NGF,BDNF和NT-3在培养鸡胚背根节神经元的表达

目的　探讨NGF ,BDNF ,NT - 3在体外培养鸡胚背根节神经元中的表达变化。方法　采用NGF ,BDNF ,NT - 3的兔抗血清分别对培养前后的鸡胚背根节神经元以免疫组化ABC法染色。观察NGF、BDNF和NT - 3在培养前、后鸡胚背根节神经元的表达情况 ,计数并比较培养前、后三种因子免疫阳性神经元百分数。结果　未培养的神经元 ,NGF ,BDNF ,NT - 3的阳性神经元百分数分别是 :10 %± 3%,2 7%± 5 %,2 9%± 7%。培养 48小时后 ,NGF ,BDNF ,NT - 3的阳性神经元百分数分别是 :77%± 6 %,6 4%± 7%,2 4%± 7%。结论　培养后NGF ,BDNF的表达较未培养者增加 (P <0 0 1) ,而NT - 3者则有减少 (P <0 0 5 )。提示在体外培养的鸡胚背根节神经元NT - 3的表达有不同于NGF和BDNF的调节方式。     

移植视网膜NOS阳性神经元的发育

目的 观察不同年龄组段大鼠正常视网膜及移植视网膜内NOS阳性神经元的发育情况及其定位分布。方法 实验分正常视网膜发育组和移植视网膜发育组,应用还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸（NADPH）组织化学方法显示。结果 1、NOS阳性神经元最早出现于生后第五天（P5）,P18时阳性神经元数目达到最高峰,2、移植视网膜具有正常视网膜的各层结构和相似的生长规律,NOS阳性神经元在生后第4天移植视网膜（TP4）中出现,TP12数量达到高峰值,TP22后降至正常成年鼠水平。结论 根据NOS阳性神经元的定位,分布,推测其为无长突细胞,移位无长突细胞及节细胞。     

人胎胃壁内NOS阳性神经元发育的研究

研究用NADPH-d组织化学法对第3个月胎龄至足月人胎胃壁内NOS阳性神经元的分化,迁移和生长发育进行了观察。结果表明：第5个月龄时,肌层神经节处的圆形细胞出现一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS)阳性反应。第6个月龄时,NOS阳性细胞分化演变成NOS阳性神经细胞,细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,核大,细胞质极少,由细胞发出短小的6个月龄时,NOS阳性细胞分化演变成NOS阳性神经细胞,细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,核大,细胞质极少,由细胞发出短小的突起,有部分NOS阳性细胞分化演变成梭形的NOS阳性神经细胞,呈条索状排列和粘膜下层延伸,吸的到达粘膜层,在粘膜层形成网状细胞,第7个月龄时,神经元细胞明显增大,细胞质增多,染色加深,在肌层形成神经节,神经节细胞突起投射到整个肌层,第8-10个月龄时,肌层和粘膜下层神经元日趋成熟,细胞质增多,染色强度加深,肌层神经纤维分布密度增加,大多数神经纤维增粗,有的呈弹簧样弯曲,其走向与肌纤维长轴平行。结果提示;人胎胃壁内NOS阳性神经元来源于胚胎早期肌层神经节处的圆形细胞,通过分化,生长发育形成成熟的NOS阳性神经元。     

维拉帕米对缺血后大鼠视网膜NOS阳性神经元的影响

实验用 β- NADPH脱氢酶组织化学染色研究维拉帕米对缺血后大鼠视网膜 NOS阳性神经元的影响。结扎双侧颈总动脉使视网膜缺血 ,3小时后松结复流。分别于缺血前 15分钟和再灌流前 1分钟腹腔注射维拉帕米 (5 m g/kg/次 ) ,对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水。动物存活 3天后取视网膜进行 β- NADPH组化反应。结果表明 :视网膜缺血后 NOS阳性神经元减少 ,并出现 i NOS阳性细胞。在缺血前后应用维拉帕米可使视网膜内 NOS神经元较对照组显著减少 (P<0 .0 1) ,NOS神经元形态良好。说明维拉帕米减少大鼠视网膜缺血后 NOS阳性神经元 ,其相应 NO量减少 ,推测维拉帕米对大鼠缺血后视网膜功能具有保护作用。     

