贵州荔波发现弱须洞鳅

洞鳅属（Troglonectes Zhang, Zhao & Tang 2016）鱼类为中国特有的小型洞穴淡水鱼类,主要分布在贵州和广西喀斯特地区的地下河流中。2018至2019年在贵州省荔波县境内进行洞穴生物多样性调查时采集到4号洞鳅属标本,经过形态比较,与弱须洞鳅（Troglonectes barbatus）相似;基于线粒体16S rRNA和Cyt b重建的系统发育树及遗传距离分析显示,4号洞鳅属标本与来自模式产地的弱须洞鳅高度支持聚为一支;利用Kimura双参数模型计算基于16S rRNA和Cyt b的遗传距离,这些标本与弱须洞鳅之间的遗传距离分别为0.4%和0.2%,小于洞鳅属物种之间的遗传距离（16S rRNA遗传距离为2.4%,Cyt b遗传距离为6.1%）。本次研究使用16S rRNA和Cyt b分子标记研究洞鳅属部分物种的系统发育关系和遗传距离。综合形态和分子系统发育分析结果,确定采集自贵州省荔波县小七孔景区的4号标本为隶属于鲤形目条鳅科洞鳅属的弱须洞鳅,系贵州省洞穴鱼类新记录种。     

Induction of Swine Dysentery with a Pure Culture of Treponema Hyodysenteriae in Vitamin E and Selenium Deficient Pigs

Several successful attempts have been made to induce swine dysentery in pigs using pure cultures of Treponema hyodysen-teriae (Taylor & Alexander 1971, Harris et al. 1972, Akkermans & Pomper 1973, Hughes et al. 1975). In these studies, either conventional or specific-pathogen-free pigs were used. In the present study, 2 approximately 8 weeks old conventional pigs (Nos. 1 and 2) were purchased and fed the same basic ration as used by Teige et al. (1977). In addition, 10 % cod liver oil was incorporated in the diet at each feeding. After a feeding period of 25 days rectal swabs were applied and examined for the presence of spirochaetes. The pigs were then fed a 3 days old primary and pure culture of T. hyodysenteriae on TSA-S400 medium (Songer et al. 1976). The culture originated from the colon of a pig with swine dysentery (Pig No. 4, Teige et al. 1977). Each pig received the agar contents of 5 petri dishes which were mixed with the food.     

怒江上游三种裂腹鱼类摄食及消化器官比较研究

于2017年5和6月以及9和10月在怒江西藏段收集了怒江裂腹鱼（Schizothorax nukiangensis）194尾、裸腹叶须鱼（Ptychobarbus kaznakovi）152尾,热裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis thermalis）117尾。综合运用3 种多元分析方法分析3 种鱼类摄食及消化器官形态的种间差异,结果显示,主要种间差异部位为头部及肠道;种间形态指标均为显著性差异（P < 0.05）;3种裂腹鱼的头部形态已有了一定程度的分化。鱼类食物组成及食物竞争情况研究表明,怒江裂腹鱼和裸腹叶须鱼属杂食性偏动物食性鱼类,两者食物重叠指数较高（0.91）;热裸裂尻鱼属杂食性偏植物食性鱼类。食物多样性指数的种间差异明显。3种裂腹鱼营养及空间生态位均有分化,摄食与水温、流速和海拔等环境因素密切相关。     

Genetic control and population survey of transferrin in the Japanese quail

Transferrin types in the Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica are controlled by a single autosomal locus Tf with at least two codominant alleles Tf^B and Tf^c. The frequencies of Tf^B and Tf^c in a commercial population of the domestic quail were 1.00 and 0.00, respectively.
Previous studies demonstrated that in the domestic populations of the Japanese quail three electrophoretic patterns AB, B and BC existed in egg white conalbumin and that the electrophoretic variation of conalbumin occurred in parallel with that of serum transferrin. Furthermore, from the preliminary mating experiments the transferrin-conalbumin variation was proposed to be under the control of at least two codominant alleles 77^s and Tf^c at an autosomal locus (Kimura et al., 1977, 1978).
The present study was designed (1) to report a large amount of family data from three generations in order to support the previously published hypothesis on genetic control of electrophoretic patterns of transferrin, and (2) to survey the gene constitution of transferrin in a commercial population of the domestic quail.
Sera were added with iron, heated for 5 min at 65°C (Stratil, 1967), then were investigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Hydrolysed starch from Connaught Medical Laboratories, Toronto, was used. A discontinuous citrate/Tris/LiOH/borate buffer system (pH 8.0) of Ferguson & Wallace (1961) was employed. The gels were stained with Amido Black 10B.     

