亚麻籽木酚素预防乳腺癌及与雌激素的关系

目的通过卵巢切除术建立雌性大鼠去势模型,探究亚麻籽粉木酚素预防乳腺癌的功能及与雌性激素的关系。方法将48只雌性Wistar大鼠随机分为基础饲料组（BD）、基础饲料去势组（BDC）、亚麻籽粉组（FS）和亚麻籽粉去势组（FSC）,每组12只,对全部大鼠进行二甲基苯蒽（DMBA）一次性灌胃（2mg/kg体重）建立诱发的乳腺癌实验动物模型;一周后对BDC组、FSC组大鼠行去势手术,连续观察21周,测定瘤体的体积和重量,并取乳腺组织进行病理学检查。结果实验期间动物一般状况良好,实验组大鼠未出现明显毒副作用;亚麻籽粉组（FS和FSC组）大鼠发生可触及肿瘤的时间较相应对照组晚2到4周;亚麻籽粉组大鼠单纯性增生和不典型增生以及乳腺癌发生率和病灶数均显著低于相应对照组（单纯性增生：FS vs BD,P=0.006＊＊;FSC vs BDC,P〈0.001＊＊;不典型增生：FS vs BD,P=0.048＊;FSC vs BDC,P=0.014＊;乳腺癌：FS vs BD,P=0.028＊;FSC vs BDC,P〈0.047＊）;亚麻籽粉组大鼠肿瘤体积和重量均小于基础饲料组;FS和FSC组研究结果提示亚麻籽粉木酚素抑制增生发生及肿瘤细胞的生长的能力与实验动物体内雌性激素水平有关（单纯性增生：P=0.008＊＊;不典型增生：P=0.042＊;乳腺癌：P=0.033＊）。结论亚麻籽粉木酚素可有效预防和降低化学诱癌剂DMBA所诱发的乳腺癌、癌前病变和单纯性增生的发生,预防乳腺癌的功能和效果受到体内雌性激素影响。本研究结果对未来实施木酚素预防乳腺癌及有效人群的筛选具有参考价值。     

人乳头状瘤病毒感染与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征和Ki-67、PCNA的关系

目的:研究人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征和Ki-67、细胞增殖抗原(PCNA)的相关性,从而为临床宫颈癌的诊治提供参考依据。方法:选取2016年3月～2018年6月于我院接受手术治疗的宫颈病变患者130例为研究对象。其中宫颈癌患者30例记为宫颈癌组,宫颈上皮内瘤变患者68例记为宫颈上皮内瘤变组,慢性宫颈炎患者32例记为对照组。采用免疫组织化学法检测各组宫颈组织中HPV感染、Ki-67以及PCNA阳性表达情况,并分析HPV与宫颈癌患者临床病理特征的关系及其与Ki-67、PCNA的相关性。结果:宫颈癌组、宫颈上皮内瘤变组患者HPV、Ki-67以及PCNA阳性率均高于对照组,宫颈癌组高于宫颈上皮内瘤变组(均P0.05)。临床分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期以及淋巴结转移宫颈癌患者HPV感染率均明显高于临床分期Ⅰ～Ⅱ期与无淋巴结转移患者(均P0.05)。经Spearman相关性分析可得:宫颈癌患者HPV感染与Ki-67、PCNA表达均呈正相关关系(均P0.05)。结论:宫颈癌患者存在明显的HPV感染,且HPV感染与宫颈癌患者临床分期、淋巴结转移、Ki-67、PCNA表达存在一定相关性,临床可通过对HPV、Ki-67、PCNA进行联合检测,从而有助于宫颈癌的早期诊断。     