银杏悬浮培养细胞的生长、分化与萜内酯化合物的积累

研究了来源于银杏种子胚和幼苗茎的悬浮细胞的生长、分化和培养物中的白果内酯、银杏内酯A和B的含量变化。结果表明：在悬浮培养中,细胞聚集而成的细胞团大小、细胞中叶绿体的分化、外植体来源都影响培养物中的萜内酯的种类和含量,胚来源的悬浮细胞培养物中,银杏内酯B仅存在于直径<2mm的小细胞团悬浮培养中,且在<1 mm的细胞团中的含量最高,达0.437 mg /g(DW);而直径>3mm的细胞团悬浮培养物中只含有白果内酯和银杏内酯A。相同大小的悬浮细胞团中,胚来源的细胞中萜内酯含量高于茎来源的细胞。     

右美托咪定对大鼠海马神经元生长发育的影响及其机制

目的:探讨右美托咪定(DEX)对新生大鼠海马神经元发育过程及脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)-酪氨酸受体激酶B(Trk B)信号通路分子表达的影响。方法:从新生的大鼠分离出海马神经元细胞进行体外培养,将细胞接种于96孔板,实验分为4组(对照组、1μmol/L DEX处理组、5μmol/L DEX处理组、50μmol/L DEX处理组),每组设置6复孔,分别给予不同浓度的右美托咪定1、5和50μmol/L处理,于处理后2、4、6、8、10 d检测细胞活性,于处理后10 d检测细胞凋亡情况、q-PCR检测突触素(SYN)和突触后密度蛋白95(PSD95)的mRNA表达水平,分析BDNF、Trk B及N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(NMDA)蛋白表达情况。结果:与对照组相比,不同剂量DEX处理组的神经元细胞活力无显著差异,1μmol/L和5μmol/L DEX处理组中SYN和PSD95 mRNA的表达和Trk B蛋白均无显著性差异(P>0.05),而50μmol/L DEX处理组中SYN和PSD95 mRNA的表达显著升高(P<0.01),BDNF蛋白表达水平显着上调(P<0.01),p-N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体的表达增加(P<0.01)。结论:50μmol/L DEX对大鼠海马神经元有一定的作用,其可能通过上调BDNF的表达和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体的磷酸化水平来实现。     

原代培养的乙酰胆碱能神经元的表型表达与在体不同（英文）

为了进一步了解原代培养神经元技术是否可以用于建立可靠的乙酰胆碱能神经元体外培养细胞模型,该实验检测了分别培养自E18胎鼠基底前脑(basal forebrain, BF)和海马(hippocampus,HIP)原代培养神经元中的乙酰胆碱能神经元的标志物,同时比较了离体培养细胞与在体在相同脑区中乙酰胆碱能标志物表达的差异。使用免疫标记荧光方法,检测了来自E18胎鼠的基底前脑脑区和海马脑区的离体原代培养神经元中在DIV 3和DIV 21时间点上表达Ch AT和p75NTR(两种常用的胆碱能神经元标记物)的神经元的数量,分析其占总神经元数量的比例,并与E18胎鼠和成年小鼠相同脑区的在体组织切片中的结果相比较。结果显示, Ch AT和p75NTR均在来自基底前脑和海马的培养神经元的DIV 3和DIV 21中高比例表达。然而,虽然在E18胎鼠和成年小鼠的基底前脑的组织切片中有Ch AT和p75NTR的表达,但是在同时期的海马组织切片中并无Ch AT的表达,并且来自基底前脑和海马脑区的培养神经元中表达乙酰胆碱能神经元标志物的神经元数量占总神经元数量比例与在体并不一致。这些结果显示,乙酰胆碱能标志物在离体原代培养和在体中的表达状况可能存在不同。根据实验结果推测,在体外应用原代培养方法培养乙酰胆碱能标志物免疫阳性神经元可能并不是乙酰胆碱能神经元。除了通过免疫组织化学方法,还需要更多的技术和方法来鉴定培养细胞中的乙酰胆碱能神经元。     

