依托咪酯对大鼠杏仁核点燃模型的抑制作用

目的:研究依托咪(Etomidate,ET)对大鼠杏仁核点燃发作的抑制及其抗癫痫作用.方法:测定ET对大鼠杏仁核点燃发作的脑电活动及行为变化指标的影响,测定ET对GABAA受体拮抗剂印防己毒素诱发小鼠惊厥的影响.结果:依托咪酯(6～9mg·kg-1)可抑制杏仁核点燃发作,缩短后放电时程,降低Racine's分级(P＜0.01);ET对GABAA受体拮抗剂印防己毒素致惊小鼠有抑制作用.结论:依托咪酯对大鼠杏仁核点燃模型和印防己毒素致惊小鼠均具有抑制作用,可能与GABA神经系统抑制作用有关.     

小鼠惊厥时孕烯醇酮及其硫酸盐对GABAA受体的调制作用

在建立稳定的红藻氨酸(KA)诱发小鼠惊厥模型的基础上,用放射配体受体结合分析法,研究孕烯醇酮(Pe)及其拮抗剂孕烯醇酮硫酸盐(Pes)对小鼠下丘脑、大脑皮层、海马和小脑四个脑区γ-氨基丁酸A(GABAA)受体的调制作用.结果显示,Pe能增加某些脑区3H-GABA与GABAA受体的结合量,下丘脑、海马和小脑差异显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.001),而大脑皮层差异不显著(P＞0.05).Pe对GABAA受体的调制作用能被印防己毒素(Pic)阻断,对KA的致惊效应具有抑制作用.Pes 能显著降低各脑区GABAA受体的结合量(P＜0.01或P＜0.001),对惊厥有促进作用.实验结果提示:孕烯醇酮具有明显的镇静和抗惊厥效应,并且可能是通过GABAA受体介导的.     

GABA经不同受体亚型调制无长突细胞持续性及瞬变性给光信号

在离体灌流的鲫鱼视网膜上 ,应用细胞内记录技术考察了γ 氨基丁酸 (γ aminobutyricacid ,GABA)对无长突细胞持续性和瞬变性给光反应的调制作用 .实验表明 ,外源性GABA部分压抑ON型无长突细胞的持续性反应 ,该作用可完全被氯离子通道阻断剂印防己毒素 (picrotoxin ,PTX)和GABAA 受体的特异性拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱 (bicuculline ,BCC)所阻遏 .但在ON反应由视杆信号驱动的ON OFF型无长突细胞 ,GABA对其瞬变性ON反应的压抑不能为BCC所阻遏 ,但可被PTX所翻转 .这些结果提示 ,在鲫鱼内层视网膜 ,GABAA 和GABAC受体分别介导GABA对持续性和瞬变性给光反应的调制 .     

安定减低家兔膈神经放电幅度的机制分析

本实验室曾经报道静脉注射安定对于清醒、麻痹、人工呼吸的家兔具有减低膈神经放电幅度、加快呼吸频率,缩短吸气时程(T_I)和呼气时程(T_E),降低动脉血压等作用。本工作在35只家兔中进一步分析了某些药物对安定的这些作用的影响。GABA 降低膈神经放电幅度和动脉血压,这与安定的作用相同,但 GABA 延长T_I、T_E和减慢呼吸频率,与安定的作用相反。事先用氨基酸脱羧酶抑制剂异烟肼处理,或用 GABA 受体拮抗剂印防己毒素处理,可阻遏安定减低膈神经放电幅度的作用。在事先用印防己毒素处理的家兔中,可见安定缩短 T_IT_E的作用不受影响。异烟肼或印防己毒素还能部分对抗安定的降压效应。阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮和5-HT 受体拮抗剂赛庚啶都不能阻遏安定降低膈神经放电幅度和动脉血压的作用。上述结果提示安定降低膈神经放电幅度的作用可能通过 GABA 这一中间环节,而内啡肽和5-HT可能不起重要作用。安定的降压作用需要有内源性 GABA 参与才得以持续较长时间,在减少GABA 或阻断 GABA 受体后,安定只有短暂的降压作用。     