APPARENT IN VIVO ACETYLCHOLINE TURNOVER RATE IN WHOLE MOUSE BRAIN: EVIDENCE FOR A TWO COMPARTMENT MODEL BY TWO INDEPENDENT KINETIC ANALYSES

Abstract— Acetylcholine turnover has been determined in whole mouse brain using a newly available high specific activity [³H]choline (70 Ci/mmol). Animals were killed at various time points (0.25–10 min) after pulse adminstration of [³H]choline (Ch) by microwave irradiation of the head. Steady-state levels of ACh were determined by radioenzymatic analysis as described by G oldberg & M c C aman (1973) as modified by M c C aman & S tetzer , 1977. Ch levels were determined by a modification of the method of M c C aman & S tetzer (1977). Radiolabelled metabolites of [³H]Ch were separated by selective extraction of [³H]Ch and [³H]ACh inio tetraphenylboron in 3-heptanone (C arroll et al. , 1977) coupled with an enzymatic separation of [³H]Ch from [³H]ACh. A precursor-product relationship was verified for Ch and ACh specific activities. Acetylcholine turnover rate was determined by the biosynthesis ratio method (S chuberth et al. , 1969, Method 1) and by the finite-differences method (N eff et al. , 1971, Method 2). Both methods of kinetic analysis revealed two distinct turnover rates for acetylcholine. In the first phase (0.25–1.5 min post-[³H]Ch), the ACh turnover rate averaged 22nmol/g/min (both methods). During the second phase, (2–10 min) acetylcholine turnover rates were significantly ( P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) lower; i.e. 7nmol/g/min (Method 1) and 5.9 nmol/g/min (Method 2). The data are consistent with a 2-compartment model for ACh turnover in whole mouse brain. Additionally, the method described for the separation of radiolabelled metabolites of [³H]Ch allows an accurate determination of ACh turnover in as little as 2 mg of tissue.     

Protein polymorphism and geographic variation in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Electrophoretic variations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins were investigated in 8 populations of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus . The cathodic hemoglobin and the muscle protein in the region II were shown to be polymorphic, in addition to the five polymorphic proteins previously reported (the anodic hemoglobin, muscle protein in the region III, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and aspartate aminotransferase; Kimura, 1976 & 1977). The muscle proteins in the regions I, IV and V were monomorphic. The values of genetic distances between loach populations, calculated over 10 loci, indicated that M. anguillicaudatus should be classified into two local races.     

Protein polymorphism and geographic variation in the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Electrophoretic variations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins were investigated in 8 populations of the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. The cathodic hemoglobin and the muscle protein in the region II were shown to be polymorphic, in addition to the five polymorphic proteins previously reported (the anodic hemoglobin, muscle protein in the region III, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and aspartate aminotransferase; Kimura, 1976 & 1977). The muscle proteins in the regions I, IV and V were monomorphic. The values of genetic distances between loach populations, calculated over 10 loci, indicated that M anguillicaudatus should be classified into two local races.     