大肠埃希菌生物被膜体外模型的建立及黄连水提物对其抑制作用的初步研究

建立大肠埃希菌生物被膜（biofilm,BF）在Ф30培养皿和96孔板表面形成的体外模型,并开展黄连水煎液对BF抑制作用的初步研究。选取临床分离的大肠埃希菌菌株,在Ф30培养皿中采用LB（Luria-Bertani medium）培养基系统复制体外BF模型,经银染后利用显微摄影系统观察BF形态;在96孔板中采用LB培养基系统复制体外BF模型,采用MTT法利用酶标仪测定OD值。将黄连水煎液作用于大肠埃希菌生物被膜体外模型,分别采用MTT法和银染法考察黄连水提物对大肠埃希菌生物被膜的影响。Ф30培养皿表面可以观察到黑染呈棉絮状的膜样物而空白组没有此样物质;96孔板中,模型组的OD值为4．191,空白组的OD值为0．069;药物作用24h后黄连组的BF明显少于空白对照组;80mg／mL的黄连水煎液即开始对大肠埃希菌生物被膜有抑制作用,抑制率为20．8％,生药浓度达到180mg／mL时为最佳抑制浓度,抑制率为70．23％。Ф30培养皿和96孔板表面可以形成大肠埃希菌生物被膜,黄连水煎液可以抑制和破坏早期及成熟BF,且其抑制作用表现出了一定的量效关系,此方法对黄连水煎液作用于大肠埃希菌生物被膜是可行且稳定的,为应用于临床试验奠定基础。     

伤害性刺激对大鼠感觉皮质NOS阳性神经元影响的实验研究

研究选用Wistar大鼠18只,分为正常对照组6只,损伤致痛组12只,分别在损伤后30分钟和3小时迅速断头处死。取大脑顶叶,用NOS组织化学法和图像定量分析观察了损伤致痛条件下大鼠感觉皮质NOS阳性神经元的变化。结果显示,损伤致痛后NOS阳性神经元NOS反应产物较对照组增多,图像定量分析结果经统计学处理,实验组与对照组比较有极显性差异（P＜0.001）,实验组30分钟组与3小时组比较有显性差异（P＜0.05）。结果表明NO参与感觉皮质对痛觉信息的中枢调制。     

新生BALB/c小鼠大脑皮质神经元细胞培养方法的建立

目的:经改良和优化,建立高纯度BALB/c小鼠大脑皮质神经元培养的方法.方法:采用L-多聚赖氨酸包被细胞培养板,取新生BALB/c小鼠(出生24 h内)大脑皮质组织,经0.25%胰酶消化后吹打成单个细胞,按1×106/孔接种于35 mm的六孔板中,用神经元细胞培养种植液培养6 h后换神经元细胞培养饲养液,培养40 h时...     

Effects of Ginkgolide on the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the embryonic basal forebrain

Extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) has been therapeutically used for several decades to increase peripheral and cerebral blood flow so as to prevent cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. However, the role of EGb in neuroprotective effects has received much attention recently. In this study, we investigated the effect of EGb on the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the rat embryonic basal forebrain. The results showed that treated with EGb, the OD of MTT staining analysis, and the numbers, the cell sizes and circumferences of NOS and AChE positive neurons were greatly promoted. These data suggest that EGb had similar effects of the neurotrophins such as NGF and BDNF in promoting the development of NOS and AChE positive neurons in the rat embryonic basal forebrain.     

