苏云金芽胞杆菌基因组研究

苏云金芽胞杆菌制剂是目前世界上产量最大、使用最广的微生物杀虫剂.近年来,国内外研究人员在苏云金芽胞杆菌的功能基因组学领域开展了深入的研究,取得了丰硕的研究成果.本文拟就苏云金芽胞杆菌的基因组、转录组、蛋白质组及代谢组研究进展进行简要论述.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌重组工程菌研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)可以产生对多种农业害虫有毒性的晶体蛋白(Insecticidal crystal protein,ICP),是目前世界上使用范围最广、应用最成功的杀虫微生物.已经发现苏云金芽胞杆菌可以对包括鳞翅目、鞘翅目、直翅目等在内的9个目500多种昆虫具有杀虫活性①,同时对某些螨类、吸虫、鞭毛虫及动植物线虫也有一定的活性.     

我国生物农药的发展现状

我国生物农药的研究开发始于 5 0年代 ,直到 80年代中期才开始正式列入国家科技攻关的发展计划。近十多年来 ,在生物农药的资源筛选评价、新产品开发、生产工艺、产品质量检测和新技术示范推广方面都取得了长足的进展。目前国内生物农药研究开发的热点 ,主要集中在苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫剂、农用抗生素杀虫剂、农用抗生素杀菌剂、拮抗细菌生防制剂、昆虫病原真菌制剂和昆虫杆状病毒杀虫剂几个方面。生物农药技术产品开始逐渐走入市场。1　我国生物农药技术产品现状1.1　苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫剂我国自 5 0年代末开始苏云金杆菌 (简称 Bt)杀虫剂的…     

钙粘蛋白与苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体毒素 互作机制研究进展

昆虫钙粘蛋白是苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体毒素的重要受体之一,本文简述了昆虫钙粘蛋白种类、结构特征和在昆虫体内的分布,对昆虫钙粘蛋白与苏云金芽胞杆菌毒素相互结合位点进行了较深入讨论;详细论述了苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体毒素作用孔洞模式和信号转导模式,并简要介绍了钙粘蛋白与昆虫抗性的关系.     

本期重点推介

正肽聚糖识别蛋白(peptidoglycan recognition proteins,PGRPs)是昆虫免疫系统中一类重要的模式识别蛋白。苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis是广泛应用的微生物杀虫剂,其晶体毒素杀虫机理得到较多研究,但与宿主的免疫互作机制研究较少。为了阐明苏云金芽胞杆菌侵染后小菜蛾Plutella xylostella PGRP-SA基因(Px PGRP-SA)的免疫响应机制,华南农业大学农学院郑志华和金丰良等利用qRT-PCR技术测定了B.thuringiensis侵染小菜蛾幼虫后Px PGRP-SA的转录模式,通过RNAi技术结合抗血清封闭实验检测和分析     

利用废弃物发酵生产苏云金芽胞杆菌的研究进展

苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)是目前应用最广泛和产量最大的微生物杀虫剂,它对鳞翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目等许多害虫有特异毒杀作用,而对人类和其它非靶标动物以及农作物无害。长期以来,人们一直致力于苏云金芽胞杆菌的筛选及发酵研究,以期能获得高毒力的绿色生物杀虫剂产品。由于发酵培养基成本较高,利用废弃物生产Bt杀虫剂既有利于资源循环利用和环境保护,又能降低Bt杀虫剂的多重优点,因此成为近年来国内外的研究热点。本文简要介绍了筛选苏云金芽胞杆菌的基本方法以及利用废弃物发酵生产Bt杀虫剂的研究进展。方法以及利用废弃物发酵生产Bt杀虫剂的研究进展。     