三阴性乳腺癌中Ki-67 的表达及其临床病理意义

目的:探讨三阴性乳腺癌中Ki-67的表达及其临床病理意义。方法:回顾性分析2010年11月1日至2015年12月31日辽宁省肿瘤医院收治的110例行乳腺癌根治术的三阴性乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料,检测其乳腺癌组织中Ki-67的表达,并分析其与患者年龄、绝经情况、组织学分型、临床分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤大小等临床病理资料的关系。进一步采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析法绘制生存曲线,比较高表达Ki-67和低表达Ki-67患者的3年、5年生存率。结果:Ki-67在三阴性乳腺癌患者50岁以下和50岁以上相比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);Ki-67在三阴性乳腺癌患者绝经情况、组织学分型、临床分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤大小的表达相比较,差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05);高表达Ki-67组3年生存率为79.49%,5年生存率为30.77%;低Ki-67组的3年生存率为85.92%,5年生存率为46.48%;两组3年生存率相比较差异不具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组5年生存率相比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组总生存时间相比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:三阴性乳腺癌中Ki-67呈高表达,可作为乳腺癌预后不良的危险因素。     

紫杉醇联合表阿霉素新辅助化疗治疗三阴性乳腺癌的临床疗效评价及其对Ki-67、p53、P-gp和GST-π的影响

目的:研究紫杉醇联合表阿霉素新辅助化疗治疗三阴性乳腺癌的临床疗效及对Ki-67、p53、P-糖蛋白(P-gp)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST-π)的影响。方法:选取2010年6月~2012年6月我院收治的84例三阴乳腺癌患者,根据患者入院顺序分为观察组和对照组,42例每组。对照组使用表阿霉素联合环磷酰胺完成化疗,观察组使用紫杉醇联合表阿霉素完成新辅助化疗。比较两组患者临床疗效,治疗前后Ki-67、p53、P-gp和GST-π的表达情况。结果:治疗后,观察组总的缓解率显著高于对照组[76.19%(32/42)比45.24%(19/42)](P0.05)。化疗前,两组患者Ki-67、p53、P-gp和GST-π阳性表达率比较无统计学意义(P0.05);化疗后,观察组患者的Ki-67、p53、P-gp和GST-π阳性表达率较化疗前显著降低(P0.05),但对照组的Ki-67、p53、P-gp和GST-π阳性表达率和化疗前相比无明显变化(P0.05),观察组的Ki-67、p53、P-gp和GST-π阳性表达率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组和对照组的不良反应率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:紫杉醇联合表阿霉素新辅助化疗治疗三阴性乳腺癌的疗效确切,其能有效降低Ki-67、p53、P-gp和GST-π的表达。     

P53、P16、Ki-67对三阴乳腺癌预后的相关性研究

目的:探讨P53、P16、Ki-67在三阴乳腺癌的发生发展中的生物学特征及其对预后评估的意义.方法:应用病例回顾性统计方法,对2000年5月-2005年5月我院初诊乳腺癌病人共586例进行筛选,共得出113例三阴乳腺癌(ER、PgR、HER2均为阴性)作为实验组(A组),同期随机选出113例非三阴乳腺癌病人作为对照组(B组),统计这两组三阴乳腺癌标本P53、P16、Ki-67的表达.调查这两组病人5年无病生存率与5年内死亡率.结果:A组相对B组中P53、P16、Ki-67均较高表达(p＜0.05),A组相对B组5年的无病生存率较低(p＜0.05),5年内死亡率较高(p＜0.05).结论:P53、ki-67在三阴乳腺癌的高表达与其预后差具有相关性.     

姜黄素和紫杉醇联用对前列腺癌PC3裸鼠移植瘤作用的研究

目的:探讨姜黄素和半量紫杉醇联用对前列腺癌PC3裸鼠移植瘤生长增殖的影响及其机制。方法:构建人雄激素非依赖性前列腺癌细胞系PC3裸小鼠皮下移植瘤模型,随机分为溶酶对照组,姜黄素组,紫杉醇组和姜黄素+紫杉醇(半量)组(n=6)。姜黄素每隔2天腹腔注射100mg/kg,紫杉醇每3天腹腔注射10mg/kg,联合组紫杉醇减半,对照组注射药物溶剂。每6天测量计算移植瘤体积并绘制肿瘤生长曲线。药物注射30天后,取移植瘤组织标本分别进行免疫组化和定量RT-PCR,检测金属基质蛋白酶2(MMP2),增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果:移植瘤体积在24～30天时,姜黄素组和紫杉醇组肿瘤体积较对照组有不同程度的减小。姜黄素+紫杉醇(半量)组在第30天内肿瘤生长体积和紫杉醇组相近,30天后合用组肿瘤体积小于单纯紫杉醇组(P<0.05)。姜黄素和紫杉醇明显降低PC3移植瘤组织中PCNA和MMP2mRNA的表达(P<0.01)。姜黄素+紫杉醇(半量)组瘤组织中PCNA和MMP2的mRNA表达均低于紫杉醇组(P<0.05)。免疫组化染色显示PCNA和MMP2蛋白表达在治疗组均降低,和瘤组织中mRNA表达变化相一致。结论...     