大鼠内侧隔核、斜角带中NOS与ChAT、NGF-R、AChE的共存神经元

用酶组织化学和免疫组织化学双标技术,观察了正常ＳＤ大鼠基底前脑内侧隔核（ＭＳ）、斜角带垂直支（ＶＤＢ）和水平支（ＨＤＢ）中ＮＯＳ阳性神经元的形态和分布及ＮＯＳ与胆碱能神经元标志物ＣｈＡＴ、ＮＧＦ受体（ＮＧＦ－Ｒ）和ＡＣｈＥ之间的共存关系。结果发现,ＭＳ、ＶＤＢ和ＨＤＢ的头端ＮＯＳ阳性神经元较多、胞体较大、突起多,尾端ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目较少、胞体较小、突起少而短。ＮＯＳ＋ＣｈＡＴ双标神经元占ＮＯＳ阳性神经元总数的９０％,占ＣｈＡＴ阳性神经元总数的３９％;ＮＯＳ＋ＮＧＦ－Ｒ双标神经元占ＮＯＳ阳性神经元总数的８３％,占ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元总数的４０％;ＮＯＳ＋ＡＣｈＥ双标神经元占ＮＯＳ阳性神经元总数的９６％,占ＡＣｈＥ阳性神经元总数的３９％。这些结果为研究Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ病理过程中基底前脑隔区胆碱能神经元退变与ＮＯ的关系提供了形态学依据。     

PACAP and NGF cooperatively enhance choline acetyltransferase activity in postnatal basal forebrain neurons by complementary induction of its different mRNA species

Both nerve growth factor (NGF) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) have neurotrophic effects on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. They promote differentiation, maturation, and survival of these cholinergic neurons in vivo and in vitro. Here we report on the cooperative effects of NGF and PACAP on postnatal, but not embryonic, cholinergic neurons cultured from rat basal forebrain. Combined treatment with NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and PACAP induced an additive increase in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. There were no cooperative effects on the number of cholinergic neurons, suggesting that ChAT mRNA expression had been induced in each cholinergic neuron. Further analysis revealed that NGF and PACAP led to complementary induction of different ChAT mRNA species, thus enhancing total ChAT mRNA expression. These results explain the cooperative neurotrophic action of NGF and PACAP on postnatal cholinergic neurons.     

Oxygen Toxicity Induces Apoptosis in Neuronal Cells

1. A high oxygen atmosphere induced apoptosis in cultured neuronal cells including PC12 cells and rat embryonic cortical, hippocampal, and basal forebrain neurons associated with DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation.2. The sensitivity of CNS neurons to a high-oxygen atmosphere was the following order; cortex > basal forebrain > hippocampus.3. Cycloheximide and actinomycin-D inhibited the apoptosis, indicating that it depends on new macromolecular synthesis. In contrast, cultured postnatal CNS neurons were resistant to oxidative stress.4. Neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) blocked the apoptosis induced by a high-oxygen atmosphere.     

K-252a Promotes Survival and Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in Striatal and Basal Forebrain Neuronal Cultures

Abstract: The organic molecule K-252a promoted cell survival, neurite outgrowth, and increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in rat embryonic striatal and basal forebrain cultures in a concentration-dependent manner. A two- to threefold increase in survival was observed at 75 n M K-252a in both systems. A single application of K-252a at culture initiation prevented substantial (>60%) cell death that otherwise occurred after 4 days in striatal or basal forebrain cultures. A 5-h exposure of striatal or basal forebrain cells to K-252a, followed by its removal, resulted in survival equivalent to that observed in cultures continually maintained in its presence. This is in contrast to results found with a 5-h exposure of basal forebrain cultures to nerve growth factor (NGF). Acute exposure of basal forebrain cultures to K-252a, but not to NGF, increased ChAT activity, indicating that NGF was required the entire culture period for maximum activity. Striatal cholinergic and GABAergic neurons were among the neurons rescued by K-252a. Of the protein growth factors tested in striatal cultures (ciliary neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-2, basic fibroblast growth factor), only brain-derived neurotrophic factor promoted survival. The enhancement of survival and ChAT activity of basal forebrain and striatal neurons by K-252a defines additional populations of neurons in which survival and/or differentiation is regulated by a K-252a-responsive mechanism. The above results expand the potential therapeutic targets for these molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.     