Map arrangement of the SLA chromosomal region and the J and C blood group loci in the pig

Linkage studies of three-point crosses (triple backcross matings) showed that the linear sequence of three of the pig's immunogenetic traits — the SLA major histocompatibility complex and the J and C blood group loci — is SLA-J-C . Andresen & Baker (1964) and Rasmusen (1965) described close linkage between the J and C blood group loci and respectively found their recombination frequency to be 5.29 ± 1.1 % and 7.00 ± 3.4 %; by combining the data the exact frequency was determined at 5.75 ± 0.79 % (Muir & Rasmusen, 1974). Later, linkage of the SLA major histocompatibility complex with both J (Hruban et al., 1976) and C (Hruban et al., 1977) erythrocytic loci was found. The maximum tabular lod score values were found in the recombination fraction Θ= 0.10 in comparison of SLA and J and in the fraction Θ= 0.20 in comparison of SLA and C (Hruban et al., 1977).     

Immunofluorescent subcellular localization of some muscle proteins: A comparison between tissue sections and isolated myofibrils

Summary The localization of parvalbumin in fish white muscle and of the calcium binding protein, of arginine kinase and of glycogen phosphorylase in crayfish tail muscle have been investigated by immunofluorescence using isolated myofibrils and muscle sections as starting materials.It is shown that the four proteins appear to be localized on the thin filaments when myofibrils are used as starting material. This result contrasts with previous observations where it appeared that parvalbumin in fish muscle and arginine kinase in crayfish muscle were distributed uniformly within the cell. This discrepancy is discussed in relation to the high solubility of these proteins.In the light of the present knowledge about striated muscles from these two organisms, it seems that the roles of parvalbumin in fish and of the calcium binding protein in crayfish are probably different.A preliminary report on this work was presented at the meeting of the Union of Swiss Societies for Experimental Biology, Zurich, 1977 (Benzonana et al., 1977a)     

Infection status of the sea eel (Astroconger myriaster) purchased from the Noryangjin fish market with anisakid larvae]

Although the sea eel (Astroconger myriaster) is suspected as one of the most important fish host for human anisakiasis in Korea, no report has been made on the infection status of the sea eel with anisakid larvae. In the present study, 26 sea eels (Astroconger myriaster) were purchased from the Noryangjin fish market in Seoul, and anisakid larvae were collected from their viscera, muscle, head and skin. The collected larvae were classified by their morphological types. A total of 1,351 anisakid larvae were collected from 15 of 26 fish examined. Among them, 1,269 were recovered from the viscera, 66 from the muscle, and 16 from the head and skin. Morphologically, most of the anisakids were classified into 6 known larval types, Anisakis type I (564 larvae) of Berland (1961), Contracaecum type A (409) and type D (5) of Koyama et al. (1969), Contracaecum type C' (83) and type D' (117) of Chai et al. (1986), and Contracaecum type V (1) of Yamaguti (1935). Remaining 172 specimens were new in the available literature, hence, designated as Contracaecum type A' (new type). The present results revealed that the sea eels caught in the Korean waters are heavily infected with anisakid larvae, not only in their viscera but also in the muscle, and Anisakis type I was the most common among the 7 larval types.     

用分子标记技术分析不同生态型芦苇的遗传多样性

用分子标记技术对河西走廊4种不同生态型芦苇进行了遗传多态性分子标记分析。从30条ISSR引物和45条RAPD引物中分别筛选出适合4种不同生态型芦苇分析的9条和13条引物,前者共扩增出99条带,多态性位点数为51;后者共扩增出195条带,多态性位点数为87。两种分子标记分析所得的遗传相似系数呈显著正相关(r=0.845,P<0.05)。4种生态型芦苇表现出由水生芦苇经盐渍芦苇向沙丘芦苇逐渐演化的趋势。     

Prediction of a triple-stranded coiled-coil region in tropomyosin-troponin T complex