Luminal B型乳腺癌不同亚型的临床病理特征及预后生存分析

摘要 目的：分析Luminal B型乳腺癌不同亚型患者的临床病理特征以及预后差异。方法：回顾性分析2006年1月至2016年1月期间上海市第六人民医院徐汇院区和临港院区收治的359例原发性Luminal B型乳腺癌患者的临床病理以及随访资料,根据Luminal B型乳腺癌分子亚型分为人表皮生长受体2（Her-2）阴性组（266例）和Her-2阳性组（93例）。比较两组患者的临床病理特征差异。绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,分析两组患者5年无进展生存率和总生存率的差异,采用Cox风险比例回归分析Luminal B型乳腺癌患者预后的影响因素。结果：Her-2阳性组TNM分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、肿瘤组织学分级Ⅲ级、PR阴性、Ki-67高表达、淋巴结转移比例高于Her-2阴性组（P＜0.05）。Her-2阳性组5年DFS、OS生存率分别为12.90%、40.86%,分别低于Her-2阴性组的24.06%、59.77%（Log-Rankχ²=14.500、12.860,P=0.000、0.000）。TNM分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、淋巴结转移、Her-2阳性、PR阴性是Luminal B型乳腺癌患者不良预后的危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：Luminal B 型乳腺癌患者不同分子亚型的TNM分期、肿瘤组织学分级、淋巴结转移、Ki-67和PR表达存在差异,同时,TNM分期、淋巴结转移、Her-2阳性、PR阴性是Luminal B 型乳腺癌患者预后不良的危险因素。     

Ki-67在基底细胞样型乳腺癌中的诊断价值

目的分析细胞增殖抗原Ki-67与雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)和人表皮生长因子受体(human epidermal growth factorreceptor-2,HER-2)在乳腺癌表达的相关性,探讨Ki-67在基底细胞样型乳腺癌和非基底细胞样型乳腺癌的表达与临床病理特征的关系。方法选取65例女性浸润性乳腺癌标本,其中包括27例基底细胞样型乳腺癌,38例非基底细胞样型乳腺癌及癌旁组织标本,采用免疫组织化学技术检测Ki-67、ER、PR、HER2在乳腺癌的表达。结果 65例乳腺癌中,Ki-67表达与ER、PR呈负相关,与HER2无相关性。在基底细胞样型乳腺癌组织中,Ki-67在细胞核强阳性表达。基底细胞样型乳腺癌与非基底细胞样型乳腺癌比较,Ki-67表达与组织学分级相关,组织学分级越高,Ki-67表达越强。结论 Ki-67可能参与基底细胞样型乳腺癌的发生发展,对预后评价有重要的参考价值。     

EGCG对Tca8113细胞移植瘤小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制作用研究

为了探讨绿茶提取物表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对Tca8113鳞状细胞癌细胞移植裸鼠肿瘤的抑制作用及其机制。本研究选取采用Tca8113鳞状细胞癌细胞建立的裸鼠肿瘤模型48只,采用随机数字表法分为空白组(等量生理盐水灌胃)、低剂量组(ECGC 10 mg/kg灌胃)、中剂量组(ECGC 20 mg/kg灌胃)、高剂量组(ECGC 40 mg/kg灌胃)各12只,连续灌胃治疗16 d,测量各组小鼠肿瘤重量及体积、计算抑瘤率,采用流式细胞仪技术测定各组瘤体组织中细胞生长周期的分布,采用免疫组化染色技术测定各组肿瘤组织中Caspase8、Caspase3、Ki-67蛋白的表达。研究显示,低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组的瘤体质量和体积均显著的小于空白组(p0.05),且随着EGCG剂量的加大,裸鼠移植瘤体积和质量逐渐减小,而抑瘤率显著增加(p0.05);低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组的G0/G1期细胞比例显著高于空白组(p0.05),而S期及G2/M期细胞比例显著降低(p0.05);随着EGCG剂量的增加,各组G0/G1期细胞比例显著增加,而S期及G2/M期细胞比例显著降低(p0.05);低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组的肿瘤组织中Caspase8和Caspase3表达显著高于空白组(p0.05),而Ki-67蛋白表达显著低于空白组(p0.05);随着EGCG剂量的增加,各组肿瘤组织中Caspase8和Caspase3蛋白表达显著增加,而Ki-67显著降低(p0.05)。EGCG对Tca8113鳞状细胞癌细胞移植裸鼠肿瘤生长具有明显的抑制作用,其机制可能是通过调节细胞周期及Caspase8、Caspase3和Ki-67蛋白的表达来实现。     