一叶萩碱是新的GABA受体拮抗剂

近年来国内外学者对一叶荻碱的中枢兴奋作用机制进行了较深入的研究,证明一叶萩碱是一种类似荷包牡丹碱的 GABA 受体拮抗剂。作者等在小鼠实验中,应用无拮抗作用剂量的 GABA(10μg,icv)与苯甲二氮(?)(安定,diazepam,0.18mg/kg(?)in)合并用药(?)对一叶萩碱惊厥有显著拮抗作用。印防己毒素(GABA 激活的氯离子通道阻滞     

小鼠惊厥时孕烯醇酮及其硫酸盐对GABAA受体的调制作用

在建立稳定的红藻氨酸（KA）诱发小鼠惊厥模型的基础上，用放射配体受体结合分析法，研究孕烯醇酮（Pe）及其拮抗剂孕烯醇酮硫酸盐（Pes）对小鼠下丘脑、大脑皮层、海马和小脑四个脑区-－氨基丁酸A（GABAA）受体的调制作用。结果显示，Pe能增加某些脑区^3H－GABA与GABAA受体的结合量，下丘脑、海马和小脑差异显著（P＜0．05或P＜0．001），而大脑皮层差异不显著（P＞0．05）。Pe对GABAA受体的调制作用能被印防已毒素（Pic）阻断，对KA的致惊效应具有抑制作用。Pes能显著降低各脑区GABAA受体的结合量（P＜0．01或P＜0．001），对陈词滥调厥有促进作用。实验结果提示：孕烯醇酮具有明显的镇静和抗厥效应，并且可能是通过GABAA受体介导的。     

孕酮对小鼠全脑切片积聚3H-γ-氨基丁酸的影响

研究了孕酮对离体培养的小鼠全脑切片积聚＾３Ｈ－γ氨基丁酸的影响。结果表明,孕酮降低小鼠全脑切片对＾３Ｈ－氨基丁酸的积聚作用。该作用可被氨基酸Ａ受体激动剂蝇蕈醇加强,被氨基丁酸Ａ受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱和印防己毒素以及氨基丁酸Ｂ受体激动剂巴氯芬阻断,而且孕酮的效应以及各药物对其的影响均集中在０．０１－０．０５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ孕酮浓度中较为明显。     

GABA介导杏仁外侧核对皮层A Ⅰ区神经元声反应的抑制:在体微电泳研究

在SD大鼠上应用多顺利完成微电极方法,观察微电泳CABA及其受体的拮抗剂或激动剂对杏仁外侧核（LA）抑制皮层AⅠ神经元声反应效应的影响。结果显示,电泳GABA能抑制皮层AⅠ区神经元的电活动,电泳GABAA受体拮抗剂bicuculline（BIC）则能易化其反应;电刺激LA能抑制皮层AⅠ区听神经元声反应,电泳GABA产生类拟于刺激LA的抑制效应;LA对皮层AⅠ区神经的抑制效应能被BIC所翻转,而不能被什氨酸受体拮抗剂strychnine所翻转,电泳GABAB型受体例激动剂baclofen对神经元声反应无影响。上术结果表明,GABA可能是介民LA抑制皮层AⅠ区神经元声反应的最终递质,并且是通过GABAA受体作用的。     

马齿苋中褪黑素的含量测定及其对小鼠睡眠的影响

目的：建立对马齿苋药材中褪黑素的高效液相色谱检测方法并研究其对小鼠睡眠的影响。方法：以乙醇为溶剂采用超声波法提取褪黑素,利用固相萃取小柱对褪黑素进行富集,安捷伦高效液相色谱仪对褪黑素进行分析检测。将小鼠分为空白、地西泮（1 mg/kg）、褪黑素提取物组（0.5 mg/kg以褪黑素计）,小鼠灌胃给药30 min后,腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠,记录各组小鼠睡眠潜伏期和睡眠时长。结果：褪黑素质量浓度范围在100 ~2 000 ng/mL范围内与峰面积的线性关系良好（R2=0.999 9）,线性回归方程为Y=0.080 5X+0.083 6,平均加样回收率为101.40%,RSD为1.18%。测得马齿苋中褪黑素含量为686.17 ng/g。地西泮组以及褪黑素提取物组小鼠的睡眠潜伏期显著缩短,睡眠时间显著增加。结论：该方法方便快捷,分离效果好,可用于马齿苋中褪黑素含量的测定;马齿苋中所提取的褪黑素可缩减小鼠睡眠潜伏期,提升睡眠时间,具有镇静催眠作用。     