大鼠肠道内NOS与AChE、VIP阳性神经元的分布关系研究

应用一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)组织化学及血管活性肠肽 (VIP)免疫组织化学方法 ,光镜下比较观察大鼠肠道内 NOS、ACh E、VIP阳性神经元的形态学特征。结果显示 ,肠肌间丛 NOS阳性神经元胞体大小不等 ,形态不一 ,NOS、ACh E和 VIP阳性神经元的分布密度为 ACh E>NOS>VIP,在不同的肠段和层次分布密度有差异 ,NOS与 ACh E存在共染。在肌间丛和粘膜下丛 ,少数 VIP与 NOS共染。在粘膜下丛 ,三种阳性神经元的分布密度为 ACh E>VIP>NOS。在肌间丛和粘膜下丛 ,可见 VIP阳性末梢环抱 NOS阳性神经元胞体 ,两者呈终扣样接触。上述结果提示 NOS阳性神经元与 ACh E、 VIP阳性神经元有密切的形态学联系。在消化道功能调节上 ,它们可能起协调作用。     

扬子鳄中脑视叶NOS、AChE阳性神经元的分布

目的观察扬子鳄中脑视叶一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)阳性神经元的形态和分布,为扬子鳄脑的比较解剖学积累资料,为其机能研究提供形态学依据。方法采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸黄递酶(NADPH-d)法和亚铁氰化酮法观察扬子鳄中脑视叶NOS和AChE阳性神经元的分布和特征,并作统计学处理。结果扬子鳄中脑视叶有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布,为大、中、小型细胞,以中、小型细胞为主,胞体呈椭圆形、三角形、圆形和梭形。结论扬子鳄中脑视叶有NOS和AChE阳性神经元分布。     

Nerve growth factor increases stimulus-evoked metabolic activity in acetylcholine-depleted barrel cortex

Lesions of the basal forebrain deplete the neocortex of cholinergic fibers. Acetylcholine depletion in the somatosensory cortex of rats results in reduced stimulus-evoked activity in response to whisker stimulation. Previous studies demonstrate that embryonic basal forebrain transplants improve functional activity toward normal. It is not clear if the activity increase is due to cholinergic replacement or other factors present in the graft. In this study, we examined the possibility that nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin known as a survival factor and a specific protectant for cholinergic basal forebrain neurons, can preserve basal forebrain cells after a lesion and restore functional activity in the somatosensory cortex. We report that NGF alone is capable of restoring functional activity in the barrel cortex of animals with basal forebrain lesions, while vehicle injections of saline do not alter activity. Both high (10 mug) and low (5 mug) doses of NGF unilaterally injected into the lateral ventricle improved stimulus-evoked functional activity during bilateral whisker stimulation. The mechanism of NGF action is not clear since the restoration of functional activity in cortex was not accompanied by increased cholinergic activity as detected by acetylcholinesterase fiber staining. NGF may act directly on cortical neurons, although its site of action is not well defined.     

The neurotrophins BDNF, NT-3, and NGF display distinct patterns of retrograde axonal transport in peripheral and central neurons.

The pattern of retrograde axonal transport of the target-derived neurotrophic molecule, nerve growth factor (NGF), correlates with its trophic actions in adult neurons. We have determined that the NGF-related neurotrophins, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), are also retrogradely transported by distinct populations of peripheral and central nervous system neurons in the adult. All three 125I-labeled neurotrophins are retrogradely transported to sites previously shown to contain neurotrophin-responsive neurons as assessed in vitro, such as dorsal root ganglion and basal forebrain neurons. The patterns of transport also indicate the existence of neuronal populations that selectively transport NT-3 and/or BDNF, but not NGF, such as spinal cord motor neurons, neurons in the entorhinal cortex, thalamus, and neurons within the hippocampus itself. Our observations suggest that neurotrophins are transported by overlapping as well as distinct populations of neurons when injected into a given target field. Retrograde transport may thus be predictive of neuronal types selectively responsive to either BDNF or NT-3 in the adult, as first demonstrated for NGF.