CYB5D2对乳腺癌皮下移植瘤模型大鼠肿瘤生长的影响

[目的]研究CYB5D2对乳腺癌皮下移植瘤模型大鼠肿瘤生长的影响。[方法]通过乳腺癌MCF-7细胞系建立乳腺癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤动物模型。将含有CYB5D2表达的质粒稳定转染MCF-7细胞,多点注射,将稳定转染的细胞注入裸鼠皮下,作为观察组,同时设置shRNA-CYB5D2阴性质粒为阴性对照组,PBS为空白对照组。测量各组大鼠肿瘤体积及质量;裸鼠转移瘤模型建立成功后处死小鼠,qRT-CPR法检测肿瘤组织内CYB5D2 mRNA表达水平;Western Blot法检测各组裸鼠转移瘤组织内上皮细胞间质转化(EMT)标志表白表达情况,酶联免疫吸附法检测裸鼠转移瘤细胞上清液中MMP-2及MMP-9水平。[结果]观察组转移瘤平均体积及质量显著低于阴性组与空白组(P<0.05),阴性组与空白组裸鼠转移瘤体积及质量无明显差异(P>0.05)。提取试验小鼠肿瘤组织总RNA,qRT-CPR法检测提示观察组肿瘤组织内CYB5D2 mRNA表达量显著高于阴性组及空白对照组(P<0.05),而阴性组与空白组间差异无显著性差异(P>0.05);Western Blot法检测结果显示,观察组转移瘤组织内E-cadherin、β-catenin蛋白表达水平显著高于与阴性组及空白组(P<0.05),而N-cadherin及Snail蛋白表达显著低于与阴性组及空白组(P<0.05)。阴性组与空白组转移瘤组织内E-cadherin、β-catenin、N-cadherin及Snail蛋白表达无显著性差异(P>0.05);观察组裸鼠转移瘤细胞上清液中MMP-2及MMP-9水平显著低于与阴性组及空白组(P<0.05),而阴性组与对照组MMP-2及MMP-9水平无显著性差异(P>0.05)。[结论]上调CYB5D2基因可有效抑制乳腺癌皮下移植模型大鼠瘤体生长,推测上调CYB5D2基因可能通过下调N-cadherin、Snail、MMP2及MMP9,上调E-cadherin、β-catenin,逆转EMT,发挥抗肿瘤功效。     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Caprine blood groups. 2. The C,G, H,I, J,K, L,N, and Q systems

Nine blood group systems of goats were identified using 12 caprine reagents produced by absorption of alloimmune antisera. The caprine C blood group system, possibly homologous to the ovine C blood group system, was characterized by two reagents and shown to be controlled by three alleles,C ¹²,C ²⁵, andC ⁻. A more complex blood group system of goats, designated G, was identified using three reagents and shown to be controlled by six codominant alleles (G ^10.19.20,G ^10.19,G ^10.20,G ¹⁰,G ¹⁹,G ²⁰) and a recessive allele (G ⁻). A further seven one-factor two-allelic systems were identified by seven reagents. The nine genetic systems provided exclusion probabilities of 0.479, 0.492, 0.548, and 0.572 in Australian Angora, Dairy, Cashmere, and Texan Angora goat breeds, respectively. This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Stud Book, Alison Road, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.