GABA_A受体在酒精依赖中作用的研究进展

酒精依赖的产生机制是由特定的GABAA受体亚单位介导的,并且能够影响其它GABAA受体亚单位,使其对一定剂量的酒精敏感。此外酒精还可以通过细胞内信号转导途径影响GABA在大脑不同区域及核团单元的表达。焦虑、抗惊厥、镇静催眠、认知功能障碍等由酒精依赖产生的现象或者机制,均与GABA受体的介导有关。这些机制包括酒精对GABAA受体的直接或间接的作用,以及GABA的合成和释放。因此对GABAA受体功能的研究,将有助于人们关注酒精依赖现象及其治疗手段,为寻找酒精依赖治疗药物和治疗酒精中毒的机制的提供新线索。     

Pharmacological studies on the sedative and hypnotic effect of salidroside from the Chinese medicinal plant Rhodiola sachalinensis

This is the preliminary study of sedative and hypnotic activity of salidroside (a major component of Rhodiola sachalinensis) in mice by using synergism with pentobarbital as an index for the hypnotic effect. Loss of the righting reflex was used to determine the start of sleep. Sleep latency and sleeping time were evaluated in this experiment. The results showed that salidroside could obviously shorten the sleep latency and prolong the sleeping time of mice produced by pentobarbital sodium (55 mg/kg, i.p.). Salidroside produces significant sedative-hypnotic effect. The dose-effect relationship is remarkable.     

Time-dependent Etomidate-induced Anesthesia in Hamsters

In this study, we assessed the temporal variation in the hypnotic effect of etomidate, a drug that positively modulates GABA A -mediated neurotransmission in the Syrian hamster. Ten to twenty mg/kg of etomidate i.p. induced a significant loss of righting reflex when administered at 12:00 h but not 24:00 h in hamsters housed under a 14 : 10 light : dark photoperiod (lights on at 06:00 h). On the contrary, ketamine (administered together with xylazine), which induces anesthesia by inhibiting glutamatergic neurotransmission, did not show a diurnal variation in the loss of righting reflex test. These results support previous data regarding diurnal rhythms in GABA content and activity. The phase dependent response to etomidate may be due to daily allosteric modulation of the GABA_A receptor.     

Effect of GABA on melatonin content in golden hamster retina

The effect of GABA on melatonin content in vitro was studied in the golden hamster retina. GABA significantly increased melatonin levels in a dose-dependent manner, its effect being reversed by a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline, but not by saclofen, a GABA(B) antagonist. Moreover, an equimolar concentration of muscimol, a GABA(A) receptor agonist, significantly increased retinal melatonin content, whereas baclofen, a GABA(B) receptor agonist, was ineffective. The darkness-induced increase in melatonin content in vitro was inhibited by bicuculline, whereas saclofen was ineffective. Retinal GABA turnover rate was significantly higher at midnight than at midday. GABA significantly decreased cyclic AMP and increased cyclic GMP accumulation in the golden hamster retina. The effect of GABA on both nucleotide levels was reversed by bicuculline, but baclofen had no effect. Cyclic GMP analogues (i.e., 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and 2'-O-dibutyrylguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) significantly increased retinal melatonin content in vitro. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that GABA may be important for the "dark message" in the hamster retina.     