Recent studies (Ohtsuki, 1979, 1980) have shown that troponin T (tropomysin binding component of troponin complex) is a rod-shaped molecule of approximately 9 nm in length and associated with filamentous tropomyosin. The region of residues 90 to 148 of troponin T, which has been confirmed as a main portion of helix-rich fragment which strongly binds to tropomyosin (Jackson, Amphlett & Perry, 1975, Pearlstone & Smillie, 1977), was predicted as a long stretch of a -helix by the method of secondary structure prediction (Nagano, 1977, Nagano et al., 1980). This paper deals with the mechanism of the specific binding explored by the extension of the method of schematic representation of helical interactions developed by McLachlan & Stewart (1976a) and, also, the method of scoring interactions of the staggered structures of collagen triplestranded coiled-coils developed by Hulmes et al. (1973). One of the most feasible structures of the specific binding complex was obtained as a triple-stranded coiled-coil made between a tropomyosin coiled-coil and the helical region of the specific binding fragment of troponin T, and confirmed by both LabQuip type and computer model building techniques. The techniques developed in the present work will be useful in elucidating the regulating mechanism of muscle contraction in its atomic details. The procedures and the steps for restricting the number of possible structures are outlined in Table 4.     

Some Spanish cestode fish parasites

Cestode fish parasites were studied in 569 fish of 13 species, comprising 72 specimens of Hyperoplus lanceolatus caught between April and July 1987 and 497 other fish caught between December 1986 and March 1987 at 42° 45' N, 9° 26' W (Table I).
Bothriocephalus was found for the first time in H. lanceolatus , though its prevalence was very low. The presence of these larvae in a species that forms part of the turbot's Scophthalmus maximus food chain suggests that they may infect the turbot via H. lanceolatus as well as via copepods. Dupond & Gabrion (1986) and Robert et al. (1988)     

The interactive effects of temperature and pH on the isometric contraction of toad sartorius muscle

Summary The main purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of pH and temperature on the performance of isolated muscle in order to estimate the effect of temperature in vivo. The development of tetanic tension by the sartorius muscle isolated from toads was tested at either 5 or 25°C. The pH of the physiological solution bathing the muscle was changed from 9.0 to 6.0 stepwise by 0.5 pH units.In order to see if the temperature at which the toads were maintained modified the muscle activity, two groups of toads were used: those acclimated to low temperature (5°C) and those acclimated to high temperature (25°C). Acclimation temperature had no significant effect (Fig. 1, Table 1).Both the amount and rate of tension development increased when test temperature increased (Fig. 1A, B). Maximum tension and rate of tension development were significantly reduced at low pH. The latent period, time to half-maximum tension, and half-relaxation time were longer at low pH (Fig. 1C, D, E). The interactive effects of pH and test temperature were significant for all variables, except the latent period (Table 1). That is, the effects of pH were greater at 5 than at 25°C and the effects of test temperature depend on extracellular pH. We calculated that the in vivo decrease in tetanic tension when the body temperature of a toad decreases from 25 to 5°C is smaller than previously supposed. This is because in previous studies on the effect of test temperature on muscle function, unrealistic pH regimes generally have been employed.This work is supported by an NSERC operating grant to E.D. Stevens     

泥河湾盆地洞沟剖面上新世/更新世小哺乳动物

洞沟剖面6个层位(第2、4、7、11、16和19层)的小哺乳动物化石揭示剖面第10与第11层间是晚上新世／早更新世界限。界限之上Ochotona youngi、Borsodia chinensis、Allophaiomys deucalion和Yangia trassaerti等首次出现;界限之下Yangia omegodon和Hypolagus schreuderi首次出现以及Paenelimnoecus、Nannocricetus mongolicus、Sinocricetus progressus、Mesosiphneus para- tingi、Micromys tedfordi和Dipus fraudator最后绝灭。根据小哺乳动物组成及其属种转换事件判断,2．58 Ma左右往后气候环境显著向干冷方向转变。     

