山东张夏、汶南,江苏徐州和河南鲁山的中寒武世徐庄组。通过遗迹化石的研究,我们在徐庄组建立了Cruziana barbata-Rusophycus ramellensis遗迹群落,结合三叶虫实体化石,相分析等,探讨了徐庄组的沉积环境。     

豫西寒武系第二、三统馒头组固底控制的遗迹化石北大核心CSCD

依据沉积学及遗迹学特征,豫西寒武系第二、三统馒头组共识别出固底遗迹化石11属15种,包括抓痕、爬痕类和潜穴类遗迹化石。节肢动物抓痕、爬痕类固底遗迹化石形成在沉积-水界面很浅处,保存为极为清晰、完整、精细的附肢痕迹,多形成于细粒的泥岩或粉砂质泥岩层面上,部分保存为上覆粗粒沉积物的底面铸型;潜穴类固底遗迹化石不发育外壁,以水平或近水平分布为主,保存有清晰的潜穴形态,潜穴表面发育精美的纹饰,充填物与围岩反差较大,被动充填上覆的粗粒沉积物或者聚集海底迂回的砂粒得以保存。发育遗迹化石的固底底质主要由沉积物长期或间歇性暴露和低的沉积物混合程度所致。     

Trace fossils in middle to late triassic fluvial redbeds,pranhita‐godavari valley,south India

Several morphological varieties of trace fossils abound in Middle and Late Triassic fluvial redbeds in the Pranhita‐Godavari Valley, south India, including Skolithos, Palaeophycus, Taenidium, escape burrows, and a type of trace very similar to ‘small stuffed burrows’ from the Triassic of Greenland. Burrow morphology was influenced by local hydrodynamic conditions. The distribution of burrows was facies controlled; some forms are restricted to channel deposits whereas others occur only in floodplains. Vertical dwelling burrows (Skolithos) occur in both channel and floodplain deposits. Horizontal structures representing deposit feeding (Taenidium) are confined to nondepositional surfaces within parallel‐laminated sandstones having parting lineations that represent catastrophically emplaced sand‐sheets in channels and proximal floodplains. Vertical escape burrows are confined to what were slowly but continually accreting parallel‐laminated sands of channel bars. Horizontal dwelling burrows (Palaeophycus) and ‘small stuffed burrows’ are virtually restricted to the smaller sandsheets of floodplain drainage systems.

The burrow assemblages do not occur as recurrent associations throughout the redbed sequence, and variations in different stratigraphic levels seem to be controlled by minor differences within a broadly similar environment. The entire assemblage has components of both the Scoyenia and Rusophycus ichnocoenoses reported from East Greenland but may be considered as the Scoyenia ichnofacies characteristic of redbeds deposited in extensive floodplains dissected by small streams, even though no Scoyenia individuals are present.     

Paleontological evidence of a brief global sea-level event during the last interglacial

A gently undulating to flat erosion surface with shallow-water borings and burrows is present in the midst of a Sangamonian (Eemian; marine oxygen isotope substage 5e) reefal facies on the islands of San Salvador and Great Inagua, Bahamas. Precise U/Th dating of corals above and below this surface show that it formed around 125-124 ka, and that the sea-level regressive-transgressive cycle which produced it lasted for 1500 years or less. The surface occurs on entirely carbonate rocks and has a low relief punctuated by erosional channels and karstic caves formed during the sea-level lowstand. A terra rossa paleosol, developed during that lowstand, partially fills a set of large lithophagid bivalve borings ( Gastrochaenolites torpedo ), showing that they were excavated during the regression. Rhizomorphs formed by plant roots occur on the erosion surface at Great Inagua. Extensive boring of the upward-facing surfaces occurred during the ensuing transgression, including a smaller G. torpedo and a clionid sponge boring ( Entobia ovula ). The bored surface is encrusted by a variety of shallow-water corals and, eventually, the re-established bank-barrier coral reefs. A sparse assemblage of serpulid worm and vermicularid gastropod tubes encrusted the channel and cave walls. Robust Ophiomorpha burrow systems occur within pockets of sediment in the coral facies both below and above the erosion surface. The channels and caves are filled with transgressive calcarenitic sediments in which occur numerous Ophiomorpha and Skolithos burrows. The ichnofossils on, below, and above this erosion surface are prominent indicators of a short-lived but significant global sea-level event.     