Enhanced behavioral sensitivity to the competitive GABA agonist, gaboxadol, in transgenic mice over-expressing hippocampal extrasynaptic alpha6beta GABA(A) receptors

The behavioral and functional significance of the extrasynaptic inhibitory GABA(A) receptors in the brain is still poorly known. We used a transgenic mouse line expressing the GABA(A) receptor alpha6 subunit gene in the forebrain under the Thy-1.2 promoter (Thy1alpha6) mice ectopically expressing alpha6 subunits especially in the hippocampus to study how extrasynaptically enriched alphabeta(gamma2)-type receptors alter animal behavior and receptor responses. In these mice extrasynaptic alpha6beta receptors make up about 10% of the hippocampal GABA(A) receptors resulting in imbalance between synaptic and extrasynaptic inhibition. The synthetic GABA-site competitive agonist gaboxadol (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol; 3 mg/kg) induced remarkable anxiolytic-like response in the light : dark exploration and elevated plus-maze tests in Thy1alpha6 mice, while being almost inactive in wild-type mice. The transgenic mice also lost quicker and for longer time their righting reflex after 25 mg/kg gaboxadol than wild-type mice. In hippocampal sections of Thy1alpha6 mice, the alpha6beta receptors could be visualized autoradiographically by interactions between gaboxadol and GABA via [(35)S]TBPS binding to the GABA(A) receptor ionophore. Gaboxadol inhibition of the binding could be partially prevented by GABA. Electrophysiology of recombinant GABA(A) receptors revealed that GABA was a partial agonist at alpha6beta3 and alpha6beta3delta receptors, but a full agonist at alpha6beta3gamma2 receptors when compared with gaboxadol. The results suggest strong behavioral effects via selective pharmacological activation of enriched extrasynaptic alphabeta GABA(A) receptors, and the mouse model represents an example of the functional consequences of altered balance between extrasynaptic and synaptic inhibition.     

Anxiolytic effect of Kami-Shoyo-San (TJ-24) in mice: possible mediation of neurosteroid synthesis.

We assessed the anxiolytic effect of Kami-Shoyo-San (Jia-wei-xiao-yao-san; TJ-24), one of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for the treatment of menopausal anxiety, by the social interaction (SI) test in male mice. Acute administration of TJ-24 (25-100 mg/kg, p.o.), as well as the gamma-amino-butyric acidA/benzodiazepine (GABA(A)/BZP) receptor agonist diazepam (1-3 mg/kg, i.p.), dose dependently increased the SI time, respectively. The GABA(A) receptor antagonist picrotoxin blocked the effects of TJ-24 and diazepam. TJ-24-induced SI behavior was significantly blocked by the GABA(A)/BZP receptor inverse agonist Ro 15-4513 and the GABA(A)/BZP receptor antagonist flumazenil. In addition, 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride potently blocked the effect of TJ-24 without attenuating the basal level by itself. These findings suggest that TJ-24 shows the anxiolytic effect through the neurosteroid synthesis followed by GABA(A)/BDZ receptor stimulations.     

Picrotoxin inhibition mechanism of a gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor investigated by a laser-pulse photolysis technique

The gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptor, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor, belongs to a family of membrane-bound proteins that regulate signal transmission between approximately 10(12) cells of the nervous system. It plays a major role in many neurological disorders, including epilepsy. It is the target of many pharmacological agents, including the convulsant picrotoxin. Here, we present the mechanism of inhibition by picrotoxin of the rat alpha1beta2gamma2L GABA(A) receptor investigated using rapid kinetic techniques in combination with whole-cell current recordings. The following new results were obtained by using transient kinetic techniques, the cell-flow method and the laser-pulse photolysis (LaPP) technique with a microsecond to millisecond time resolution. (i) The apparent dissociation constant of picrotoxin for the open-channel form of the receptor was approximately 5 times higher than that of the closed-channel form. (ii) Picrotoxin increased the channel-closing rate constant (k(cl)) approximately 4-fold, while the rate constant for channel opening (k(op)) remained essentially unaffected. (iii) The mechanism indicates that picrotoxin binds to an allosteric site of the receptor with higher affinity for the closed-channel form than for the open-channel form and thereby inhibits the receptor by decreasing 4-fold its channel-opening equilibrium constant [Phi(I)(-)(1) = k(op(I))/k(cl(I))]. (iv) The mechanism further indicates that compounds that bind with equal affinity to the picrotoxin-binding site on the open-channel form of the receptor and the closed-channel form will not affect the channel-opening equilibrium and can, therefore, displace picrotoxin and prevent inhibition of the GABA(A) receptor by picrotoxin. Such compounds may be therapeutically useful in counteracting the effects of compounds and diseases that unfavorably affect the channel-opening equilibrium of the receptor channel.     

Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in Moringa oleifera induced potentiation of pentobarbitone hypnosis in albino rats

The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in pentobarbitone (PB) sleeping time, gross behaviour, electrical activity of the brain and serum 5-HT level was studied in Holtzman strain adult albino rats following treatment with M. oleifera (MO). MO (350mg/kg) caused inhibition of awareness, touch response, motor activity, righting reflex, and grip strength. It significantly increased the PB sleeping time, serum 5-HT level (P<0.001) and alpha-wave activity. These observations indicate that the aqueous extract of MO potentiated PB induced sleeping time and increased the alpha-wave activity through 5-HT.     

黑柄炭角菌(乌灵菌)粉改善睡眠作用以及对小鼠大脑神经递质及其受体的影响

本研究探讨了黑柄炭角菌菌核乌灵菌粉的改善睡眠作用以及对小鼠大脑神经递质及其受体的影响。144例小鼠随机分为低、中、高3个剂量(0.25、0.5和1.0 g/kg bw)的乌灵菌粉实验组和1个空白对照组,进行了30 d的灌胃干预,从小鼠睡眠行为和其大脑组织中神经递质及其受体两个方面进行分析。结果显示,乌灵菌粉无直接催眠作用,对小鼠正常生长和体重增长无显著影响。相比于对照组,乌灵菌粉3个剂量实验组巴比妥钠诱导的入睡潜伏期均显著缩短(P<0.05),戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量下入睡动物数均有增加,戊巴比妥钠诱导的睡眠时间仅有中、高两个剂量组显著增加(P<0.05),低剂量组睡眠时间增加不显著(P>0.05)。低、中、高3个剂量组小鼠大脑组织中γ-氨基丁酸A型受体(GABA_AR)表达量均显著上升(P<0.05),γ-氨基丁酸B型受体(GABA_BR)表达量却显著下降(P<0.05),5-羟色胺(5-HT)和γ-氨基丁酸含量均显著上升(P<0.01)。综上所述,乌灵菌粉具有明显的改善睡眠功效,其作用机制可能是通过提高脑中5-HT和GABA含量,促进小鼠大脑组织中GABA_AR受体表达来实现。     

Biochemical pharmacology of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor/ionophore protein

The synaptic receptor sites for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can be assayed in vitro with several radiolabeled agonists and one antagonist. Numerous criteria of specificity have been met for these binding sites. All of the ligands show heterogeneity in binding affinities. The subpopulations thus defined have a remarkably similar specificity for GABA analogs, which suggests an intimate relationship and possible interconvertibility. Modulation of GABA receptor binding by barbiturates, anions, and other membrane treatments that affect agonists and antagonists in an opposite manner suggests a three-state model of interconvertible affinities. The complex of GABA receptor and chloride ion channel contains modulatory sites for barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that enhance GABA responses in neurons. The receptor complex can be solubilized in detergent with the three mutually interacting receptor activities intact. The complex has an apparent molecular weight of 355,000 and has been partially purified. GABA agonist function has been assayed at the biochemical level by measuring the activation of 36Cl- efflux from preloaded hippocampal slices by GABA, muscimol, and barbiturates. This response is blocked by the antagonists of the GABA site (bicuculline) and the barbiturate site (picrotoxin). Comparison of binding and function on the same tissue should be useful in analyzing the mechanism of action of GABA.     

A new alcohol antagonist: phaclofen

The ability of the GABA(B) receptor antagonist, phaclofen to alter behavioral effects of ethanol was evaluated by loss of righting reflex (sleep time), motor incoordination (bar holding), spontaneous locomotion (open field activity) and hypothermia. Pretreatment with phaclofen significantly decreased the effects of ethanol on motor incoordination, locomotor activity and hypothermia. However, phaclofen had no effect on either pentobarbitalor diazepam-induced motor incoordination. Phaclofen slightly increased the ED50 for loss of the righting reflex but did not alter either the duration of reflex loss produced by ethanol or blood ethanol levels at awakening. Our results suggest phaclofen is rapidly inactivated resulting in difficulty in observing antagonism of long duration ethanol effects. These findings suggest that the GABA(B) system may play a role in mediating several important actions of ethanol.