花斑裸鲤Epo和Epor基因克隆及其低氧诱导的mRNA表达

促红细胞生成素(EPO)是一种糖蛋白激素,在动物低氧适应中发挥着重要作用。本研究采用RT-PCR方法克隆了花斑裸鲤(Gymncypris eckloni)Epo和Epor基因的编码序列,并开展了分子进化和低氧诱导表达研究。结果表明,花斑裸鲤Epo基因编码序列长度为552 bp,编码183个氨基酸;Epor基因编码序列长度为1 590 bp,编码529个氨基酸。氨基酸序列同源性分析显示,花斑裸鲤促红细胞生成素(EPO)和促红细胞生成素受体(EPOR)与鲤科其他鱼类均有较高的同源性,表明在进化过程中具有较强保守性,同时花斑裸鲤Epo和Epor基因均未经历正向选择。在重度低氧[溶解氧为(0.3±0.1)mg/L]和中度低氧[溶解氧为(3.0±0.1)mg/L]胁迫下,花斑裸鲤部分关键组织如红肌、脑组织中Epo m RNA表达量急剧升高,表明促红细胞生成素(EPO)可能在花斑裸鲤运动、神经营养和神经保护方面发挥了重要作用,是对低氧环境适应的一种调节机制。     

No association of red cell adenylate kinase phenotypes with affective disorders

Summary Red cell adenylate kinase (AK) phenotypes were studied in 195 patients with affective disorders (41 with the bipolar and 81 with the unipolar form of the disease) and 418 controls. No significant differences were found between patients and controls and between patients with different types of affective disorders. Thus the previous observation by Rundle et al. (1977) showing an increased frequency of the AK² allele in the unipolar group was not confirmed.     

临夏盆地的新生代地层及其哺乳动物化石证据

临夏盆地的新生代地层相当发育 ,保存了从渐新世至全新世的连续沉积序列。更为重要的是 ,这些沉积物中含有丰富的哺乳动物化石 ,为划分和对比临夏盆地的新生代地层提供了可靠的证据。然而 ,此前关于这个盆地地层层序和时代的认识有许多矛盾之处 ,地层命名繁复 ,化石证据混乱。近年来我们对临夏盆地的野外考察已理清了沉积序列 ,并在充分的哺乳动物化石证据的基础上重新厘定了各个岩石地层单位所对应的地质时代。临夏盆地的新生代哺乳动物化石以晚渐新世的巨犀动物群、中中新世的铲齿象动物群、晚中新世的三趾马动物群和早更新世的真马动物群最为丰富。     

The biology of stone loach Barbatula barbatulus in the Rivers Goloustnaya and Olkha, East Siberia

Five hundred and four stone loach 63–202 mm in total length, of I + to 8 + age groups, were sampled in two rivers of East Siberia from April to October 1989–90. This paper presents data on the seasonal dynamics of fecundity, ripening, fatness and feeding intensity. A second spawning from the end of August to October has been identified for the first time for this species. The absolute fecundity ranged from 1710 to 27600, and the relative fecundity varied from 216 to 833 eggs g⁻¹: (fish weight). Stone loach in the River Olkha grew faster than those in the River Goloustnaya and, according to this index, are closer to stone loach from streams of northern England.     

Morphology and physiological properties of interneurons in the olfactory midbrain of the crayfish

1. Intracellular recording and staining was used to characterize neurons in the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) brain that respond to chemical stimuli applied to the major olfactory organs, the antennules. 2. Two distinct morphological types of neurons that have major projections in the olfactory lobes (OLs) of the brain were characterized anatomically (Figs. 1, 2, 3; Table 2) and physiologically (Figs. 4, 5, 6; Table 3). 3. Different individual neurons of one type, with similar 'tree-like' projections in the OLs, have somata distributed in at least 5 different cell body clusters of the brain (Fig. 3) and link different subsets of neuropilar lobes through their distributed arbors (Fig. 1, Table 2). 4. Excitatory, inhibitory and mixed responses were recorded in different neurons when odorant mixtures or individual components of these mixtures were applied to the antennules. Response spectra to individual components were broad and overlapping, but not identical in the neurons tested (Fig. 4; Table 3). Mixture interactions appear to be additive in most of the neurons that we tested, but evidence was obtained for mixture suppression in several cases (Fig. 6). 5. Most of the neurons recorded in this study responded only to stimulation of the ipsilateral antennule (Fig. 5), although subthreshold activity to stimuli applied contralaterally was recorded in several neurons that were strongly excited by ipsilateral stimuli. 6. Chemoresponsive neurons without projections in OL's that have all of their branches confined to the brain, or that project an axon in the circumesophageal connective, are described (Fig. 7).