昆虫对苏云金杆菌的抗性及防治策略

苏云金杆菌Bacillusthuringiensis（B.t.）因其毒力高,致病快,且对非靶标昆虫及人类无毒,对环境安全等优点,成为世界上应用最广泛的一类微生物杀虫剂。使用对年来,一直没有害虫对其产生抗性的报道。然而,肥年代以来,人们在不同的实验室分别发现,经人工选择多代以后,昆虫对B．t．产生了抗性,有的抗性水平还很高[1]。更为严重的是,80年代后期,在美国的夏威夷及菲律宾等长期使用B．t．制剂的地区,发现一种世界性蔬菜害虫小菜蛾PtoteyatwteHa（LinnaeuJ对B．t．产生了抗性［4,5］。这些事实说明,昆虫对微生物杀虫剂同样有可能…     

苏云金芽胞杆菌肠毒素基因的PCR检测

采用多重引物PCR进行了 45株苏云金芽胞杆菌、2株蜡状芽胞杆菌和 2株球形芽胞杆菌溶血素BL ,肠毒素T和entS基因的检测 ,结果表明 95 6%苏云金芽胞杆菌含溶血素hblA基因 ,91 1 %含bceT基因 ,93 3%含entS基因。用两种商业化肠毒素检测试剂盒TECRA和RPLA进行所有菌株肠毒素的体外免疫测定 ,大部分苏云金芽胞杆菌和阳性蜡状芽胞杆菌都能产生不同水平的肠毒素活性 ,同hblA基因PCR检测结果基本相符。尽管DBT0 0 7和T2 4 0 0 1含有hblA基因 ,但用TECRA却检测不到肠毒素 ;Dmu39菌株不含肠毒素基因 ,但用TECRA却检测出高的肠毒素活性。苏云金芽胞杆菌BDT2 4 8和球性芽孢杆菌不含肠毒素基因和肠毒素。结果表明昆虫病原菌苏云金芽胞杆菌的安全性有待进一步研究     

生物防治因子

862727生物杀虫剂:1.苏云金芽抱杆菌〔英〕/Krieg,A.…1 Ady.Bioteehnol。Proeesses一1984,3一273~290〔译自CBA,1985,(8),2736〕综述。参考文献55篇。     

晶胞粘连苏云金芽胞杆菌C15杀线虫毒力因子发掘与功能鉴定

苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）制剂作为一种高效的微生物杀虫剂,在植物病虫害防控领域有着广泛的应用。Bt制剂的主效成分为杀虫晶体和芽胞,其中,杀虫晶体的环境低持久性是Bt农药应用的重要限制因素之一。自然界中存在着一些Bt菌株,其产生的杀虫晶体位于芽胞外壁和芽胞衣之间,这种特殊的表型被称为晶胞粘连（spore-crystal association, SCA）表型。由于芽胞外壁对晶体的保护作用,SCA表型可以提升晶体抵抗不良环境因素的能力,是开发新型Bt生物囊杀虫剂的有效育种策略。本文选取对线虫具有强毒杀能力的 SCA菌株C15作为研究对象。获得了C15菌株的完整基因组序列,包括一个5 637 049 bp的环状染色体和8个不同大小的环形质粒（240 314 bp到3 188 bp）。C15基因编码了5个杀虫蛋白（Cry蛋白）基因：cry21-99、cry21-67、cry21-66、cry21-46和cry-N。在Bt无晶体突变株BMB171中异源表达cry21-99基因,发现其表达产物形成菱形晶体,且对秀丽隐杆线虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）和南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）均有毒杀活性。同时,还在全基因组范围内预测了Cry毒素以外的杀线虫毒力因子和次生代谢产物。此外,在C15基因组中预测了本团队已报道的苏云金芽胞杆菌幕虫亚种（B. thuringiensis serovar finitimus）菌株YBT-020 SCA表型决定因子的同源基因,缺失后突变体仍然保留稳定的SCA表型,说明C15菌株的SCA表型形成机制与YBT-020不同,该菌株代表了一种新的SCA表型形成机制。本研究为转基因作物防控线虫提供了新的遗传资源,也为研究SCA表型形成机制,开发新型高效Bt制剂提供了新线索。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).