Trace Fossils in Eolian Facies of the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic Dinosaur Canyon Member,Moenave Formation,Northern Arizona

The Dinosaur Canyon Member of the Moenave Formation, of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (Rhaetian-Hettangian) age, consists predominantly of sandstones and mudstones deposited by sheet and channelized flow and by eolian processes. We document several previously undescribed biogenic structures in these strata. At one location, eolian dune sandstone hosts the lined, smooth-walled burrow Palaeophycus heberti (Saporta); these may be the nesting burrows of small sand wasps, or alternatively, the burrows of sand-treader camel crickets. Eolian dune facies that host abundant rhizoliths also are typically bioturbated. Circular markings that are convex in epirelief are assigned to Pustulichnus gregarious Ekdale and Picard. Unlined, non-ornamented burrows are unassigned. We speculate that both of these also were formed by the burrowing activity of one of the many species of sand wasp. Rhizoliths are particularly prominent at the tops of eolian dune sandstone beds and locally may host termite nests. Stabilization of the landscape by plants permitted pedogenic alteration of the sediments.     

The response of meiofauna and microphytobenthos to engineering effects of fiddler crabs on a subtropical intertidal sandflat

Fiddler crabs are key bioturbators on tidal flats. During their intense bioturbation process, they manipulate large amounts of sediment, altering the physical state of existing materials. We investigated whether different types of sediment bioturbation produced by fiddler crabs modulate meiofaunal assemblages and microphytobenthic content. We hypothesized that sedimentary structures produced by burrowing (the burrow itself and the excavation pellets) and feeding (feeding pellets) generate different microenvironments compared with areas without apparent signs of fiddler crab disturbance, affecting both meiofauna and microphytobenthos, independent of the sampling period. Our results indicate that the engineering effects of burrow construction and maintenance and the engineering effects of fiddler crab foraging modulate meiofaunal assemblages in different ways. Overall, meiofauna from burrows and excavation pellets was more abundant and diverse than at control sites, whereas feeding pellets contained poor meiofaunal assemblages. By contrast, only foraging effects were detected on microphytobenthos; independent of the sampling period, Chl a and phaeopigment content were higher in the feeding pellets, but similar among burrows, excavation pellets and control sites. The present study demonstrates that the different engineering effects of fiddler crabs are an important source of habitat heterogeneity and a structuring agent of meiofaunal assemblages on subtropical tidal flats.     

Estructuras de escape y equilibrio asociadas a Conichnus conicus como indicadores de tasas de sedimentación variables en medios litorales tortonienses del SO de España

Numerous and large vertically extensive specimens of Conichnus conicus are described from the Tortonian deposits of the central Guadalquivir Basin (SW Spain). These burrowing structures form a low bioturbation index of the ichnofabric, which allows one to infer the original depositional setting. Both ichnological and sedimentological features suggest a coastal to shallow marine environment dominated by high sediment supply and high-energy sedimentary processes. Conichnus exhibits a characteristic internal fabric that reflects changes in sedimentation rates linked to various processes: (1) initial substrate penetration by the tracemaker; (2) gradual retrusive movement in response to rapid but continuous sediment aggradation; 3) moderate to high rates of retrusive migration as a consequence of rapid to very rapid sediment aggradation and tracemaker escape; and, finally, (4) abandonment of the burrow or burial of the tracemaker subsequently in response to extremely high sediment accumulation rates. Conichnus has been also described from other areas with similar deposits of different ages, where its important value as a paleoenvironmental indicator similarly has been indicated.     

北京昌平青白口系痕迹化石

北京昌平青白口系长龙山组和景儿峪组发育有丰富的痕迹化石,其中长龙山组产有Ｈｅｌｍｉｎｔｈｏｐｓｉｓ ｓｐ．,Ｃｏｃｈｌｉｃｈｎｕｓ ｓｐ．,代表潮下低能环境;景儿峪组产有Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ ｓｐ．和Ｍｏｎｏｃｒａｔｅｒｉｏｎ ｓｐ．,代表高能潮间环境。     

Trace fossils of the bivalve panopea faujasi,pliocene, Rhodes,Greece

The large bivalve, Panopea faujasi Ménard de la Groye, 1807 is locally abundant in shallow marine sandy facies in Late Pliocene sediments of Rhodes, where it occurs in life position within its burrow. Several Panopea‐trace fossils were sectioned in a vertical plane and others in series of horizontal sections, in order to study them in detail. Morphology of the structures produced by different individuals varied greatly, and even neighbors at the same horizon were unalike in detail. All show retrusive, upward shift in accordance with sedimentary accretion, but some also show protrusive movement as a response to erosive phases. As a response to sedimentation, the bivalve dug its way upwards by moving terrigenous grains and skeletal material from above it to below. In cross section the outline is slightly oval to circular. The longest example of these retrusive structures was preserved to a length of 86 cm and had a diameter of about 15 to 20 cm. As the bivalve has a long lifespan, and burrows deeply, the structures have good preservation potential and can reveal details of depositional history. The trace fossil is named Scalichnus phiale igen. et isp. nov.